Diplomacy

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Diplomacy

What is Diplomacy?

What is Diplomat?

Diplomacy ဆို��တသံ�ခင္တမန္ခ�င္။

Diplomat ဆို��တသံ�တမန္ ။

Modern diplomacy's origins are often traced to the states of Northern Italy in the early Renaissance, with the first embassies being established in the thirteenth century.

Francesco Sforza who established permanent embassies to the other cities states of Northern Italy. It was in Italy that many of the traditions of modern diplomacy began, such as the presentation of an ambassador's credentials to the head of state.

France and Spain became increasingly involved in Italian politics the need to accept emissaries was recognized.

The elements of modern diplomacy slowly spread to Eastern Europe and arrived in Russia by the early eighteenth century.

History of Diplomacy

• Napoleon also refused to acknowledge diplomatic immunity.

• After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 established an international system of diplomatic rank. Disputes on precedence among nations (and the appropriate diplomatic ranks used)

• Permanent foreign ministries were established in almost all European states to coordinate embassies and their staffs.

• France, which boasted the largest foreign affairs department, had only  70 full-time employees in the 1780s.

Diplomacy

Definitions of Diplomacy

The Management of International Relations By Negotiation.

The application of intelligence and tact to the conduct of Official relations between governments of independent States.

Recent Diplomatic practice by Non-state Actors; IOs, Human Rights Groups and MNCs

Diplomacy

Introduction of Diplomacy

The process of Conducting Communication among States through Officially Recognized Representatives

A major dimension of Foreign Policy with Foreign Ministers and their Diplomats living abroad

The Brain of State Power. (Not Brain of the State)

What is Diplomacy

“Diplomacy is neither the invention nor the pastime of some particular political system, but is an essential element in any reasonable relation between man and man and between nation and nation.”

DiplomacyDiplomacy Main Two Works

1. Negotiation ေ�ဆြဆိုညိွ���င္ခင္2. Bargaining ေ�ပ - �ယူ�

• Negotiation• The diplomat should be an excellent negotiator but, above all, a

catalyst for peace and understanding between peoples. The diplomat's principal role is to foster peaceful relations between states. This role takes on heightened importance once war breaks out. Negotiation must necessarily continue but within significantly altered contexts.

• Without it many nations would not be able to conduct successful negotiations.

Value of Diplomacy

Value of Diplomacy

A cost-effective way of head off problems such Wars and Trade Conflicts

Origin of Diplomacy

Origin of Diplomacy

The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 created the first modern diplomatic congress in addition to creating a new world order in central Europe based on state sovereignty. Much of Europe began to change after the introduction of modern diplomacy.

The Congress of Vienna, 1815

Treaties Governing Diplomatic Relations Vienna

Convention on Diplomatic Relations - 1961 • Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations - 1963

• Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

Convention on Special Missions - 1969• Convention on Special Missions

International Relations & Diplomacy

International Relations

State, President, General, Diplomat, Minister, Society,

Individual

Foreign Minister Offices &

Embassy

Diplomacy

Form of Diplomacy

Most Diplomacy Bilateral Diplomacy The Rise of Multilateral Diplomacy since 19th Century

Multilateral Conferences

UN Conference of Population and Development (Cairo, 1994)

UN World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995)

- country representatives try to move toward agenda setting programs for international society

- non-state actors attempt to influence the rules and norms of any agreements made

Traditional Diplomacy Old diplomacy

Modern Diplomacy New diplomacy

Old or Traditional Diplomacy till the end of 18th Century Bilateral Diplomacy

Modern Diplomacy the 19th Century < Multilateral

Diplomacy

Structure

Process

Agenda

Traditional Diplomacy

Modern Diplomacy

Feature of Traditional Diplomacy

- a communication process between recognizably modern states rather than other forms of political organization

- Europe - centric

-The main actors ; the Five Big Powers (England, France, Prussia, Austria ,Spain)

- Most of Asia, Africa and Latin America Colonization

Structure

- Organizing Largely on a Bilateral basis

- Undertaking in secrecy characterized by distinctive rules and Procedures

- The Development of Diplomatic Protocol and a series of rights, privileges and immunities

