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Digital Media2007. 6. 1

이만재

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What is digital media?

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Media Fusion

� 1980년도 후반부터 Media Fusion이 시작되며 일반에게 Digital Media라는 개념 도입

Computer

Consumer Electronics

Publishing

BroadcastingTelecommunication

Digital Media

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Effects of media (Printed text)

Gutenberg (1438)

Black Death(1347) Fall of Constantinople (1453)

Aldus (1450-1515)

Renaissance(14-15c)

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Conventional thought on media technology

1874

1878

1920

1888

1837

1980

1981

1984

1994

1990’

Telecom

Radio &

Records

Television

Photography

Printing

Analog Digital

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Computer Technology Trends

IBM PC

ENIAC

Cray

Faster

Smaller

For what? � Digital Media

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Inventing Digital Media

� Scope of digital media has been expanded by the many creative thinkers. Followings are pictures of those original thinkers

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Vannevar Bush (1945)

� Director of Office of Scientific Research & Development during WWII

� 2차세계대전 이후의 문제점 고민

� 기술개발로 많은 인류의 문제 해결 가능

� 다른 개발자가 무슨 연구를 하고 있는지 알 수 없는 것이 가장 큰 문제임

� As we may think ( Atlantic Monthly, July 1945)

� 고민의 결과를 정리한 역사적인 글

� 후세의 다른 과학자에 큰 영향• Douglas Engelbart, Ted Nelson

(1890-1974)

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Vannevar Bush

� 새로운 기계의 필요성 제시

� Computer, dry photography, television 기술 발전에 대한 정확한 이해

� 지식 전달에 대한 해결책 제시 - Memex• Microphotography – camera를 사용한 지식 수집

• Mass production – 촬영된 결과의 microfilm 보급

Head-mounted camera Speech controlled typewriter

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Vannevar Bush

� Memex

� Human mind follows ideas with association• Needs a device that follows the association

� Mechanized private file and library• Encyclopedia

• Patent search

• Historian

� Hyperlink의 기본 개념 제공

Memex

Link and selection

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Alan Turing (1950)

� Can machine think?

� Definition of machine and think

� Turing test : Changed problem definition

� No machine passed this test yet

� Imitation game

� A(man), B(woman), C (interrogator)

� A의 목적: C가 잘못 판단하도록 행동

� B의 목적: C를 도와 제대로 판단하도록행동

(1912-1954)

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� Original Game

� C: “Will X please tell me the length of his or her hair?”

� A(man): “My hair is nine inches long”

� B(Woman): “I am the woman, don’t listen to him”

� What will happen when a machine takes the part of A in the game

Alan Turing

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Norbert Wiener (1954)

� Cooperation of human and machine

� Anti-aircraft gun 문제• Gun pointer를 이용해 사람이 gun 을 조정

� How would we make a machine to simulate a gun pointer

� Cybernetics 창시� Fusion of human and machine� “Is man use better emergency

judgment?”• No, if you cannot think of such situation,

you make wrong decision

(1894-1964)

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� “We may use machines to replace human in certain areas”

� 1차 산업혁명: Energy 대체

� 2차 산업혁명: Decision 대체

� To work with machine, we must understand and not worship machine

� There can be machine whose program is modified by learning

� When we get into trouble with such machine, we cannot talk the machine back into the bottle.

Norbert Wiener

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Douglas Engelbart (1968)

� Augmenting human intellect

� 인간의 능력을 최대한 발휘하기 위해 컴퓨터를활용

� Emphasized importance of demo

Augmentation의 반대 예Augmentation 예

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Douglas Engelbart

� First Joint Computer (1962 10월)

� Live demo of on-line system

� Hypertext

� Mouse

� Windows

� Word processor

� Video conferencing`

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Ivan Sutherland (1963)

� Sketchpad

� Interactive computer graphics

� First direct manipulation interface

(1938 - )

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Ivan Sutherland

� Other works of Sutherland

� Virtual Reality (1967)

� Walking Robot (1980)

� Evans & Sutherland: (1968)• High-performance graphics

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Marshall McLuhan (1964)

� Personal and social consequences of any medium is extension of ourselves

� Machine altered our relationship to one another and to ourselves

� “Content” of medium is always another medium

� Content of writing is speech

� Written word is the content of print

� Print is the content of telegraph

� The content of writing or print is speech, but the reader is almost entirely unaware of print or speech

(1911 - 1980 )

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Marshall McLuhan

� Medium is the message

� Railway accelerated and enlarged the scale of previous human functions and leisure

� Airplane, by accelerating the rate of transportation, dissolve the railway from city, politics, and association

� Napoleon understood the grammar of gun powder

� Three hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets

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Marshall McLuhan

� “We are no more prepared to radio and TV than native Ghana is able to cope with the literacy”

� This may apply on current internet media

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Ted Nelson (1965)

� Where can we learn about computers?

