1 TRANSMISSION LINE

(Power) (Communication) 3 1. () Transmission Line 2. Transmission Line 3. 2 (Transmission Line Characteristics) 1-1

1-1 Load

loadGen.

1-2

1-1 LOAD LOAD LOAD

1-2

1-2 LOAD Transmission Line LOAD Transmission Line LOAD Transmission Line Transmission Line Transmission Line Transmission Line (Constants of the Transmission Line) 1. (Lumped Constants) (Resistance) Transmission Line Transmission Line 2. (Distributed Constants) Transmission Line Transmission Line 4 1. SERIES RESISTANCE 2. SERIES INDUCTANCE 3. SHUNT CAPACITANCE

4. SHUNT CONDUCTANCE ( LEAKAGE)

loadGen.

Transmission Line

1-3

(Unit Length) Transmission Line 1 Loop Mile 1-3

1-3 1 Loop Mile 1-3 Transmission Line Transmission Line Transmission Line 2 Mile SERIES RESISTANCE Transmission Line 2

Mile r () = r Transmission Line = r/2 1-4

1-4 1-4 DISTRIBUTED SERIES RESISTANCE Transmission Line

Tx Rx

1 Mile

1 Mile

r / 2

r / 2

r

I/P I/PO/P O/P

1-4

A

10 100 1000 DISTRIBUTED RESISTACE Transmission Line Skin effects 1. Transmission Line

r 1 / A A = 2. Transmission Line

r f f = SERIES INDUCTANCE (Self Induction) (Counter Electromotive Force) Transmission Line Transmission Line L (Henry per Loop Mile) Transmission Line (Inductive Reactance - XL) () XL

XL = 2fL Ohms f = L = Henry (L) 1. L

1-5

D

d

L D D = 2. L

L 1 / d d = 1. L 2. L

1-5 DISTRIBUTED SERIES INDUCTANCE INDUCTANCE COUNTER VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE VOLTAGE INDUCED SERIES INDUCTANCE LINE L HENRY LOOP SERIES INDUCTANCE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE (XL)

I/P I/PO/P O/P

L/2

L/2

L

1-6

d

SHUNT CAPACITANCE Transmission Line (Capacitor) Transmission Line Dielectric (Capacitive Reactance = Xc) Transmission Line Capacitive Reactance

Xc = 1 / 2fC f = C = (Farads) C Xc C C Xc C C Transmission Line 1. C Transmission Line

C d d = 2. C

C 1 / D D = 3. C Dielectric Constant

C K K = Dielectric Constant

1-7

1-6 Shunt Capacitance

1-6 DISTRIBUTED SHUNT CAPACITANCE CAPACITOR DIELECTRIC CAPACITANCE CONDUCTOR PLATE CAPACITOR CAPACITANCE PLATE TRANSMISSION LINE DIELECTRIC CAPACITANCE TRANSMISSION LINE PLATE CAPACITOR DISTRIBUTED CAPACITANCE TRANSMISSION LINE SHUNT CAPACITANCE DIELECTRIC DIELECTRIC DISTRIBUTED CAPACITANCE C FARAD LOOP DISTRIBUTED CAPACITANCE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (Xc) TRANSMISSION LINE LINE LOAD 4. SHUNT CONDUCTANCE Dielectric Transmission Line (Leak) Transmission Line

Transmission Line

CI/P O/P

1-8

(g) Transmission Line Semen g = 1 / r Semen Dielectric Transmission Line

1-7 DISTRIBUTED SHUNT CONDUCTANCE 1-7 DIELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINE LEAKAGE TRANSMISSION LINE (OPEN WIRE LINE) DIELECTRIC CONDUCTANCE CONDUCTANCE SHUNT CONDUCTANCE LEAKAGE g LOOP g LOAD

I/P O/Pg

2 (Radio Communication) (Telegraphy) (Telex) (Telephone) (Facsimile) (Pagger) 40 100 10 100 5 Telephone Tele Phone ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL BELL

2-2

2-1 BELL Alexander Transmitter Receiver Diaphragm Diaphragm Receiver Receiver Transmitter AC Receiver Receiver Receive Diaphragm Diaphragm Transmitter ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL ..2420 THOMAS ALWA EDISON Transmitter Transmitter Edison Carbon Transmitter