Feature of Traditional Diplomacy

Process

Feature of Traditional Diplomacy

- Parochial and Narrow

-Set up by the underdeveloped State of bilateral relationships between States

- the preoccupations of Political Leaders

- The signification contribution of Traditional Diplomacy >>>> the century of Peace in Europe b/t 1815 - 1914

Agenda

Feature of Modern Diplomacy

- The Major Actors States

- Non-state actors like IGOs and NGOs

- Well-establishment of permanent Embassies abroad

Structure

Feature of Modern Diplomacy

- Becoming a more complicated activity involving States and Non-state Actors

- Bilateral negotiations on a state to state basis

- Multilateral Negotiation of groups of States in IGOs like the UN and with other NGOs

Process

Agenda

Feature of Modern Diplomacy

A number of new issues;

- Low Politics (Economic, Social and Welfare)

- High Politics (Military Issues and issues of War and Peace)

Functions of Diplomacy

These Functions Focus on the Diplomatic crops

headed by an Ambassador

Representing State

Interest

Symbolic Representation

Obtaining Information

Promoting and Protecting

the Interests of Nations

Policymaking by Diplomats

• Diplomacy has existed since the beginning of the human race. • The act of conducting negotiations between two persons, or

two nations at a large scope is essential to the upkeep of international affairs.

• Among the many functions of diplomacy, some include preventing war and violence, and fortifying relations between two nations.

• Diplomacy is most importantly used to complete a specific agenda.

• Therefore without diplomacy, much of the world’s affairs would be abolished, international organizations would not exist, and above all the world would be at a constant state of war.

• It is for diplomacy that certain countries can exist in harmony.

Functions of Diplomacy

First Function of Diplomacy• The first function involves “representing a state’s interests and

conducting negotiations or discussions designed to identify common interests as well as areas of disagreement between the parties, for the purpose of achieving the state’s goals and avoiding conflict”

• Representations of a state as well as negotiation are the most important functions of diplomacy.

• Negotiations between two representatives are a key component in diplomacy, because in doing so the representatives find a common interest.

• Finding a common interest is vital in conducting negotiations because with a common interest representatives are able to devise a solution that is in the interest of both sides.

Second Function of Diplomacy

• The second function of diplomacy involves “the gathering of information and subsequent identification and evaluation of the receiving state’s foreign policy goals” (Ameri 1).

• Diplomatic posts are concerned with gathering information; however when the information is sent back to their native country a Foreign Ministry analyzes the data and determines what foreign policy should be enacted. Political leaders choose what path is right for their country then.

Third Function of Diplomacy

• The third major function of diplomacy is expansion of political, economic, and cultural ties between two countries (Ameri 2).

• For example, after WWII countries such as the United States and Britain aimed their foreign policy at the extermination of communism. In present day, the United States State Department engages international audiences to speak about politics, security, and their values to help create an environment receptive to US national interests.

Final or Fourth Function of Diplomacy

• Finally, the fourth function of diplomacy is that “diplomacy is the facilitating or enforcing vehicle for the observation of international law” (Ameri 2).

• It is the diplomat’s job to promote the country’s national interests and keep ties with other countries open.

• EmbassyA diplomatic mission located in the capital city of another country which generally offer a full range of services, including consular services.

• High CommissionAn embassy of a Commonwealth country located in another Commonwealth country.

• Permanent MissionA diplomatic mission to a major international organization.

• Consulate GeneralA diplomatic mission located in a major city, other than the capital city, which provides a full range of services, including consular services.

• ConsulateA diplomatic mission that is similar to a consulate general, but which does not provide a full range of services.

• Consulate Headed by Honorary Consul A diplomatic mission headed by an Honorary Consul which provides only a limited range of services.

Types of Diplomatic Missions

Diplomatic privileges and immunities

Diplomatic privileges and immunities guarantee that diplomatic agents or members of their immediate family:

• May not be arrested or detained• May not have their residences entered

and searched• May not be subpoenaed as witnesses• May not be prosecuted

Henry A. Kissinger German-born American political scientist and diplomat Henry Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize for his joint efforts with Le Duc Tho of North Vietnam to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the Vietnam War. He served as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State for both Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Kissinger played a significant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977.

NAME: Henry Kissinger OCCUPATION: Diplomat, Political Scientist BIRTH DATE: May 27, 1923 (Age: 90) EDUCATION: Harvard University PLACE OF BIRTH: Furth, Germany Full Name: Henry Alfred Kissinger ZODIAC SIGN: Gemini

A Diplomat

• A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with another state or international organization.

