dmenirkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhmd.dccam.org/projects/eccc_trial_observation/pdf/...dmenirkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhm...
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dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExµrRkhmsegátkarN_
matikabBaðasuxPaB eGog sarI 2
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI nI kn 6
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI sKWm l μút 17skçIkmμrbs;sakSI esA sarun 25
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI xwm gn 36
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI eGOn tan 38skçIkmμrbs;sakSI yun KIm 45
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI exov enA 53
RkumsegátkarN_ ³qay QunlI/ DI suCata/lwm C½yT½tþ nig can R)afña
13
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa EsVgrkkarBitedIm,IkarcgcaM nigyutþiFm’ www.dccam.org
ExkkádaqñaM2012
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nYn Ca tam:uk
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svnakarelIsMNuMerOg002 ³ rcnasm<½n§rdæ)al nigRbB½n§TMnak;TMng
nigtYnaTIrbs;CnCab;ecaTkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa dl;éf¶TI21 Exmifuna qñaM2012
qayQunlI/ DI suCata/ can R)afña nig lwm C½yT½tþ
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
esckþIepþIm
bnÞab;BIkarsþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI Ban eXon )an
bBa©b;enAéf¶TI16 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
dMbUgénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa )anp¥aksvnakar
edaysarbBaðasuxPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI.
rhUtmkdl;éf¶TI21 eTIbsvnakarcab;epþImdMeNIrkarCafμI.
b:uEnþedaysuxPaBCnCab;ecaT eGog sarI enAEtecaTCabBaða
dUecñHenAéf¶dEdlenH GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anRbkasp¥aksvnakar
nig)ankMNt;ykbBaðasuxPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI
mkeeFVIkarsYredjedalenAkñúgsvnakardac;edayELkmYy
enAéf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qaM2012. svnakaréf¶TI23enH
GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anekaHGeBa¢IjelakevC¢bNÐitlwmsIuvutßa mksak
sYrGMBIbBaðasuxPaBCnCab;ecaT eGog sarI. bnÞab;BI
svnakarenH)anbBa©b; GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anRbkasp¥aksvnakar
rhUtdl;éf¶TI28 Ex]sPa qñaM2012. karseRmcenH
KWedaysarCnCab;ecaT eGog sarI manbBaðasuxPaBminGac
cUlrYmkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFIsþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI)an.
KYrbBa¢ak;fa cab;BIéf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 dl;éf¶TI21
Exmifuna qñaM2012 GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg)ansþab;skçI
kmμrbs;evC¢bNÐit lwm sIuvutßa sþIGMBIbBaðasuxPaBrbs;
CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI nigsakSIcMnYn7rUbCabnþbnÞab;
Tak;TgnwgGgÁehtuEdlRtÚvseRmcenAkñúgtMNak;kalTI1
énsMNMuerOg002. sakSITaMg7 rYmman ° TI1¦ elak nI kn
KWCab¥ÚnRbúsbegáItrbs; sun esn ¬rdæm®nþIénRksYgkarBarCati
enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦. elakmantYnaTICaGñk
eXasnaGb;rMRbCaCn[cUlrYmkñúgclnabdivtþ nigTTYlbnÞúk
CaRbFancaghVagEpñkBiFIkarenARksYg karbreTs. TI2¦
elak srKwm lμút ehA mI KWCabuKÁlmñak; Edl)an]btßmR)ak;
dl;clnabdivtþrbs;ExμrRkhm. kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
elakmantYnaTICaGKÁnaykrgFnaKaBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCa Edl
RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,ICYy sRmÜldl;kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμeRkA
RbeTs. TI3¦ elak esA sarun KWCaGtItelxaRsuk eBRCcinþa
kñúgcenøaHqñaM1971-1978 EdleRkaymkkøayCaRbFan
kgBltMbn;105. TI4¦ elak xwm gn KWCaGtItGñkbMerIkar
garenAsßanTUtcin ehIybnÞab;mkRtÚv)ancat;taMg[bMeBjkar
garCaGñkTTYlePJóvenARksYgkarbreTs edayTTYlbnÞúkerob
cMmðÚbGahar. TI5¦ elak eGOn tan KWCa GtItnirsar nigkg
karBarrbs; b:ul Bt cab;BIqñaM 1970-1979. kñúgrbbkm<úCa
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enA nigCakEnøgeFVIkarpÞal;rbs; b:ul Bt¦ edayTTYlbnÞúkCa
GñkkarBarsnþisuxsRmab;kic©RbCMuFM²enAmnÞIrk-1 nigrt;
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Ca.T I6 elak yn; KIm KWCaGtItRbFanshkrN_ERsexOn
eRkaymkCakøayCaRbFanmnÞIrsnþisuxb-3. elak)an
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kñúgextþRkecH nigTI7¦ elak exov enA CaGtItGñkRKb;
RKgkardwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³rbs;rdæeTAtamPUmiPaKepSg²enAkñúg
GMLúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
kñúgGMLúgeBlénsvnakarTaMgenH manRbCaCnkm<úCa
cUlrYmsþab;edaypÞal;RbmaN4300nak; EdlmkBIbNþa
extþnanaTUTaMgRbeTskm<úCatamkarGeBa¢Ijrbs;m®nþItulakar
TTYlbnÞúkEpñkkic©karsaFarN³.kñúgkarsYredjedalsakSI
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sMxan;elIGgÁehtuTak;Tgnwg rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKg rdæ)al RbB½n§
TMnak;TMngkargar nigtYnaTIrbs;CnCab;ecaTmñak;²enAkñúg
rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
KYrbBa¢ak;fa munnwgpþl;evTikaCUnPaKIkñúgkarecaTsYr
sakSI RbFanGgÁCMnuMCRmH)anbBa¢ak;CUnsakSITaMgGs;GMBIsiT§i
minpþl;skçIkmμRbqaMgnwgxøÜnÉgEdlnaM[manBiruT§PaB nig
krNIkic©rbs;sakSIkñúgkareqøIytbsMNYrrbs;PaKIepSg²nUv
GVIEdlxøÜn)andwg )anB¤ )aneXIjenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü elIkElgEtkareqøIysMNYrenaHGacbNþal[dak;
BiruT§PaBmkelIxøÜnÉg.tamry³siT§ienH GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anpþl;
emFavIRbwkSamñak;sRmab;sakSIeFVIkarRbwkSamunnwgpþl;skçIkmμ
CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmH.
I¦ svnakarsþIBIbBaðasuxPaBCnCab;ecaT eGogsarI
1¦ karBiPakSaelIr)aykarN_suxPaBCnCab;ecaT
eGogsarI
éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 GgÁCMnMuCRmHsala
dMbUg)anbnþebIksvnakar edaysYredjedalsakSIfμ I
mYyrUbeTotEdlmanrh½snamfa TCW-487. munnwgQan
dl;karsYredjedalsakSI elakRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH)an
bgÁab;[elakRkLabBa¢I Duc parI eLIgraykarN_GMBIvtþman nig
Gvtþmanrbs;PaKITaMgGs;enAkñúgbnÞb;svnakar. bnÞab;BIkar
raykarN_rbs;RkLabBa¢I emFavInaMmuxtMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,
evNICati KWelak eBC GgÁ )anesñIGgÁCMnMuCRmHedIm,ITTYl
sÁal;elakRsIemFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNIGnþrCatifμI
CnCati)araMg maneQμaHLÚr_ edshVks_ ¬Laure Desforges¦.
GgÁCMnM uCRmH)anTTYlsÁal;emFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,
evNItamsMeNIrbs;elakshemFavInaMmuxCati. elak
RbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH)anbgÁab;[RkLabBa¢IeLIgGanr)aykarN_
BinitüsuxPaB EdlecjedayevC¢bNÐit lwm sIuvutßa edIm,ICUn
dMNwgdl;buKÁlEdlBak;B½n§)anRCabBIsßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;
CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI nigedIm,IeFIVCamUldæankñúgkarBiPakSa.
CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI )anGvtþman edaysarCMgW nig)an
bBa¢ÚneTAsRmakBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü mitþPaBExμr-sUevot
kalBIéf¶TI16 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 knøgmkenAkñúgr)ay
karN_BinitüsuxPaBenaH)anbBa¢ak;fa CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI
maneraKsBaØak¥kCab; Bi)akdkdegðIm nigvilmux. bEnßmBIelI
enH eGog sarI RtÚv)anrkeXIjfa manCMgWrlakTgsYtRsÜc
Rsav bEnßmelIeraKEdlelakmanRsab;BIeBlmun KWCMgWebH
dUg nigsrésQam. b:uEnþ sßanPaBCMgWrbs;CnCab;ecaTman
sPaBFUrRsal ehIynwgGacecjBImnÞIreBTüenARBwkéf¶
GgÁar TI22Ex]sPaqñaM2012xagmux. enAkñúgr)aykarN_
enaHdEdl)anbBa¢ak;bEnßm edaypþl;CaGnusasn_fa
eRkayeBlecjBImnÞIreBTü CnCab;ecaTRtÚvsRmakcMnYn
BIréf¶ edayeyagelIsßanPaBCMgW. KYrkt;smÁal;faenA
resoléf¶TI16 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 enAeBlkMBugdMeNIrkar
nItiviFIsvnakarsYredjedalsakSI Ban eXon eday
RkúmemFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca Rsab;EtmankarCUndMNwgmYy
edayGgÁCMnMuCRmH bgÁab;[RkúmemFavIkarBarkþI eGog sarI
cuHeTABinitüemIlsßanPaBkUnkþIrbs;xøÜnenAbnÞb;xageRkam
svnakar KWenAkñúgbnÞb;rg;caMEdl eGog sarI EtgEttamdan
nItiviFIsvnakaredayRbeyalBITIenaH. karbgÁab;[Rkúm
emFavIkarBar eGog sarI cuHeTABinitüsßanPaBsuxPaBkUnkþI
rbs;xøÜn KWedaysarGgÁCMnMuCRmH)anTTYldMNwgBIm®nþItulakar
fa eGogsarI manbBaðavilmux nigBi)akdkdegðIm EdltRmÚv[
RtÚvEtbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIreBTüedIm,IBüa)alCabnÞan;. bnÞab;mk
svnakar)anbnþeFI VedayGvtþmanCnCab;ecaT eGog
sarI. bnÞab;BIRkLabBa¢ I)anGanr)aykarN_rYc elak
RbFanGgÁCMnM uCRmH)ansYreTAkan;PaKITaMgGs;Edlman
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eGog sarI. Pøam²enaH emFavIGnþrCatikarBarkþI[CnCab;ecaT
2 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
eGog sarI KWelak ém:eXIl kaNav:as elIkeLIgfa kar
BiteTA eGog sarI min)ane)aHbg;siTi§cUlrYmenAkñúgdMeNIrkar
nItiviFIsvnakareT. elak)an bnþfa ebItamCMhrrbs;elak
KWsvnakarminKYrbnþeTAmuxeLIy KWRtÚvrg;caMrhUtdl; eGog
sarI CasHes,IyBICMgW b¤rhUtdl;eBlCnCab;ecaTlHbg;
siT§cUlrYmkñúgsvnakarEtmþg. elakfa ebIeyagtam
eKalkarN_GnþrCati CnCab;ecaTRtÚvENnaMemFavIrbs;xøÜn
b:uEnþeBlenHRkúmrbs;elakenAminTan;TTYl)ankarENnaM
NamYyBI eGog sarI enAeLIyeT. eqøIytbnwgkarelIkeLIg
rbs;emFavIkarBarkþI eGogsarI elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa
GnþrCati vInsin )anelIkeLIgfa kalBIéf¶TI17 Ex]sPa
qñaM2012 elak eGogsarI )ancakecjBIsvnakaredaysar
bBaðasuxPaB ehIy)anyl; RBm[mankarbnþnItiviFIsYrsMNYr
sakSI Ban eXon mþgrYcehIy. eyagtamviFan81 énviFan
épÞkñúg caM)ac;RtÚvEtbBa¢ak;fa etICnCab;ecaT eGog sarI
yl;RBm[eFIVdUecñHeTot b¤y:agNa. b:uEnþGVIEdllM)ak
KWemFavIminGacTak;TgCnCab; ecaT eGog sarI )an. elak
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anbnþeTotfa eyIgmindwgfa eGog
sarI RtLb;cUlmksvnakarenAeBlNaeT ehIyebIéf¶Es¥k
CnCab;ecaTvilmkvijenaHCnCab;ecaTGacmanlT§PaB tam
dannItiviFIsvnakarBIbnÞb;;xageRkam)an. rIÉemFavICatinaMmux
tMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI KWelak eBCGgÁ minmankarCMTas;
elIkarelIkeLIgedayemFavIkarBarkþIeT nigKaMRTcMeBaHkar
eKarBsiT§irbs;CnCab;ecaTkñúgkarcUlrYmsvnakar. cMENk
ÉemFavICatikarBarkþI nYn Ca KWelaksun GruN)anKaMRTcMeBaH
sMeNIrbs;emFavIkarBarkþI eGog sarI nig)anelIkeLIgfa
svnakarKYrEtp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñsin rg;caMkarvilRtLb;
mkvijrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI edaysarsakSITCW-487
mankarBak;B½n§eRcInelIkrNIrbs; eGog sarI. emFavIkarBar
kþICnCab;ecaT exov sMpn k¾)aneFVIkarKaMRTcMeBaHkarelIk
eLIgrbs;elak emFavI kaNav:as Edr.
bnÞab;BI)ansþab;karelIkeLIgrbs;PaKIenAkñ úg
svnakarGgÁCMnMuCRmH)aneFIVkarBiPakSa nigpþl;evTikaCUnelak
RsIecARkm sIulevo xatRv:ayt_ edIm,IsYrsMNYrbBa¢ak;BIRkúm
emFavIkarBarkþICnCab;ecaT eGogsarI. elakRsIecARkm)an
esñI[RkúmemFavIkarBarkþI eGog sarI pþl;nUvB½t’mansþIBIsßan
PaBsuxPaBrbs; eGogsarI nigesñI[eFVIkarbBa¢ak;BIPaBlM)ak
kñúgkar Tak;TgrvagRkúmemFavIkarBarkþICamYykUnkþIrbs;xøÜnenA
eBlEdlkUnkþIsßitenAkñúgmnÞIreBTü. elak emFavI kaNav:as
)aneqøIytbcMeBaHsMeNITaMgBIrenHfa cMeBaHkarpþl;B½t’manBI
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KWCaerOgl¥mYyEdlGac[RKb;Kña)anRCabBIbBaðaenH ehIy
elakKitfa eGogsarI minmankarCMTas;cMeBaHkarpþl;B½t’man
enaHeLIy nigeFIVy:agNaedIm,I[mantmøaPaB. cMeBaHsMeNI
TIBIr elakemFavI)aneqøIytbfa elakminGacTak;TgkUnkþI rbs;
xøÜn)aneT eRBaHxagmnÞIreBTü)anR)ab;faelakminGaccUleTA
CYb eGogsarI )aneLIy enAeBlenH.bnÞab;mkRbFanGgÁCMnMu
CRmH KWelakecARkm nilNun )anbBa¢ak;fa edayeKarBtam
eKalkarN_c,ab;GnþrCati cMeBaHkareKarBnUvsiT§irbs;Cn
Cab;ecaTkñúgkarcUlrYmsvnakar nigEp¥ktamviFan81¬5¦
énviFanépÞkñúg GgÁCMnMuCRmHseRmcp¥aksvnakarry³eBlBIr
éf¶ KWéf¶TI21dl;éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2012.elakecARkm
)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa enAéf¶TI23 GgÁCMnMuCRmHnwgeFIVkarBiPakSa
edaysþab;nUvmtieyabl;pÞal;rbs;elakevC¢bNÐit lwm
sIuvutßa faetIlT§PaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI bnÞab;BIecj
mnÞIreBTüenaHGaccUlrYmenAkñúgdMeNIrkarsvnakar)ankRmit
Na nigtamrebobNa. ebIkarsþab;eyabl;rbs;elakevC¢
bNÐit eXIjfasßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaTmansPaB
viC¢man GgÁCMnMuCRmHnwgbnþsvnakarPøam b:uEnþebIeyabl;enaH
manPaBGviC¢man GgÁCMnMuCRmHnwgCRmabenAeBleRkayfanwg
RtÚvbnþdMeNIrkarsvnakary:agdUcemþc. sUmbBa¢ak;fa
svnakarnaenAéf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 )anbBa©b;enA
evla em:ag9³52naTIRBwk.