Transmitter

TransmitterReceiver

Receiver

2-3

(TELEPHONE SYSTEM) TELEPHONE CENTRAL OFFICE (SWITCHING DEVICE) TELEPHONE SYSTEM CENTRAL OFFICE CENTRAL OFFICE 2 2 - 3 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE CENTRAL OFFICE EXCHANGE CENTRAL OFFICE TELEPHONE TRUNK LINE... 3 1. (LOCAL BATTERY ) DROP SIGNALS CENTRAL OFFICE LOCAL BATTERY

2-4

CENTRAL OFFICE DROP SIGNALS 2. COMMON BATTERY CENTRAL OFFICE CENTRAL OFFICE CENTRAL OFFICE COMMON BATTERY SIGNAL LAMP DROP SIGNAL LOCAL BATTERY LOCAL BATTERY COMMON BATTERY LOCAL BATTERY CENTRAL OFFICE COMMON BATTERY CENTRAL OFFICE 3. COMMON BATTERY SIGNALING DIAL LOCAL BATTERY AND COMMON BATTERY LOCAL BATTERY CENTRAL OFFICE COMMON BATTERY 2 1. ( SOUND POWER TELEPHONE ) 2. (ELECTRICAL POWER TELEPHONE) - 3 LOCAL BATTERY COMMON BATTERY COMMON BATTERY SIGNALLING

2-5

1. MANUAL 1.1 (MANUAL) 2-2

2-2 (MANUAL) EXCHANGE 2. 2.1 STEP-BY-STEP ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

OPERTOR

2-6

2.2 CROSS BAR STEP-BY-STEP CROSSBAR (SWITCHING UNIT) 2 (RELAY) CROSSBAR-SWITCH

2-3 CROSSBAR

CROSSBAR CROSSBAR CROSSBAR (SWITCHING UNIT)

(SWITCHING UNIT)

(CONTROL UNIT)

2-7

CROSSBAR ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ALL SOLID STATE 2.3 STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (SPC) (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT) IC DIGITAL COMPUTER (PROGRAM) (MEMORY) STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (SPC) CROSSBAR SPC - - (LOCAL EXCHANGE) (TRANSIT EXCHANGE TOLL OFFICE) - (FACCILITIES) - - - (CONTROL SYSTEM) - NUMBERING PLAN (CHARGING SYSTEM) - SPC AIR CONDITION

2-8

2-4

.. 2429 - 2468 .. 2424 5 1

MANUALSWITCHING

AUTOMATICSTEP-BY-STEP

SWITCHING

CROSSBARSWITCHING

ELECTRONICSWITCHING

SPCELECTRONICSWITCHING

SPCTIME DIVISIONELECTRONICSWITCHING

ELECTROMECHANICAL

ELECTRONIC

COMMONCONTROL

STOREPROGRAMCONTROL

TIMEDIVISION

EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS COMPONENTS CONCEPTSYEAR

1870 s

1890 s

1930 s

1960 s

1970 s

1965 s

2-9

1 2 "" " " .. 2415 .. 2425 2 2 .. 2429 Magneto Local Battery 61 86 Magneto (Signaling) Magneto (Switchboard) Magneto 20 .. 2450 (Common Battery Telephone System) (Manual Telephone System) Magneto

2-10

Magneto (Handset) .. 2465 1,422 .. 2470 900 .. 2471 .. 2479 Step by Step Operator Local Battery Central Battery General Electric 2,300 1,200 2480 .. 2480 2 .. 2497 24 2497

2-11

.. 2517 Cross Bar Cross Bar Step By Step .. 2526 SPC (Storage Program Control) SPC Computer SPC SPC Digital Analog

3 3 3 3-1

1. (Electrical-Optical Converter) 2. (Optical Fiber) 3. (Optical-Electrical Converter)

3-1

3-2

Electrical-to-Optical-Converter Optical-Electrical Converter (distortion) (Optical Repeater) 3 Optical connector splices 3 3 1. ( Optical Fiber ) 125 (m) 2 "CORE" core " CLADDING " core cladding (refractive index) core Claddig core cladding primary secondary coating nylon 3-2

3-2

3-3

3x108 m/s

3-3 core core core Core Acceptance Angle LENS Coupling 3-4

3-4 Source-To-Fiber Coupling 2. 3 2.1 Multimode step index Fiber

2.2 Multimode graded index Fiber 2.3 Single mode Fiber

3-4

"Modes" mode Modes (Physical Path) Mode , Information Signals Core " Multimode Fiber " " Single Mode Fiber " "step-index" "graded-index" core cladding (step-index) (graded-index)

