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Digital Terrain Modelling 第 3 第 DTM 第第第第第第第

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Digital Terrain Modelling. 第 3 章 DTM 源数据获取技术. Contents. 3.1 Data sources for digital terrain modelling 3.2 Photogrammetry 3.3 Radargrammetry and SAR Interferometry 3.4 Airborne laser scanning (Lidar) 3.5 Cartographic digitisation 3.6 GPS for direct data acquisition;and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Digital Terrain Modelling

第 3 章 DTM 源数据获取技术

Contents

3.1 Data sources for digital terrain modelling 3.2 Photogrammetry3.3 Radargrammetry and SAR Interferometry3.4 Airborne laser scanning (Lidar)3.5 Cartographic digitisation3.6 GPS for direct data acquisition;and 3.7 The comparison between DTM data from different sources

3.1 Data sources for digital terrain modelling Data sources means the materials from which data can be

acquired for terrain modelling DTM source data means data acquired from data sources of

digital terrain modelling

CAD model

从单一传感器 / 多处理设备到多传感器、单一处理平台技术

Spatial Data Acquisitiontowards Geomatics

DEM Cost vs. Vertical Accuracy

Mercer, 2004

Uni

t Pric

e( U

S $

/ km

2 )

Increasing Detail

$1

$10

$100

$1,000

0.1100 10 1Vertical Accuracy (m) RMS

SPOT Satellite

Satellite Stereo SAR

LIDAR

Airborne InSAR

Aerial Photography

History of Earth Observing Satellites

ZHOU Guoqing, 2005

High Resolution EOS Plan of China

可见光 红外 多 / 高光谱 紫外 微波

HREOS

Multiple platforms

Multiple sensors

Multiple applications

Resource and environmentAgriculture and forestRegional planningPublic security and emergency response

space born>100km

near space20-100km

airborne<20km

激光

Armin Gruen, 2005

Different techniques for different sources

Field surveying by using total station theodolite and GPS for direct measurement from terrain surfaces

Cartographic digitization by using existing topographic maps and digitisers

Photogrammetry by using stereo-pairs of aerial (or space) images and photogrammetric instruments

Laser scanning: actively providing its own illumination in the form of lasers

SAR: radargrammetry 和 interferometry, actively providing its own illumination in the form of microwaves

From terrain surface

The continents occupy 29.2% of the earth’s surface. Relief varies from place to place, and is covered by natural and cultural features, apart from water

具体采用何种数据源和相应的生产工艺一方面取决于这些源数据的可获得性,另一方面也取决于 DEM 的分辨率、精度要求、数据量大小和技术条件等

From aerial and space images

航空影像一直是地形图测绘和更新最有效也是最主要的数据源 近年来出现的高分辨率遥感图像如 1-m 分辨率的 IKONOS 图像被认为是快速获取高精度、高分辨率 DEM 最有希望的数据源

Aerial photographs can be classified into different types based on different criteria:

Based on colour: colour (true or false) and monochromatic photographs

Based on the attitude of photography: vertical (i.e. main optical axis vertical), tilted(3), and oblique (>3) photographs. Commonly used aerial photographs are tilted photograph

Based on angular field of view: normal, wide angle and super wide angle photography

From aerial and space images

Types of aerial photographs based on angular field of view

H

fAerial photo (negative)

Aerial photo (positive)

Perspective centre (lens)

Main optical axis

Aerial camera and aerial photography

(a) An aerial Camera (b) Geometry of aerial photography

the scale of the aerial photograph: DEM 的精度可以达到航高的 0.012%

Form in analogue form – recorded on films;and in digital form – scanned/CCD (charge-

coupled device) camera

Acquisition被动式,记录地面反射的电磁辐射。一般图象主动式,发射并接受电磁波。如雷达图象

From existing topographic maps 几乎世界上所有的国家都拥有地形图,这些地形图是 DEM 的另一主要数据源 这些数据源可能由于地形图覆盖范围不够或因地图高程数据的质量不高和等高线信息的不足而比较欠缺。比如在中国的西部这些数据往往不满足现势性要求