� Answer: Nowhere

� Computers are necessity and enjoyable part like foods and books

� Computers are easy to understand

� “Computer priest give unintelligible answers and unwilling to give one”

� “Computers should be used to help people write, think and show”

� Predicted personal computer revolution

� He introduced the term Hypertext.

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Ted Nelson

� CAI(Computer Aided Instruction) is faked interaction and can be annoyance

� Hypermedia is the way to go

� Discard the sequence, let the students control the sequence

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Ted Nelson

� Proposed Xanadu

� Everything should be available to everyone

� Internet is the variation of Xanadu

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Ted Nelson

Cover of Computer Lib / Dream Machines

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백남준 (1966)

� First man to use television as art form

� Coined the term Information Superhighway (1974)

� Skin has become inadequate in interfacing with reality. Technology has become the body’s new

membrane of existence

(1932 - 2006 )

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Nicholas Negroponte (1975)

� Emphasized user participation in the design

� When you design your house, you can be your own architect.

� Soft architecture machine

� Model of AI in architecture

� Author of Being Digital

� Established MIT Media Lab

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Nicholas Negroponte

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Nicholas Negroponte

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Nicholas Negroponte

� ARCHIT(1971)

• Computer: Shall we discuss the dining area?

• User: Yes

• Computer: Who does most of the cooking in your family?

• User: Carol.

• Computer: I Would suggest that dining area for your everyday meals be in the same room as the cooking area so that everyone can socialize while meals are being prepared and Carol won’t be isolated in the kitchen. Don’t you agree?

• User: Yes.

• Computer: How often do you want these occasion to be formal in times per year?

• User: 12.

• Computer: Keeping these answers in mind, do you feel that you need a separate dining area for more formal occasion?

• User: No.

• Computer: How many people do you want the everyday dining area to accommodate including company?

• User: 8

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Myron Krueger (1977)

� Dissatisfied with man-machine interface which is limited to finger/tablet

� Videoplace

� Two people in separate location

� Use outline of body captured with camera

� Interaction with whole body

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Myron Krueger

� Created new art medium

� Response is the medium

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Myron Krueger

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Alan Kay (1977)

� Computers can be all other media

� Dynabook

� Self-sustained knowledge manipulator

� Smalltalk language

� First object oriented language

Interim DynabookMockup of Dynabook

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Bill Atkinson (1986)

� Dreamer, inventor, software-artist at Apple

� Chief architect of MacPaint, Hypercard

� Hypercard: Major application with hypertext capability

� Now full-time nature photographer

His photograph Hypercard

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Tim Berners-Lee (1994)

� Inventor of web

� Killer application of Internet

� Extended hypertext to Internet

� Web become the pool of human knowledge

� Director of WWW consortium

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Tim Berners-Lee

� Sketch of web

� First paper rejected at 1991

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Marc Weiser (1991)

� Idea of personal computer is misplaced

� Dynabook, Knowledge navigator is transitional step

� All computers will vanish into the background

� Calm Technology is the way

� Computer for the 21st Century ( Scientific American)

� Comparable to “As we may think” (1952 - 1999 )

Apple Knowledge NavigatorDynabook prototype

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Marc Weiser

� Ubiquitous Computing and existing paradigm

기존 GUI Ubiquitous Computing

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Ubiquitous computing & others

Ubiquitous

Computing

Pervasive

Computing

Marc Weiser

Invisible Interface

Ambient Intelligence

Wearable Computing

Virtual Reality

Augmented Reality

Tangible Interface

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Tangible Interface

� Tangible Interface

� MIT의 Hiroshi Ishi

� 직접 손으로 조작

� Urban Resource Planning

� Spatial information

� Urban plan simulation

� Music bottle

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Ambient Intelligence

� Electronic environment that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people

� Keywords of Ambient Intelligence• Embedded

• Context-aware

• Personalized

• Adaptive

• Anticipatory

Ambient Intelligence

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Ubiquitous computing

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Intelligent Social User Interface

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Concluding Remark

� The realm of Digital Media has been expanded by creative thinkers and visionaries. Each one suggested or showed new way of using digital technology to enhance human life

As we may think

Turing test

Cybernetics

Sketchpad

Augmentation

Media is the message

Video Art

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Software architecture

machine

Hypertext

Computer Lib

Dynabook

Artificial

Reality

Hypercard

WWW

Ubiquitous

Computing

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Where are we going?

� Still there are unknown frontiers.