2¦ karedjedalBak;B½n§nwgsßanPaBsuxPaB
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 3
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI
éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2012GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg
)anebIksvnakar edIm,IsYredj edalevC¢bNÐit lwm sIuvutßa
bEnßmelIr)aykarN_EdlelakevC¢bNÐit)anecj Tak;Tgnwg
sßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI.
muneBlcab;epþImsvnakar emFavIFaGnþrCatikarBarkþI
CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI KWelak ém:eXIl kaNav:as )an
eRkakQr nigCUndMNwgGgÁCMnMuCRmHGMBIsßanPaBrbs;kUnkþI
rbs;xøÜn. elakemFavI kaNav:as)anbBa¢ak;fa elak)anCYb
BiPakSaCamYynwgkUnkþIrbs;xøÜnkalBIeBlRBwk muneBlsvnakar
cab;epþIm ehIyelak)aneFIVesckþIEføgkarN_CMnYs eGog sarI.
enAkñúg esckþIEføgenaH elakemFavI)anelIkeLIgnUvcMNuc4KW°
1¦ CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI sMumincUlrYmenAkñúgkic©
dMeNIrkarnItiviFIeT edaysarsßanPaBsuxPaB.
2¦CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI nwgminCMTas;cMeBaHkaryk
bBaðasuxPaBrbs;xøÜnmkBiPakSaenAkñúgsvnakarsaFarN³ eT.
3¦ eGog sarI BMu)anlHbg;siTi§rbs;xøÜnkñúgkarman
vtþmanenAGMLúgkic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFI sYredjedalsakSIBIrrUb
EdleRKagnwgpþl;skçIkmμeT enAeBlEdlsakSITaMgBIrrUb
mankarCab;Tak;TgedaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyal cMeBaHskmμ
PaB b¤karRbRBwtþi EdlecaTRbkan;RbqaMgnwgxøÜn.
4¦ eGogsarI nwgrkSasiTi§mincUlrYmenAkñúgsvnakar
sYredjedalsakSIepSg EdlminmankarCab;Bak;B½n§nwgkar
ecaTRbkan;RbqaMgnwgxøÜn eRBaHCnCab;ecaTmincg;eFIV[man
karBnüaeBldl;kic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFIenAeBlxagmux.
Tak;TgnwgsßanPaBkUnkþIrbs;xøÜn elak kaNav:as
)anbBa¢ak;CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa eGog sarI EtgEtvilmuxenAeBl
Büayamp©g;GarmμN_elIsBIry³eBl5naTI. dUecñH eGog sarI
)anesñIsMup¥akkic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFIsRmab;s)aþh_enH Edl
eRKagnwgsYredjedalsakSIBIr rUbEdlelIkeLIgBIxagedIm.
elakemFavI)anbnþeTotfa CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI BitCacg;
cUlrYmkñúgsvnakarsYredjedalsakSI edayenArg;caM[mankar
ekaHBIsMNak;GgÁCMnMuCRmH b:uEnþedaysarEtkUnkþIrbs;elak
manGarmμN_faminGaccUlrYmenAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFI)aneTIb
xøÜnesñIsMu[mankarBnüaeBl.
2>1 karsYredjedaledayRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
nil Nun
RbFanGgÁCMnM uCRmH elakecARkm nil Nun )ancab;
epþImsvnakar edIm,IeFIVkarsYredjedalelakevC¢bNÐit sIuvutßa
GMBIsßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI ehIy)anekaH
ehAelakevC¢bNÐit lwm suIvutßa cUlbnÞb;svnakar. elak
RbFan)anCRmabelakevC¢bNÐitfa GgÁCMnuMCRmHnwgsþab;mti
eyabl;rbs;elakevC¢bNÐitGMBIsßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;CnCab;
ecaT eGogsarI ehIymti eyabl;enaHnwgRtÚvGgÁCMnMuCRmHyk
mkBicarNafaetICnCab;ecaT eGog sarI GaccUlrYmenAkñúg
svnakar)anEdrb¤y:agNa. elakRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH)ancab;
epþImsYrsMNYrelakevC¢bNÐitGMBIRbvtþisavtar nigRbvtþiénkar
sikSa. elakevC¢bNÐitsIuvutßa )anbBa¢ak;fa elakminmanCab;
Bak;B½n§ b¤Casac;jatiCamYynwgPaKI NamYyenAkñúgsvnakareT
ehIycMeBaHRbvtiþsikSa nigkargarvij elak)anbBa¢ak;fa
elak)anbBa©b;briBaØabRtCMnajevC¢sa®sþénRksYgsuxa
4 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
eGog sarI
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 5
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
Pi)alenAkñúgqñaM2003 bnÞab;mkelak)an bBa©b;karsikSaenA
mhaviTüal½yEv:kés‘¬Versailles¦kñúgTIRkúg):arIsRbeTs)araMg
CMnajxagCMgWebHdUg. eRkayBIvilRtLb;BIRbeTs)araMg
elak)ancUlbeRmIkarenAmnÞIreBTü mitþPaB Exμr-sUevot Epñk
se®gÁaHbnÞan; kEnøgEdlelakkMBugeFIVkarnaeBlbc©úb,nñ.
elakRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH )anbgÁab;[RkLabBa¢Iyk
r)aykarN_BinitüsuxPaBCnCab; ecaT eGog sarI CUnelak
evC¢bNÐitedIm,IeFIVkarBinitü nigepÞógpÞat;faetIr)aykarN_
enaHBit Car)aykarN_EdleFIVeLIgedayelakevC¢bNÐitEmn
b¤eT. elakevC¢bNÐit)anbBa¢ak;fa r)aykarN_Binitü
suxPaBenaH BitCar)aykarN_EdlecjedayrUbelakpÞal;
ehIyrUbelakk¾CaGñkBinitü nigtamdanGMBIsßanPaBsuxPaB
rbs;elak eGogsarI Edr. elak)anbEnßmfa elak)anTTYl
bnÞúkBüa)alCnCab;ecaT eGog sarI cab;taMgBIqñaM2011
nig)anrMB£kfa kalBIéf¶TI17 Ex]sPa qñaM2012CnCab;ecaT
eGogsarI RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚnmkmnÞIreBTü mitþPaBExμr-sUevot eday
manGakar³k¥kCab;²Kña EdleFIV[CnCab;ecaTmankarBi)ak
kñúgkardkdegðIm nigeFIV[vilmux. bnÞab;BIbBa¢ÚncUlkñúgbnÞb;
se®gÁaHedIm,IeFIVkarBüa)alrYcehIy Rkúm evC¢bNÐitrkeXIjfa
CnCab;ecaT eGogsarI manbBaðaxagEpñkpøÚvdegðIm nigrlakTg
sYt b:uEnþBMumankarb:HBal;cMeBaHsßanPaBCMgWebHdUgrbs;CnCab;
ecaTeLIy. elakevC¢bNÐit)anbBa¢ak;fa sßanPaBCMgWenH)an
FUrRsalcab;taMgBIéf¶TI1énkarsRmakBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü
mkemø:H.
