displacement is the change of position of a point

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Displacement is the change of position of a point P 2 P 1 A 位位位位位 (Displacement and Ve ctor) The displacement form point P 1 to P 2 is vector A

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The displacement form point P 1 to P 2 is vector A. A. 位移與向量 (Displacement and Vector). Displacement is the change of position of a point. P 2. P 1. 位置的描述  座標系統 (coordinate). 直角座標 x, y, z 圓柱座標 r, θ, z 球座標 r, θ, φ. By. B. Ry. Ay. A. Ax. Bx. R. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

• Displacement is the change of position of a point

P2

P1 A

位移與向量 (Displacement and Vector)

The displacement form point P1 to P2 is vector A

Page 2: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

位置的描述 座標系統 (coordinate)

直角座標 x, y, z

圓柱座標 r, θ, z

球座標 r, θ, φ

Page 3: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

R

A

B

Ax Bx

Rx

By

AyRy

向量相加

2 2

x x x

y x y

x y

R A B

R A B

A A A

Page 4: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

加法的交換律 (commutative law)a+b = b+a

加法的結合律 (associative law)(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)

Page 5: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

向量乘法 (一 )• Dot product

θ

B

A

Page 6: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

4

7

3 5

2

假若 的質量為 M

求施力 之大小

恰好維持該球體不動。( 斜面無摩擦力 )

例題一 :

求 (一 )該球體下滑加速度之大小與方向 ? (m/s-2)

A. (4.3, -2.5) B. (5,-8.5) C. (2.1 -1.3) D. (2.3, - 3.9)

Page 7: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

4

7

3 5

2

假若 的質量為 M

求施力 之大小

恰好維持該球體不動。( 斜面無摩擦力 )

例題一 :

( 二 )施力之大小 ? Mg

A. 0.8 B. 1 C. 1.3 D. 1.6 E. 2

Page 8: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

• Vector Product

θA

B

A×B

x y z

x y z

i j k

A B A A A

B B B

向量乘法 (二 )

sin

)()()(

BA

kBABAjBABAiBABA xyyxzxxzyzZy

Page 9: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

Right hand rule

Page 10: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

例題 : 向量 A=(3, 4, 5) B=(-2, 1, 6) 求其內積與外積

內積 A• B =3·( -2)+ 4 ·1+ 5 · 6=28內積 AB =(24-5, -10-18,3+8)

=(19, -28, 11)

A. 40 & (-19, 28, -11) B. 28 & (-19, 28, -11)

C. 28 & (19, -28, 11) D. 40 & (19, -28, 11)

Page 11: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

(2,3)

(5,1)

作業 : 求下列二向量所圍面積之大小

Page 12: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

平均速率 (average speed)

t

y

t

x

tt

yy

tt

xx

ttt

,,12

12

12

12

12

12 rrr

22

t

y

t

xv

平均速度 (average velocity)

速度本身也是向量,單位是 m/s 。

速度與加速度 (Velocity and Acceleration)

Page 13: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

[ 瞬時 ] 速度 ([instantaneous] velocity) v速度是位移對時間之一次微分。

yxdt

dy

dt

dx

t

y

t

x

t

tt

yy

tt

xx

ttttttdt

d

tt

,,,0Δ

,0Δ

lim

limlimlim12

12

12

12

1212

12

12

rrr

rr

Page 14: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

加速度本身也是向量,單位是 m/s2 。

a

t

v

t

v

tt

vv

tt

vv

ttt

yxyyxx ,,12

12

12

12

12

12 vvv

平均加速度 (average acceleration)

Page 15: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

加速度是速度對時間之一次微分,是位移之二次微分。

rrr

vvv

vv

2

2

12

12

12

,,,0Δ0Δ

limlimlim

dt

d

dt

d

dt

d

vvdt

dv

dt

dv

t

v

t

v

tttttdt

d

ttyx

yxyx

[ 瞬時 ]加速度 ([instantaneous] acceleration) a

Page 16: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

一維運動 (one-dimensional motion)

cdt

dvtahct

dt

dxtvshtcttx 2)(,2)(,)( 2

cconstahvsx 2.,)0(,)0(

等加速度運動 (constant-acceleration motion)