• The main functions of diplomats revolve around the representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state, as well as the promotion of information and friendly relations.

The Ranks of Diplomats

• ambassador, envoys, ministers, and chargé d’affaires — are determined by international law, namely the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961.

• Diplomats can be contrasted with consuls, attachés, who represent their state in a number of administrative ways, but who don’t have the diplomat’s political functions.

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Charge d’ affaires ad interim သံ�ရုံ��ယူယူ"တဝန္ခ��မ�

1. Ambassador သံ��မတ# �"2. Envoy သံ��မတ3. Minister Resident ဌန္သံ�မ4. Charge d’ affaires သံ�ရံု���တဝန္ခ��

Traditional Diplomacy

Modern Diplomacy Bilateral Diplomacy1. Ambassador (High Commissioner in

Commonwealth missions)2. Minister သံ��မတ3. Minister-Counselor သံ�မ�%ၾ�"4. Counselor ေ��င္'စ္ဝန္ (သံ�မ�%)5. First Secretary ပထမ�ဆြတင္ဝန္ 6. Second Secretary ဒု�တ�ယူ�ဆြတင္ဝန္ 7. Third Secretary တတ�ယူ�ဆြတင္ဝန္ 8. Attache’ သံ�မ�%9. Assistant Attache’ လ�ေ�ထ�, �မ�%

Modern Diplomacy

Multilateral Diplomacy• Ambassador at Large သံ��မတ#�"

(�ထ��ဏ��န္လန္ခ/�ပ�!ခင္ခ�ေရံုသံသံ��မတ#�") သံ�ရံု����ၾ�"���• Permanent Representative �!မ�တမ���ယူ'လ�ယူ�• Resident Representative �!မ�ေ�န္���ယူ'လ�ယူ(ဌန္���ယူ'လ�ယူ)

• Special Ambassador �ထ�စ္လတ�!ခင္ခ�ေရံုသံသံ��မတ#�"• U.S Trade Representative ေ�မရံု��န္ခ012န္သြန္ခ4ယူေ�ရံု���ယူ'လ�ယူ

• Ask about educational requirements, like professional degrees, preferred fields of study and whether you must become proficient in other languages.

• Learn as many different languages as you can.• Know about other qualifications, such as whether you

must be a natural born citizen and whether you must meet certain age requirements. For example, applicants in the United States must be between the ages of 21 and 59.

• Most diplomats have university degrees in international relations, political science, economics, or law.[2]

How to become a Diplomat

Consider your personal qualifications.

• Assess your physical readiness. Diplomats must receive medical clearance that they are able to travel broadly and live in areas with limited access to healthcare facilities.

• Determine whether you would pass security clearance. Governments perform background checks to confirm that applicants have no criminal background, are financially responsible and have not abused drugs or alcohol.

• Decide whether you possess the right temperament to relocate to any country your government sends you to and to uphold your government’s policies even though you may not agree with them.

• Reflect on your ability to speak effectively through an interpreter and your ability to negotiate and persuade without antagonizing others. Diplomats also must be able to adapt to living among people of diverse cultures

Non – Spiritual Mindset For a Diplomat

• While posted overseas, there is a danger that diplomats may become disconnected from their own country and culture.

• Sir Harold Nicolson acknowledged that diplomats can become "denationalised, internationalised and therefore dehydrated, an elegant empty husk".

Skill For a Diplomat

• The need for skilled individuals to staff embassies was met by the graduates of universities, and this led to an increase in the study of international law, modern languages.

• diplomats the capacity for more immediate input about the policy-making processes in the home capital by secure communication systems, emails and mobile telephones.

• for taken Information, Known Journalism.

• Must be change Color in appropriate place as vase-visa.

Foreign Embassy in Myanmar (Yangon)

1. Australia 2. Bangladesh3. China 4. Egypt 5. Germany 6. India 7. Indonesia 8. Israel 9. Italy 10. Japan 11. Korea 12. Laos 13. Malaysia 14. Nepal 15. Paskistan

16. Philippines17. Russian Federation 18. Singapore 19. Sri Lanka 20. Thailand21. U K 22. U S A 23. Vietnam