2>2 karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkar
BarkþI eGogsarI
emFavIGnþrCatikarBarkþICnCab;ecaT eGog sarI
KWelak ém:eXIl kaNav:as )ansaksYrelakevC¢bNÐitnUv
sMNYrmYycMnYn.sMNYrdMbUg elakemFavI kaNav:as )ansYrfa
etICakarBitEdlb¤eT EdlfaelakevC¢bNÐitminEmnCaGñk
citþviTU b¤CaevC¢bNÐitxagEpñkcitþviTüa? elakevC¢bNÐit
sIuvutßa )anbBa¢ak;fa CakarBitelakminEmnCaGñkcitþviTU b¤evC¢
bNÐitxagEpñkcitþviTüa. elakemFavI)anbnþsYreTotfa
etIelakevC¢bNÐitman)aneFIVBiesaFn_ b¤BinitütamdanBIsmßt
PaBrbs; eGog sarI kñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgsvnakarEdrb¤eT?
elakevC¢bNÐit)aneqøIytbnwgsMNYrenHfa muneBlseRmc
fa CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI KYrsRmakry³eBl2éf¶ nigtam
dansvnakarBIbnÞb;rg;caM KWminEmnCakarseRmcrbs;elak
Etmñak;ÉgenaHeT KWmankarcUlrYmseRmcBIevC¢bNÐitepSg
eTotEdlmanCMnajc,as;las;. elakemFavI kaNav:as
)ansYrbnþfa etIevC¢bNÐitEdl)ancUlrYmseRmcenaHman
CMnajEpñkGIVxøH? elakevC¢bNÐit)anbBa¢ak;fa RKÚeBTü
TaMgenaHmanCMnajxagEpñkBüa)alCMgWebHdUg nigCaRKÚeBTü
EdlmanCMnajxagcitþsa®sþ. elakemFavIbnþsMNYrrbs;
xøÜn edaysaksYrGMBIsßanPaBCMgWkUnkþIrbs;xøÜn edayesñI[
elak evC¢bNÐiteFIVkarbBa¢ak;fa etIkarEdl eGog sarI man
Gakar³vilmuxeRkayeBlGgÁúy b¤p©g;GarmμN_elIGIVmYyenA
b:unμannaTIeRkay KWCaerOgEbøk b¤CaerOgFmμtasRmab;mnusS
Edlmanv½ycMNas; ehIymanCMgWebHdUc nigrlakTgsYt
dUcCa eGog sarI? elakevC¢bNÐit)anbBa¢ak;fa
elakm inGaceF I V k a rsn ñ i d æ a n[)ans u Rk wt üc M eB a H
cMNucenH)aneT b:uEnþelakminbdiesFeTfasßanPaBCMgWrbs;
eGog sarI GacbNþalmkBI CMgWpþassay nigrlakTgsYt
rYmTaMgbBaðav½ycas;Crarbs;CnCab;ecaTeGogsarI pg.elak
evC¢bNÐit esg sIuvutßa
6 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
evC¢bNÐit)anbnþfa eTaHbICaCMgWebHdUgrbs;CnCab;ecaT
eGog sarI mansßanPaBnwgnreRkayBIkarBüa)alk¾edayRkúm
RKÚeBTürbs;elakeCOCak;fa bBaðaCMgWenHnwgvivtþn_eTAmux.
edaysaremIleXIjBIsßanPaBminGacQr nigp©g;GarmμN_
nigbBaðavilmuxrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI eTIbelakminTan;
GnuBaØat[ eGog sarI cUlrYmedaypÞal;enAkñúgsvnakarry³
eBlmYys)aþh_sin edayrg;caMtamdansßanPaBCMgWrbs;
CnCab; ecaTbnþeTot.
2>3 karsYredjedaledaytMNagshRBH
raCGaCJa
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati KWelak eDllIsak;
)ansYrsMNYrelakevC¢bNÐit sIuvutßa EtmYysMNYrb:ueNÑaH.
elak)ansYrfa etIkarEdlelakevC¢bNÐitesñI[CnCab; ecaT
eGog sarI Qb;sRmakcMnYn2éf¶enaH KWmincUlrYmdMeNIrkarnIti
viFITaMgRsúg b¤sRmakedaycUlrYmtamdankic©dMeNIrkar
nItiviFIBIbnÞb;rg;caM? elakevC¢bNÐit)aneqøIytbnwgsMNYrenH
fa ry³eBl2éf¶EdlelakesñI[ KWsMu[Qb;sRmakeday
minGnuBaØat[cUlrYmenAkñúgsvnakarTaMgmUlEtmþg.
2>4 karsYredjedaledayshemFavInaMmux
tMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI
shemFavInaMmuxCatitMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI KW
elak eBC GgÁ )ansYrsMNYrelak evC¢bNÐit sIuvutßa Tak;Tgnwg
bBaðavilmuxrbs; eGogsarI edayecaTCasMNYrfa etIenAGMLúg
eBlEdl eGogsarI sRmakBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü CnCab;ecaT
rUbenH manEdl)anniyayBIbBaðavilmuxR)ab;elak b¤Rkúm
kargarrbs;elakevC¢bNÐitEdrb¤eT? elakevC¢bNÐit)an
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrenHfa eGog sarI )ant¥ÚjEt¥rBIbBaðavilmux
muneBlbBa¢ÚneTABüa)alenAmnÞIreBTüeTAeTot. elakemFavI
eBCGgÁ )anbnþsYreTotfa etIkarvilmuxenaHGacekItmanenA
kñúgry³eBlyUr b¤GacCasHesI,ykñúgry³eBlxøI? elak
evC¢bNÐit)anbBa¢ak;fasßanPaBCMgWrbs; eGogsarI gaynwgCa
sHes,Iy b¤enAruaMér: KWGaRs½yelIsPaBCak;Esþg faetIGñkCMgW
GacsRmak)anRKb;RKan; b¤minRKb;RKan; nigbBa¢ak;fasßanPaB
CMgWenH KWmankarCab;Tak;TgnwgCMgWebHdUg nigrlakTgsYtrbs;
CnCab;ecaTEdleFIV[CMgWrbs;CnCab;ecaTenAEtCaecaTCa
bBaða.
KYrkt;smÁal;fa muneBlbBa©b;kic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFI
svnakar elakRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH)anesñI[elakemFavI
kaNav:as eFIVkarbBa¢ak;fa etIsakSINamYyEdlkUnkþIrbs;
xøÜnminmanectnalHbg;siTi§kñúgkarcUlrYmsvnakar? elak
emFavI)aneqøIytbfa svnakarsYredjedalsakSIEdl kUn
kþIrbs;elakminmanectnalHbg;siTi§kñúgkarcUlrYmenaH KW
sakSI TCW-487 nigTCW-583.
II¦ svnakarsþIBIkarpþl;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI nI kn
enAéf¶TI 28 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 GgÁCMnMuCRmH)an
ebIksvnakareLIgvij edIm,Isþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI nI kn
ehA Kin b¤sat EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;faCab¥ÚnRbusbegáItrbs;
sun esn GtItrdæm®nþIénRksYgkarBarCatienAkñúgrbbkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyürvagqñaM1975 nigqñaM1979.
svnakarenHmanry³eBlbIéf¶eBj edaymanGñk
PUmi nigsisSnisSitcUlrYmTsSna RbmaNCag500nak;mkBI
bNþaextþmYycMnYn GgÁCMnMuCRmHGnuBaØat[PaKITaMgGs;sYr
edjedalsakSIGMBIGgÁehtuTak;Tgnwg rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKg
rdæ)alRbB½n§TMnak;TMngkargar nigtYnaTIrbs;CnCab;ecaTmñak;²
enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
kñúgkarsYredjedalenH PaKI)anepþatelIRbvtþisavtar
rbs;sakSIkñúgkarcUlrYmclnabdivtþ tYnaTIrbs;sakSIkñúg
kareXasnaGb;rMRbCaCnedIm,I[cUlrYmkñ úgclnabdivtþ
tYnaTIrbs;sakSI nigbuKÁlmYycMnYnenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§rbs;
RksYgkarbeTs karTTYl nigkarCUndMeNIrKN³ RbtiPUbreTs
mYycMnYnEdleFVITsSnkic©enAtamPUmiPaKepSg² CaBiess
Tak;TgnwgkarTTYlEpnkarBIfñak;elIedIm,IGnuvtþ nigraykarN_
GMBIbBaðaepSg²eTAfñak;elIvij.