)0()0(2

)( 2 xtvta

tx

Page 17: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

dt

tdh

dt

tdg

dt

tdfthtgtf

)()()()()()(

dt

tdhtgth

dt

tdg

dt

tdfthtgtf

)()()(

)()()()()(

dt

tdh

dh

thdg

dt

tdfthgtf

)())(()())(()(

)()()(

),()(

2

2

tfdt

tfd

dt

tdf

dt

dtf

dt

tdf

基本微分計算法則

** 記號

加法法則

Chain rule 法則

乘法法則

Page 18: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

1)()( nn qnt

dt

tdfqttf

xdx

xdx

dx

xdsin

cos,cos

sin

基本函數微分計算

tdt

tdae

dt

de atat 1ln

多項式

指數對數函數

三角函數

Page 19: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

二維及三維運動 (two- and three-dimensional motions)

  角頻率 (angular frequency) 單位rad/s

T=2T 週週 (periodf=1/T=/2 頻率 (frequency) x

y

v

r(t)

t

O

)sin,(cos)sin,cos())(),(()( 000 ttrtrtrtytxt r

20

22 ryx

等速率圓周運動 (uniform circular motion)

路徑或軌跡 (path)

Q: 求於時間 t之瞬間速度與加速度

Page 20: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

constant-speed motion

constant-acceleration motion

b.        

yg ˆg

)2

1,())(),(()( 00

200 ytvgtxtvtytxt yx r

000000 sin,cos vvvv yx

拋物運動 (projectile motion)

Q: 求於時間 t之瞬間速度與加速度

Page 21: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

加分題 : 求下列函數之微分

))42cos(exp(sin

))sin(ln(

)6cos()53(

23

2

xxx

xx

xx

Page 22: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

)()()()( xfxFdxxfxFx

a

)()()( aFbFdxxfb

a

積分基本定理

)()( xfxF

Page 23: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

1)()( nn qnt

dt

tdfqttf

b

a

nb

at

n

qdttf 1

1)(

( 一 )多項式

xdx

xdx

dx

xdsin

cos,cos

sin

xxdxxxdx sincoscossin

( 二 )三角函數

a

edteae

dt

de atatat

at

tdtttdt

tdln

11ln

( 三 )指數對數函數

Page 24: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

dxbax )sin(

)cos(cossin)sin( 111 baxydyydxbax aaa

dyadxybax )( 令

例題 :( 一 )

(1) - cos(ax+b) (2) -a·cos(ax+b) (3) - cos(ax)

(4) -a·cos(ax) (5) - cos(ax+b) / a

Hint:

Page 25: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

dxbax

x2

adyxdxdyaxdxybax 2/2)( 2

)ln(2

1ln

2

11

2

1 22

baxa

ya

dyyabax

xdx

Hint: 令 ax2+b = y

例題 :( 二 )

(1) tan(ax2+b) (2) tan(ax2+b) /2a (3) ln(ax2+b)/2a

(4) 2a·ln(ax2+b)

Page 26: Displacement  is the change of position of a point
Page 27: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

例題 :求下列物體之體積 (一 )半徑為 r的圓球體(二 )底面半徑為 r,高為 h的圓錐體

作業 : 根據牛頓冷卻定律,在系統與環境間的溫差不大,而系統處於自然冷卻的情況下,系統的冷卻速率

其中T 是系統表面的溫度 是環境溫度

與系統的表面狀況及熱容有關的常數

若時間 t=0 時,系統表面溫度為 To ,求時間為 t時,系統的溫度為何 ?

)( Tdt

dTu

Page 28: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

dt

tdhtgth

dt

tdg

dt

tdfthtgtf

)()()(

)()()()()(

hghgtdgthtdhtgthtgdtdf )()()()())()(()(

dttgthdtthtgtfdttf )()()()()()(

dtthtgthtgdtthtg )()()()()()(

xdxxxxdxx sinsincos

xxhxxg cos)(&)( 令

Partial Integrals

xdxxcosexample

Page 29: Displacement  is the change of position of a point

作業 :求下列函數之積分

dxbax

x

2

)(n

ndx

bax

x

dxbxa 222 -

1

dxxx sin2

dxx3sin