3-5 3 3. 3

Absorption loss Scattering loss Microbending loss

3-5

850, 1300 1550 " Optical window " Bandwidth Distance Pulse (Distortion) Dispersion 2 modal dispersion chromatic dispersion modal dispersion Mode Multimode modal dispersion chromatic dispersion 4. Transmitter Receiver 3-6

3-6 5. (light source) " " (Information

3-6

carrier) phase front coherent source phase front incoherent source 6. solid-state Output Intensity Output Power (a) (s) A = 45 dB S = -45 dB 1 mW 10 100 mW

7. (Photo detector) output

information photo detector ()

photo detector 7.1 (response) (sensitivity) 7.2 noise 7.3 bandwidth data rate

3-8

7.4

3-7

7.5 7.6 7.7

Photodetector Photomultipliers based photoconductors , phototransistors photodiodes photomultiplier photocathode electron multiplier noise photodetector photodiode photodiodes 2

1. PIN diode 2. APD (avalanche photodiode)

8. 3-7 3

- Multiplex Equipment - Optical Line Terminal Equipment - Optical Fiber Cable

3-8

( MICROWAVE ) 1000 MHz (1 GHz) 40 GHz ( UHF 300 - 3000 MHz ) ..1940 CAVITY MAGNETRON POWER RADAR 1GHz-40 GHz LINE OF SIGHT 50 . PATH PROFILE BACKBONE BACKBONE ( REFLECTION ) (REFRACTION) (DIFFRACTION) REFLECTION ( MEDIUM ) REFLECT REFLECT REFLECT (ANGLE OF INCIDENCE) REFRACTION ( MEDIUM ) ( BENDING ) REFRACTIVE INDEX

3-9

DIFFRACTION LINE OF SIGHT ( LINE OF SIGHT )

- - - -

- 6 - 8 GHz

3 - 30 KHz VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF) 30 - 300 KHz LOW FREQUENCY (LF) 300 - 3000 KHz MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF) 3 - 30 MHz HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) 30 - 300 MHz VERY - HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) 300 - 3000 MHz ULTRA - HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) 3 - 30 GHz SUPER - HIGH FREQUENCY (SHF) 30 - 300 GHz EXTREMELY - HIGH FREQUENCY (EHF)

3-10

1 - 2 GHz L D 2 - 3 GHz S E 3 - 4 GHz S F 4 - 6 GHz C G 6 - 8 GHz C H 8 - 10 GHz X I 10 - 12.4 GHz X J 12.4 - 18 GHz KU J 18 - 20 GHz K J 20 - 26.5 GHz K K 26.5 - 40 GHz Ka K

,

3-11

3-8 4 1. 2. (COAXIAL) 3. (WAVE GUIDE) 4. (STRIP LINES & MICROSTRIP) ( ) (OUTTER CONDUCTOR) ( SKIN EFFECT ) SHORT LINE LENGTH

MOD DEMODAMP AMP

OSC

AMP

OSC

RxO/PI/P

- ANTENNA- COAXIAL LINE

- WAVE GUIDE-

3-12

CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE ,

250 10 Transmission Line Wave Guide, Coaxial Cable Surface Wave Transmission Line (SWTL OR G Line) Parabolic Reflector (Beam)

(Oscillator) Reflex Klystron Local Oscillator Crystal Controlled Oscillator Frequency Synthesizers

Modulator FM Mod Power Output TWT (Travelling Wave Tube) Klystron

(Receiver Equipment) (Highly Sensitive, Low Noise Receiver) (Input Signal) Parabolic Antenna Transmission Line Transmission Line Wave Guide, Coaxial Cable SWTL Multicavity Preselector High Q Filter Pre Amplifier Cascode Amplifier Tunnel Diode Amplifier Receiver noise Figure ( 6-16 dB)

(Antenna) Parabolic Reflector Parabolic Reflector (Beam) Spotlight Feed Horn Parabolic Reflector Gain

3-13

(Microwave Communication System)

(Terminal Station) FM Line of Sight System (Repeater Station) Line of Sight

2 - FDM - TDM

39 3-9 Multi

Section Radio Relay Line of Sight Terminal Station 2 TX Station RX Station Repeater Terminal Station 30-50 . 1 (HOP)

Data (Power Loss) Transmission Loss ()

RXTX REPEATER30-50Km.