1¦ Rbvtþisavtarrbs;sakSI
elaknI kn ehA{kn}Gayu69qñaM manRsukkMeNItenA
km<úCaeRkam RsukRtayIg ¬ExμrehAfaRsukRBHRtBaMg¦
bc©úb,nñrs;enARsuksMeBAlUn extþ)at;dMbg.«BukeQμaHsWg nI
mþayeQμaH sWg esOg. nI kn manRbBn§eQμaH lwm Kwmsat
nigmankUnbInak;. elak nI kn manbgRbusbegáItBIrnak;KW
sun esn EdlRtÚv)aneKsÁal;faCardæm®nþIénRksYgkarBarCati
kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigsunQMu Cam®nþITUtenARbeTs
kUer:. enAGayu15qñaM elak nI kn )ancakecjBIRsukkMeNIt
mkrs;enATIRkúgPñMeBjehIybnþkarsikSaenAviTüal½yRBHsIu
suvtßirhUtRbLgCab;fñak;bzmPUmi. kñúgqñaM1966 elak)an
cUleFVICaRKÚbeRgónenAsalabzmsikSakñúgextþesomrab.
bnÞab;BImanrdæRbharTmøak;semþc sIhnu BI GMNac qñaM1970
elak nI kn )anrt;cUléRBedIm,IcUlrYmkñúgclnabdivtþts‘U
RbqaMgnwgrbbln; nl; nig cRkBtþiGaemrik.GMLúgqñaM1974
elak nI kn RtÚv)anbBa©ÚlCasmaCikrbs;bkSkumμúynIsþ
km<úCatamry³karENnaMrbs; esg EdlCaRbFansaxa
bkSRbcaMextþesomrab ehIyelakRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVI
skmμPaBeXasnaenAtMbn;15énPUmiPaKBiess EdleRkay
mkkøayCatMbn;32énPUmiPaKbs©im. KYrrMB£kfa muneBl
)ankøayCasmaCikbkS elak nI kn KWCasmaCikrbs;
{mmhhaaCCnncceeRRmmIInn} EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IeFVIkareXasna
epSg²RbqaMg nwgrbb ln; nl; ehIykñúgeBlenaHk¾man
{ssmm<< ½½nn §§yyuuvvCCnnbbddiivvttþþ }eFV IskmμPaBRbqa Mgd UcK ñaEdr.
enAcugqñaM1977 bkS)ancat;taMgelak[mkbMeBjkargar
EpñkBiFIkarenARksYgkarbeTs edayTTYlbnÞúkCUnePJóv
breTseFVITsSnkic©enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
2¦ skçIkmμrbs;sakSIcMeBaHmuxtMNagshRBHraC
GaCJa
kñúgkarsYredjedalsakSI elak can; dararsμI
tMNag[shRBHraCGaCJaCati )ansYrepþatsMxan;GMBIRbvtþi
ts‘UeFVIbdivtþrbs;sakSI munqñaM1975.cMENkelakvInsin
dWv:al; tMMNag[shRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati)ansYrepþatsMxan;
GMBItYnaTIrbs;sakSI nigbuKÁlmYycMnYneTotenAPUmiPaKbs©im
nigenARksYgkarbreTsénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
Tak;TgnwgsMNYrrbs;elak can; dararsμI elak)an
esñIsMusakSIerobrab;GMBImUlehtuEdlnaM[xøÜnseRmccUl
rYmkñúgclnabdivtþ tYnaTInigkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;sakSIkñúg
GMLúgeBlénclnabdivtþ nigkareXasnaGb;rMepSg².
CakareqøIytb elak nI kn bBa¢ak;fa buBVehtucm,gEdlnaM[
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 7
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
sakSI nI kn
vInsin dWv:al;can; dararsμI
elakseRmccitþcUlrYmeFVIbdivtþ KWedIm,IrMedaHRbeTsCati
ecjBIkarRtÜtRtarbs;cRkBtþiGaemrik rYmTaMgrbb ln; nl;
nigsMxan;bMputKWedIm,IeFVI[CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa
manPaBRbesIreLIg.mü:agvijeTotsun esn EdlRtÚvCabg
RbusbegáIt EtgEtR)ab;elakGMBIsßankarN_enARsukExμr nig
erOgl¥²EdlRtÚveFVI. bEnßmelIenHeTot bnÞab;BIRBH)aT
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu RtÚv)aneFVIrdæRbharTmøak;BIGMNac
nI kn )anseRmcrt;cUléRBtamkarGMBavnavrbs;semþc
sIhnu edIm,IcUlrYmclnabdivtþ. GMLúgeBlenaH nI kn
bMeBjkargarkñúgRkbx½NÐrbs;rNsirSrYbrYmCati eday
)anTTYlbnÞúkbMpusbMpulRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtMbn;rbs;xøÜn
[rYbrYmkmøaMgedIm,Its‘URbqaMgnwgrbb ln; nl;. CaTUeTA
elak)aneXasna[RbCaCnxitxMbgábegáInpl nig ]btßm
FnFannigkmøaMgdl;kg kmøaMgRbyuT§CYrmuxedIm,IrMedaHRbeTs
ecjBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;ln; nl;. elaknI knbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa
kñúgGMLúgeBlenaH KWmanclnarbs;RbCaCncUlrYmclna
ts‘UeFVI bdivtþn_edaysarEtmankarTmøak;RKab;Ebkd¾eRcInsn§wk
sn§ab;rbs; ln; nl; nigshrdæGaemrik. dUecñHtMbn;sMxan;²
EdlelakRtÚvcuHeTAeXasnaedIm,ITak;TajRbCaCn KWtMbn;
EdlTTYlrgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk nigtMbn;EdlminTan;RtÚv
)anrMedaH. xøwmsarEdlelak)anykeTAeXasnaGb;rM edIm,I
Tak;TajRbCaCn[cUlrYmkñúgclnabdivtþ KW)anmkBIeKal
neya)ayrbs;bkS EdlRtÚv)andkRsg;ykmkbeRgón
edayeQμaH esg EdlCaRbFansaxabkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa
RbcaMextþesomrab. xøwmsarTaMgenaHPaKeRcInniyayBIkar
CMrujkarbgábegáInpl karkarBarbUrNPaBTwkdI PaBÉkraCü
m©as;kar xøÜn]btßmxøÜn nigkarbeNþjsRtÚvQøanBanCaedIm.
sakSI)anbnþfa kñúgGMLúgqñaM1974 elakRtÚv)an
bkSbBa¢Ún[mkeFVIkarenAtMbn;15 sßitkñúgPUmiPaKBiess
EdlmanTItaMgenARsuk]tþúg. eRkaymktMbn;enHRtÚv)an
bBa©ÚlkñúgtMbn;32 EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;PUmiPaK
bs©im. tMbn;15 KWCatMbn;EdlmankarRbyuT§ xøaMgkøaCamYy
kgT½Bln; nl; dUecñHtMbn;enHRtÚv)anEbgEck[manGñkTTYlxus
RtÚvxagEpñk eyaFa ¬TTYlbnÞúkeday ecg Gn¦ Epñkesdækic©
dwkCBa¢Ún pÁt;pÁg; nigGb;rMCaedIm. elak nI kn bBa¢ak;bEnßmfa
enAtMbn;15 elakRtÚv)anbkScat;taMg[bMeBjkargarenAkñúg
KN³Gb;rM edayTTYlbnÞúkxageXasna nigGb;rMdl;RbCaCn
edIm,ITTYl)ankmøaMgvayykTIRkúgPñMeBj. xøwmsarEdlRtÚv
)anykmkeXasnaGb;rMenAeBlenaH KWdUcKñanwgxøwmsar
EdlxøÜnFøab;)aneXasnaenAmunqñaM1974 eBalKWCMruj[
RbCaCnxitxMbgábegáInpledIm,IGnuvtþneya)ayxøÜn]btßmxøÜn
EkERbCIvPaBRbCaCn[manPaBRbesIreLIg rYmkmøaMgvay
rMedaHRbeTsCatiBIsRtÚv. eRkABIenH elakTTYlbnÞúkbNþúH
bNþaleKalneya)ayrbs;bkSdl;kmμaPi)alfñak;eRkam
EdlRtÚv)aneRCIs erIs[mkeronsURt.
elak nI kn bBa¢ak;bEnßmfa bnÞab;BIbkSkumμúynIsþ
km<úCarMedaH)anTIRkúgPñMeBj eBalKW s®gÁamrvagExμrRkhm
nigrbbln; nl; RtÚv)anbBa©b; tMbn;15RtÚv)andak;bBa©Úlkñúg
tMbn;32 EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;PUmiPaKbs©im.
sakSIbBa¢ak;fa eQμaH sarun CaelxatMbn;31 eQμaH ):al;
CaelxatMbn;32 EdltMbn;TaMgenHsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;
RKgrbs;eQμaHsIu Caelxa PUmiPaKbs©im.dUecñHelakRtÚvsßit
enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;tMbn;32 Edlman ta)a:l; Ca
elxa.kñúgGMLúgqñaM1975dl;qñaM1977elakenAEtTTYl
tYnaTICaGñkeXasnaGb;rMdEdl EtepþateTAelIkarbgábegáIn
pl nigelIkTMnb;RbLayedIm,IeFVIksikmμEtb:ueNÑaH. kñúg
zan³CaGñkeXasnaGb;rM elakTTYlkarENnaMkargar b¤bNþúH
bNþalBI ta):al; bnÞab;BI ta):al; )an TTYlkarENnaMBIRbFan
PUmiPaK ehIyelak)anraykarN_GMBIlT§plkargarrbs;
xøÜneTA ta):al; Edl ta):al; nwgraykarN_bnþeTARbFanPUmi
PaK. sakSIbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;fa CaTUeTAelxaRsukKWCa
smaCikrbs;KN³tMbn; ehIyelxatMbn;nImYy² KWCasmaCik
rbs;KN³PUmiPaKrbs;xøÜn. Cak;Esþg ta):al; nig tasarun Edl
CaelxatMbn; KWCasmaCikrbs;KN³PUmiPaKbs©im.