A topographic map

From existing topographic maps

在覆盖全国范围的地形图中,比例尺最大的称之为基本比例尺。基本地形图的比例尺在不同国家可能有所不同: 中国 英国 美国

1:50 000 1:10 000 1:24 000 不同比例尺的地形图具有不同的等高距。等高线的密度及其本身的精度决定了地形表达的可信度

topographic maps the metric quality contour map density of contour lines and the

accuracy of the contour lines themselves

不同比例尺的地形图和它们的地形综合特性

地形图比例尺与等高距的关系

地形图 比例尺 特征大比例尺地形图 >1:10,000 综合程度很低,较真实地反映地形中比例尺地形图 1:20,000---1:75,000 作了一定程度的综合,近似地反映地形小比例尺地形图 <1:100,000 综合程度很高,仅反映地形的大致特征

地形图的比例尺 等高距 1 : 200 , 000 25—100 米 1 : 100 , 000 10—40 米 1 : 50 , 000 10—20 米 1 : 25 , 000 5—20 米 1 : 10 , 000 2.5—10 米

Map scales and commonly used contour accuracy

In general, it is expected that the height accuracy of any point interpolated from contour lines will be about to 1/2 to 1/3 of the contour interval (CI)

3.2 Photogrammetry

The word photogrammetry comes from Greek words photos (meaning “light”), gramma (meaning that which is drawn or written) and metron (meaning “to measure”). It originally signified measuring graphically by means of light

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing is the art, science, and technologyof obtaining reliable information from noncontact imaging and other sensor systems about the Earth and its environment, and other physical objects and processes through recording, measuring, analyzing and representation

http://www.isprs.org/isprs.html

The development of Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry has undergone four stages of development, each of these cycles are approximately 50 years long:

Plane table photogrammetry 1850 ~ 1900 Analog photogrammetry 1900 ~ 1960 Analytical photogrammetry 1960 ~ present Digital Photogrammetry 1990 ~ present

In 1849, A. Laussedat, an officer in the Engineering Corps of the French Army, is regarded by many as the “father of photogrammetry”

(a) Optical plotter (b) Optical-mechanical plotter

(c) Analytical plotter

(d) Digital photogrammetric workstation

摄影测量四个阶段的特性 模拟摄影测量 数值摄影测量 解析摄影测量 数字摄影测量

输入部分(影像) 模拟 模拟 模拟 数字模型部分 模拟 模拟 解析 解析输出部分 模拟 数字 数字 数字

困难度 3 2 1 0灵活度 0 1 2 3

摄影测量的基本原理 用立体像对来恢复三维物体的原始形状即形成所谓的立体模型,然后在立体模型上量测物体的三维空间坐标以代替野外的量测在航空摄影时,一般来说在飞行方向上的重叠度为 60% ,而航线间的重叠度为 30%

旁向重叠 航向重叠

立体相对重叠范围 框标

To measure the 3-D coordinates of the objects on the stereo model

3D modelTwo

overlapping photographs

立体坐标量测仪

S1 S2

a’

A

Z

XY

a

)()()()()()()()()()()()(

333

222

333

111

SASASA

SASASA

SASASA

SASASA

ZZcYYbXXaZZcYYbXXa

fy

ZZcYYbXXaZZcYYbXXa

fx

共线方程式

空间交会spatial intersection

In the mathematical expression,XYZ is a geodesic coordinate system; and (i=1,2,3) are the functions of the 三个角方位元素 (φ, ω, κ) :

coscoscossincossinsinsinsincoscossin

sincoscos

sincoscossin

cossinsinsincossinsinsincoscos

3

3

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

cbacbacba

About the mathematical expression

Basic orientations

Interior orientationusing fiducial marks’ image coordinates to unify the image coordinate system

Relative orientation to restore the stereo model by removing the Y parallax using

at least 6 points’ observations

Absolute orientation to scale and orient the stereo model based on the GCP 地面控

制点。实时摄影测量的基本前提就是自动定向

核线几何 Epipolar geometry

通过摄影基线与任一地面点A做的平面,称为点A的核面,核面与像片的交线称为核线

数字摄影测量立体影像匹配,自动获取数字表面模型 DSM

GPS/INS for georeferncing

On-the-fly processing

Real-time photogrammetry

Towards:

3.3 Radargrammetry and SAR Interferometry

Radargrammetry acquires DTM data through the measurement of parallax (视差)

InSAR acquires DTM data through the determination of phase shifts between two echoes (两个回波的相位差)

反射波

发射波

天线一种全天时、全天候数据获取手段

DEM based on RADARSAT stereopair

方位

斜距向

Pixel

iebaiba 22

InSAR 数据处理的特殊性

SAR 影像象素的复数表

经过预处理后,雷达影像的每一像素不仅包含灰度值,而且还包含与雷达斜距 ( 一般取样到垂直于平台飞行方向的斜距上 ) 有关的相位值,这两个信息分量用一个复数来表达

3.4 Airborne laser scanning (Lidar) airborne LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging)

Airborne laser scanning system

a laser range finder (LRF) a computer system to

control the on-line data acquisition

a storage medium a scanner, and a GPS/INS system for

determining the position and orientation of the system

From laser point cloud to DTM

The process of acquiring ALS data: 数据过滤 --noise, outliers or gross errors 分类 --buildings or vegetation 三维重建 激光扫描数据与影像数据的融合

Accuracy: height accuracy is in the range of 10-60 cm planimetric accuracy is 0.1-3m

机载与地面激光扫描系统的潜在应用

3.5 Cartographic digitisation

Automated

Manual

Line-following

Scanning

Manual line following

Automated line following

Manual scanning

Automated scanning

数字化后通常还要进行表面建模处理

手扶跟踪数字化 地图数字化被认为是 GIS 之唯一发明 效率低 精度难以保证

半自动数字化 以下工作仍需交互操作:

系统监控 初始化 等高线断开与密集区域的处理,比如注记、陡坎和悬崖 高程赋值

Examples

Original raster map

3.6 全球卫星定位导航系统

美国的 GPS俄罗斯的 GLONASS欧洲的 Galileo中国的北斗移动定位平台

Differential GPS and its service

                                       

                     

constantly compare the real position with the position given by the GPS system, use this error-information to improve GPS performance in a wide range (up to hundreds of kilometers) around the base station

Accuracy: 1-10mmSpeed:1-5 secRange: 20-150KM

市话网

市话网

市话网

市话网

市话网

深圳市连续运行卫星定位导航服务系统结构及通信网络示意图

市电信局

监控分析中心卫星定位信号发射台

FM电台

基准站1

基准站2

基准站3

基准站4

基准站5进入移动

电话系统

用户

用户

全向天线定向天线Modem

Principles of traditional surveying techniques through the measurement of distances and/or angles by theodolites and computerised total stations

D D1 D1

1 2

P P

A A B

(a) From a known point A to determine the position of P

(b) From 2 known points A and B to determine the position of P

3.7 A comparison between DTM data from different sources

获取方式 DEM 的精度 速度 成本 更新程度 应用范围地面测量 非常高( cm ) 耗时 很高 很困难 小范围区域,特别的工程项目摄影测量 比较高( cm-m ) 比较快 比较高 周期性 大的工程项目,国家范围的数据收集立体遥感( SPOT)

低 很快 低 很容易 国家范围乃至全球范围内的数据收集GPS 比较高( cm-m ) 很快 比较高 容易 小范围,特别的项目

地形图手扶跟踪数字化 比较低0.2-0.4mm

比较耗时 低   周期性

国家范围内以及军事上的数据采集,中小比例尺地形图的数据获取地形图扫描 比较低0.1-0.3mm

非常快 比较低激光扫描、干涉雷达 非常高 (cm) 很快 非常高 容易 高分辨率、各种范围

性能 卫星影像 航空影像 地面影像 航空点云 地面点云准确性 低 一般 /高 高 高 高分辨率 低 一般 /高 高 一般 高周期 快速 一般 低 一般 高成本 低 一般 高 高 高纹理 低 一般 高 无 无

三维空间数据获取方法比较

第 4 章 数字地形表面建模