3-14

Transmission Loss

Transmission Loss (Reflection) (Fading) (Refraction) (Diffraction)

Free Space ( ) First Fresnel Zone A B AB /2 1

310 First Fresnel Zone

2 (TX RX Terminal Repeater) First Fresnel Zone Free Space Line of Sight Free Space Atmosphere Antenna Diffraction Obstruction Loss Free Space

2 (Second Signal) 2 Direct Signal

A B

3-15

4 ..02 SPUTNIK , TV. SYNCOM 3 ..2507 INTELSAT EARLYBIRD INTELSAT 1 ,, 6 2508 20 2507 GLOBAL INTERIM COMMECIAL COMMUNICATION .. 2508 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION SATTLELITE ORGANIZATION INTELSAT INTELSAT 49 ..2509 26 .. 2509 INTELSAT INTELSAT II 1 ..2510 11 .. 2511 INTELSAT INTELSAT III INTELSAT III F-4 TELSAT III F-3 1 ..2513 INTELSAT PALAPA , ASIASAT

3-15

..2536 ..1958 ATHUR C CLACK ..1945 (GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT) . (SPACE SEGMENT)

. (GROUND SEGMENT) (SPACE SEGMENT) TRANSPONDER TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND FACCILTY TT&C (GROUND SEGMENT) FDMA (FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) ,TDMA (TIME DIVISION MULTPLEACCESS) , CDMA (CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) VSAT NETWORK

3-16

LAN (LOCALAREA NETWORK) WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK) (MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS) INMARSAT (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION) LOW EART ORBIT INMARSAT P IRIDIUM

1.

2.

30

3-17

3. 35,860 ..

1 1

3 1 3 - 4

1. 2. SOLAR CELL 3. TRAVELING WAVE

TURE(TWT)

1. 2.

TT&C (TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND) 1. (GEDSTATIONARY SATTLELITE) 2 7 - 15

3-18

2. (STATION KEEPING, MASTER CONTROL SATION) 3. (FREE SPACE) 4. (EARTH STATION) 5. (LINKS) (USERES) , 6. (TERRESTRIAL NETWORK) ( CONVERAGE AREA ) 1. 2. (POINT TO MULTIPOINT TRANSMISSION) 3. (THIN ROUTE) 4. 5. (VIDEO CONFERENCE) ,, 6. (TV BOARDCAST) (SATELITE SYSTEM) 3-11 (BASE BAND) (TERRESTRIAL NETWORK) (MODULATE)

3-19

(DEMODULATE) (BASE BAND) (TERRESTRIAL NETWORK)

3-11

(BANDWIDTH) 500 MHz C-BAND, 6/4 GHz 2

SATELLITE

EARTH STATION

TERESTRIALNETWORK

USER

3-20

KU-BAND,14/12 GHz KU-BAND ( RAIN INDUCEED ATTENUATION) 30/20 GHz

INTELSAT ..2509 ..2510 ..2511 . . INTELSAT INTELSAT,PALAPA ASIASAT ..2533 " " () (THAICOM) 1 HS376 HUGESH AIRCRAFT 12 TRANSPONDER C-BAND 10 TRANSPONDER KU-BAND 2 TRANSPONDER (FOOTPRINT) ..2536 1 ARICERPACE 35,768 . 1 2537 2 2538 ORBIT SLOT 101 78.5 .

3-21

- - - - - VIDEO CONFERECING

- (SILICON) - 13 PALAPA TRANSPONDER PALAPA TRANSPONDER 24 TRANSPONDER POLARIZATION VERTICAL HORIZONTAL 12 TRANSPONDER PALAPA 1. PALAPA-B1 118 2. PALAPA-B2P 113 3. PALAPA-B2R 108 TRANSPONDER C-BAND ASIASAT ASIASAT 105.5 C-BAND TRANSPONDER 24 TRANSPONDER 1. NORTHERN AREA 12 TRANSPONDER 2. SOUTHERN AREA 12 TRANSPONDER

3-22

SOUTHERN AREA NORTHERN AREA POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL SOUTHERN AREA NORTHERN AREA POLARIZATION VERTICAL INTELSAT C-BAND KU-BAND TRANSPONDER 12 TRANSPONDER