8 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
KYrbBa¢ak;fa enAeBlelak can; dararsμI ecaTsYrGMBI
tYnaTI nigParkic©rbs; sun esn kñúgGMLúgeBleFVIbdivtþ elak
nI kn EtgEteqøIyfa elakmindwgGMBItYnaTI nigParkic©rbs;
sun esn eLIy KWRKan;Etdwgfasun esn KWCaGñkkan;kab;kgT½B
rYm Edl)aneFVIskmμPaBts‘U RbqaMgnwgcRkBtþiGaemrik nig
ln; nl;.
bnÞab;BIelak can; dararsμI )anbBa©b;sMNYrrbs;xøÜn
elak vInsin dWv:al; tMNagsh RBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati)anbnþ
ecaTsMNYrmYycMnYnTak;Tgnwgclnats‘UbdivtþenAtMbn;15
kareFVImhasnñi)atrbs;PUmiPaKbs©im karCemøósRbCaCn
ecjBITIRkúgPñMeBj karRbCMuTieTon nigsV½y TieTon tYnaTIrbs;
sakSIenAkñúgRksYgkarbreTs CaBiessParkic©kñúgkarCUn
KN³RbtiPUbreTseTAeFVITsSnkic©enAtambNþaextþepSg²
nigkarraykarN_GMBIdMeNIrTsSnkic©TaMgenHmk[fñak;elI
vij.
CakareqøIytb elak nI kn bBa¢ak;fa kñúgGMLúgeBl
elakenAtMbn;15KWmanclnats‘URbqaMgnwgrbbln; nl; Ca
xøaMg eRBaHCaerogral;éf¶tMbn;enHTTYlrgnUvkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk
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)anbgðajÉksarmYymancMNgeCIgfa{b:ul Bt kñúgsubinþ
GaRkk;} sresredayGñkkarEstmñak;eQμaH hVIlIbsSt
edayelak)andkRsg;smþIrbs; elak nI kn Edl)anpþl;bT
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bs©iméf¶TI25 Exkkáda qñaM1977.sakSIbBa¢ak;fa elakmin
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elakminEdlTTYl)anÉksarCaRkdasenAeBl fñak;elImk
eFVIkar bNþúHbNþalGMBIeKalneya)ayrbs;bkSeLIy.
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xøwmsarenAkñúgÉksarenaHmkecaTsYrsakSIeLIy. eRkABI
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 9
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karcUl rYmsnñi)atbkS elak nI kn )ancUlrYmkic©RbCMuTieTon
nigsV½yTieTonCaRbcaM. elakbBa¢ak;fa kic©RbCMuenHtRmÚv
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nIsþkñúgqñaM1975k¾eday kñúgGMLúgeBlenaHelak nI kn enAEt
bMeBjkargarCaGñkeXasnaGb;rMenAPUmiPaKbs©imdEdl.
enAcugqñaM1977 nI kn RtÚv)anbkSbBa¢Únmk[eFVIkarenAEpñk
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BIsakSIbBa¢ak;dUecñH tMNagshRBH raCGaCJa)anbgðajÉksar
bTsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgCamYyCnCab;ecaT eGog sarI nig
elaksÞIv ehdD½r enA ExFñÚ qñaM1996.kñúgbTsmÖasn_enHeGog
sarI )anelIkeLIgfa{>>>nI kn EdlCabgb¥Ún rbs; sun esn
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shRBHraCGaCJaminGacykcemøIyrbs;buKÁlepSgmkecaT
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elIkeLIgrbs;elakemFavI xaNav:as. PøamenaHelakemFavI
)anesñI[GgÁCMnMuCRmHseRmc[)anc,as;Bak;B½n§nwgkaryk
cemøIyrbs;buKÁlepSg²mkecaTsYrsakSI. CakareqøIytb
RbFanGgÁCMnMu CRmHbBa¢ak;fa{mUlehtu sMGagehtuenAkñúgkrNI
enH KWxusEbøkBIkrNId¾éTeTotEdlGgÁCMnMu CRmH)anseRmcrYc
10 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
ehIy. krNIenH KWCabTsmÖasn_CamYyCnCab;ecaT eGog
sarI ehIy enAeBlenH eGogsarI )annigkMBugmanvtþmanenAkñúg
kic©dMeNIrkarsvnakar. RbsinebIKat;sþab;)anehIymanbBaða
Kat;GactTl;CamYynwgsakSIrUbenH)an}.
Bak;B½n§nwgkarbBa¢Únelak nI kn eTARksYgkarbreTs
Edr tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anecaTsYrfa kñúgGMLúgeBl
sakSIRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚnBItMbn;32eTARksYgkarbreTs etIman
kare)assm¥atenAkñúgcMeNamkmμaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaK tMbn;
nigRsukenAkñúgPUmiPaKbs©imEdrb¤eT? sakSIbBa¢ak;fa elak)an
dwgBIkare)assm¥atenHtamry³karniyayt²Kña eRBaHeBl
enaHelak)an mkdl;RksYgkarbreTsehIy.
cMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;sakSIenARksYgkarbreTshak;dUcCa
mankarExVgKMnitKñarvagtMNagshRBHraCGaCJa nigsakSI.
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anelIkeLIgfa sakSIKWCaRbFan
caghVagcat;EcgBiFIkarrbs;RksYg ehIyelak)andkRsg;
smþIrbs; eGogsarI Edlfa elaknI knmanzan³x<s;CagsU Es
nigcat;EcgkargarBiFIkareRcInCag sU hug. b:uEnþelak nI kn
bBa¢ak;CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa eTaHbIxøÜnminyl;BIvisalPaBén
BaküRbFancaghVagBiFIkark¾edayxøÜnminGacmanzan³x<s;Cag
KN³kmμaFikarmnÞIr nigKN³kmμaFikarRksYgeLIy. xøÜnsßitenA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; ecom EdlCaRbFanmnÞIrénRksYgkar
breTs. CagenHeTAeTot xøÜnRKan;EtsßitenA kñúgEpñktUcmYy
énBiFIkarRksYg EdlTTYlbnÞúkCUnePJóvbreTskMritTabeTAeFVI
TsSnkic©tambNþaextþEtb:ueNÑaH. Bak;B½n§nwgkarelIkeLIgenH
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJabgðajÉksarEdl)ancuH pSayeday
viTüúkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü niyayGMBIkarmkdl;rbs;elak
eLG‘ug eb‘oksþaMg tMNag [{bkSkumμúynIsþ-eLnIn}enAshrdæ
Gaemrik. ÉksarenHbgðajfa elak eLG‘ug eb‘oksÞaMg RtÚv
)anTTYlsVaKmn_eday elak nI kn enAéf¶TI22 Exemsa
qñaM1978.sakSIbBa¢ak;fa xøÜnmin caMGMBIRBwtþkarN_enHeLIy.
CaTUeTAkarTTYlePJóvbreTsFM²KWeQμaH eGak suKn§ nig CYn
RbsiT§i ehIyCYnkal eGogsarI CaGñkeTATTYl. eTaHbICay:ag
NakþIelakcaM)anfa elakFøab;)anCUnePJóvbreTsbInak;mkBI
RbeTs Eb‘lhSiúk eTAeFVITsSnkic©enAextþesomrab nigKN³
RbtiPUmkBIRbeTs yUehÁasøavI nigmkBIRbeTs Cb:un eTAeFVI
TsSnkic©enAtamPUmiPaKepSg². Tak;TgnwgkarCUndMeNIrePJóv
mkBIRbeTs Eb‘lhSiúk tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anbgðaj
ÉksarEdl)anpSayedayviTüúRkúgPñMeBjkñúgExsIha qñaM
1978 sþIBIdMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;KN³RbtiPUénsmaKmn_
RbeTs Eb‘lhSiúk-km<úCa. ÉksarenHbBa¢ak;fa{ KN³RbtiPU
RbeTs Eb‘lhSiúk )aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enAPUmiPaKkNþal nig
]tþrBinitüemIlkEnøgplitfñaM eragcRksørEdkenAkMBg;cam
eragcRkekAs‘UenAcMkardUg nigTsSnaTMnb;1mkra nigGgÁrvtþ
nigreNþARKab;Ebk. bnÞab;mkbnþeTATsSnkic©enAPUmiPaKnirtI
enAtaEkv shkrN_enAGgÁtaesam nigeTAkMBg;esammun
nwgRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij}. cMeBaHdMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;Gñk
kaEstmkBIRbeTs yUehÁasøavI tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa
)andak;bgðajÉksarsarTUrelxmYycuHéf¶TI15 ExmIna
qñaM1978 sþIBIdMeNIrTsSnkic© rbs;GñkkaEst yUehÁasøavI
enAPUmiPaKBay½Bü. sarTUrelxenHKWCaesckþIraykarN_CUn
eTAmnÞIr870GMBIsMNYr-cemøIy EdlGñkkaEst)ansmÖasn_
GñkeFVIkarenARtBaMgfμ GMBIrbbGahar lkçxNÐkargar
kardwkCBa¢ÚnGñkeFVIkar nigkarerobGaBah’BiBah’CaedIm.
bEnßmBIelIenHeTot elak nI kn )anbBa¢ak;fa enAeBlCUn
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eXIjRbCaCnmanCIvPaBxVHxat nigxVHCRmkCaeRcIn ehIy
elak)anykbBaðaenHmkraykarN_CUnfñak;elIrbs;xøÜnenA
eBlmankarRbCMu. cugeRkaytMNagshRBHraCGaCJabgðaj
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cMnYnrbs;sa®sþacarü xatEvlCnCatiGg;eKøsnigGñkkaEst
CnCati GaemrikBIrrUb KWelakRsI Eb‘kX½r nigelak Dwk m:an;.
sMeNITaMgenaHrYmman{sMueTACitRBMEdn eTAemIlCnbT cg;eXIj
CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCn cg;CYbkmμaPi)alenARKb;Rkúg
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 11
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cg;emIlshkrN_ cg;emIlKukneya)ay cg;CYbpÞal;mnusS
Edl[enAdac;edayELkBIKña cg;dwgGMBIRbCaCncam kar
smøab;mnusS nigcg;CYbemdwknaMEdlmandUcCa naykrdæm®nþI/
]bnaykrdæm®nþI eGogsarI/ sun esn/ eGog FIriT§/ exov b:uNÑarI/
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karGnuBaØateLIy.
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)aNaeb eNKVI CaemFavIGnþrCati sYrepþatsMxan;GMBIkarCUn
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PaKepSg².
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neratþm sIhnu BIGMNacenAéf¶TI 18 ExmIna qñaM1970
KWclnats‘Ubdivtþkan;EtmansPaBxøaMgeLIg². kñúgGMLúgeBl
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bBa¢ÚlTaMgrbbln; nl; Edr. xøwmsar KaMRTsemþcsIhnu RbqaMg
nwgBYkcRkBtþi KWRtÚv)anelakpÞal;¬nI kn¦ nigeXasnikCn
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kñúgqñaM1978. elakemFavI)anepþaty:agsMxan;eTAelI
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elak sKwm lμút bBa¢ak;fa r)aykarN_TaMgenHKWRsbKña
nigsIusgVak;eTAnwgxøwmsarEdlelak)anCYbRbCMuCamYyKN³
RbtiPUkUer: nigKN³RbtiPUy:UehÁasøavI. dUecñHcMNarEdl
manenAkñúgÉksarTaMgenHKWBitCacMNarrbs; v:an; riT§ Edl
)anraykarN_[ v:n evt nig exov sMpn. bnÞab;mktMNag
shRBHraCGaCJaecaTsYrfa ehtuGVIkic©RbCMuTaMgenHcaM)ac;
RtÚvraykarN_[ v:n evt nig exovsMpn?CakareqøIytb elak
sKwm lμút bBa¢ak;y:agc,as;fa KN³kmμaFikarBaNiC¢kmμRtÚv
raykarN_ CUnKN³kmμaFikaresdækic©EdlCafñak;elIrbs;xøÜn
eBalKWRtÚvraykarN_[ v:n evt nig exov sMpn. cugeRkay
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJabBa¢ak;fa elakmanÉksarr)ay
karN_RbCMuCag20eTotEdlsakSI)ancUlrYmkñúgkic©RbCMu
TaMgenaHehIy)anraykarN_[ exovsMpn.
bnÞab;BIbBa©b;sMNYrBak;B½n§nwgkarBinitücMNarrbs;e
lak v:an; riT§ Edl)anraykarN_[ v:n evt nig exov sMpn
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 21
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
Gab;Dulhak; farIk
tMNagshshRBHraCGaCJa)anbnþsMNYrBak;B½n§nwgRkúmh‘un
er:nhVúg EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaybkSkumúμynIsþkm<úCa
edIm,IeFVIBaNiC¢kmμeRkARbeTs. elak sKwm lμút bBa¢ak;fa
Rkúmh‘uner:nhVúg manTItaMgenATIRkúghugkugRbeTscin Edl
RtÚv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IeFVIBaNiC¢kmμCamYyRbeTselak
esrI. Rkúmh‘unenHmanPaKh‘unrbs;sux nigNat ehIyEdl
PaKh‘unTaMgenHRtÚv)anepÞrmk[ RKin kan;kab;CMnYsbnÞab;BIGñk
TaMgBIrRtÚv)anKN³kmμaFikarBaNiC¢kmμbBa¢a[vilcUlRsuk
Exμrvij. bEnßmelIenH tMNagshRBHraCGaCJabgðajÉk
sarCalixitmYy cuHéf¶TI10 Exvicäika qñaM1978 Edl)aneFVI
edayKN³kmμaFikarBaNiC¢kmμsþIBIkarcat;taMg RKin [TTYl
Parkic©CMnYs sux nig Nat enARkúmh‘un er:nhVúg edIm,I[GñkTaMgBIr
vilmkRbeTskm<úCavij. bnÞab;BIbgðajÉksar tMNag
shRBHraCGaCJa sYrsakSIfa etIman GVIekIteLIgcMeBaHNat
nig sux enAeBlGñkTaMgBIrvilmkRbeTskm<úCavij? Cakar
eqøIytb elak sKwm lμút bBa¢ak;fa elakmindwgGMBIbBaðaenH
eLIy eRBaHvaCaesckþIseRmcrbs;KN³kmμaFikarBaNiC¢
kmμ.
elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa farIk )anbnþsMNYr
GMBITMnak;TMngrvagGnCamYy exovsMpn nig v:n evt.b:uEnþsakSI
)aneqøIyfaxøÜnmindwgBITMnak;TMngenHeT edayxøÜn)anmksñak;enA
CitRksYg]sSahkmμmYyry³xøIb:ueNÑaH. elak farIk )ansYr
faetIGñkNaCaRbFanFMenARksYg ]sSahkmμ v:n evt b¤exov
sMpn? sakSI)aneqøIyfa xøÜnmindwgeT eRBaHeBlEdlelak
mkdl;RksYgenH KWeKmin)anbBa¢ak;BIrcnasm<½n§enaHeT.
karN_EdlelakdwgKWenAeBleRkaymkeT KWtamecARkm
esIubGegát EdlelakdwgfamaneQμaH eDOn nigv:an;riT§. elak
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJabgðajÉksareTAsakSI A-38 nig
elIeGRkg;TUrTsSn_. elak)anGanGtßbTsRmg;{enAeBl
Edl´cUleFVIkarenATIenaH KW Gn CaRbFanRksYg. ebItam´
sμanKWeQμaH EhmCaGñkemIlBIelIeTotb:uEnþKat;minbgðajmux
eT. RbEhlCaelak Ehm enAkñúgKN³kmμa Fikaresdækic©xag
elI ehIyKat;CaGñkRKb;RKgenATIenaHÉg}. sakSI)anyl;
RsbtamGVIEdlshRBHraCGaCJa)anGan ehIyfaelak
)aneqøIyEbbenaHEmn b:uEnþedaysarelak)aneXIjÉksar
mYycMnYneTIbelakeqøIydUecñH.elakfarIk)ansYrBIkarpþl;
mtieyabl;Edlelaklμút)aneFVI.elakRBHraCGaCJa)an
elIkbBa¢IÉksarcMnYn6Edl)anniyayBIkMNt;ehtuTIpSar
kñúgkMLúg Exmkranigtula qñaM1978. elak sKwm lμút
22 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
)aneqøIyfa elak)aneFIVkarBak;B½n§nwgRksYgBaNiC¢kmμenaH
maneRcInNas;ehIyEdlmancuHhtßelxaenaHelakcuHelI
ÉksarEdlelakR)akdfa)anGanEmn ehIyminEmnman
n½yfaelak)andwgRKb;erOgenArbbenaHeLIy. sakSImin
)anRCabBIdMeNIrrbs; v:n evt enARksYg]sSahkmμenaHeT
ebIeTaHCaelak enAkñúgRksYgenaHrhUtdl;cb;k¾eday.
sakSI)anB£faeKdkhUt elak v:n evt Etelakminh‘an
sYreTA v:an; riT§ eLIy. elakRBHraCGaCJa)anbnþsYr nigbgðaj
ÉksarEdlecARkmesIub)ansYrTak;TgnwgkarRbCMuéf¶TI8
ExFñÚ qñaM1978.ÉksarniyayBIkarRbCMurvag eGogsarI
nigKN³RbtiPUcin ehIymanvtþmanrbs;elak srKwm lμút/
esg TMu nig Gn.sakSI)anTTYlsÁal;faBitCamankarRbCMuEmn
EtelakmincaMeT ehIyelakmankarPJak;ep¥IlEdr Edl eGog
sarI enAxagRksYgkarbreTs EtmkcUlrYmRbCMuCamYyePJóv
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 23
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
RkúmGñkCMnajkarExμrRkhmenAkñúgk):al;dwkCMnij ¬RbPBÉksar³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
enARksYg]sSahkmμenaHeTAvij. elakminPJak;ep¥IlGIVeT
elakRKan;Etq¶l;enAkñúgcitþfaehtuGVI)anCa eGog sarI
mkRbCMuCamYyRksYg]sSahkmμ ehIy)anniyayBIbBaða
Tak;TgnwgRksYgenHeTot ehIykic©RbCMuenaHmanlkçN³
sMxan;edaysarEtmanKN³RbtiPUBIRbeTscin)ancUlrYmCa
mYyEdr.
3¦ skçIkmμrbs;sakSIcMeBaHmuxemFavItMNag
edImbNþwgrdæb,evNI
elakRsI sIun suv:n emFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI
)ancab;epþImsMNYrrbs;xøÜn edaysYreLIgvijGMBIkarcUlrYm
rbs;sakSIkñúgclnats‘UenAkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym.
Pøam² elak xaNav:as CaemFavIkarBarkþICnCab;ecaT eGog
sarI )aneRkakQrrYcelIkeLIgfa sMNYrKYrEtcab;epþImBIGVI
EdlshRBHraCGaCJaminTan;)ansYr. elakecARkmeFVI
karrB£kdl;elakRsIemFavIBIkareRbIR)as;eBlevla[man
GtßRbeyaCn_. bnÞab;mkelakRsI)ansYrGMBIGñkmkx©IR)ak;
enAFnaKar b:uEnþsMNYrenHminRtÚv)anGgÁCMnMuCRmHGnuBaØat[
sakSIeqøIyeLIy. elakRsI)anbnþsMNYfa etIelaksakSI
yl;y:agNacMeBaHkar]btßmR)ak;kñúgbdivtþ. elaksakSI
)aneqøIiytbfa enHKWCaerOgtaMgBImunrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
EdleKGegÁósluybnþicbnþÜcminmanGIcEmøkeT KWeFVItaMg
BImunqñaM1975emø:H. sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnM uCRmH
GMBIRbePTrUbiyb½NÑEdleRbIsRmab;TUTat;CamYyRbeTscin
KWluyy½n ehIycMeBaHRbeTsepSgeTot KWeRbIRbePTluy
epSg.
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrbnÞab; sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa elak
sÁal; eDOn CaRbFanKN³kmμaFikarBaNiC¢kmμ Etelakmindwg
fa eDOn eFVIkarenA870eTsUm,IeQμaH870k¾minFøab;B¤Edr.
cMENk v:n evt elakCYb)anEtmþgb:ueNÑaHenAqñaMRbEhledIm
qñaM1976.elakRsIemFavI )anbnþsMNYrfa elakFøab;eFVIkar
enAsIusuvtßietIelaksÁal; eGog sarI exov FIriT§eT? sakSI
)aneqøIytbfaelaksÁal;buKÁlTaMgBIrtaMgBIenAmuneBleFVI
karenATIenaHeTAeTot. sakSIFøab;beRmIkarCanaykrgFnaKar
BaNiC¢kmμeRkARbeTs ral;kargarenaHelakeFVIedaymin
manbBa¢apÞal;BInrNaeT KWtamnirsarBImnÞIrkNþalmYy.
kargarsñÚlenAFnaKar KWRbtibtþikarrvagExμr nigbreTs b:uEnþ
manEtBIrnak;b:ueNÑaH minmanKNenyüenaHeT KWmanEt
eQμaHb:ueNÑaH.
emFavIGnþrCatitMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI KWelak
eNKVI )anbeBa©jnUvPaBsb,ayrIkraycMeBaHlT§PaB rbs;
sakSIEdlGacsþab;Pasa)araMg)an. eqøIytbnwgsMNYr sakSI
)anbBa¢ak;faelakmin)anTTYlbBa¢IEdlraykarN_BIRsUv
GgárEdlnaMecjeT elakeTIbEteXIjbBa¢IenHenAéf¶enH
b:ueNÑaH. sakSI)anbnþeTotfa enAeBlEdlelakeFVICaGñkbk
ERbCUnKN³RbtiPUeTATsSnaenAtamshkrN_ elakmin)an
eXIjmankarFøak;cuHnUvkarhUbcukGIeT edaysarshkrN_
enaHmanlkçN³Biess eRBaHmankEnøgGacrkmðÚbGahar
)an. elakemFavI eNKVI )aneFVIkarrMB£kdl;sakSIGMBIeQμaH
pn nig sYn sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa RbEhlCakmμaPi)alfñak;
mFüm b¤fñak;kNþal b¤Epñkbec©keTsmkBIRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ
ehIyelak)aneRbóbeFobtMENgrbs;GñkTaMgBIrenaHfa
ebIenAkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñKWRbEhlnwgfñak; kariyal½y.
muneBlelakecjdMeNIrBIPñ MeBjenAqñaM1976
sakSImin)anenACamYy Gn eLIy ehIyelakk¾mindwgfa
vasnarbs; Gn y:agNaenaHEdr. elakminFøab;dwgfaGñk
enARksYgenaHman kar)at;xøÜnnigbBaðabBa¢ÚneQμaHeTAs-21
eLIy KWelakeTIbEtdwgenAkñúgsvnakarenHb:ueNÑaH. enA
kñúgRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ sakSI)anCYybgðajBIEbbbTeFVIbBa¢Ib:uEnþ
eBlTMnij naMecj-cUl enaH elakmin)andwgeT.sakSI)an
CRmabfa karbMeBjkargarCaGñkbkERbCUnKN³RbtiPU
esdækic©BaNiC¢kmμenaHelak)ansÁal;eQμaH RKin EdlCa
RbFanEpenAkMBg;esam. eqøIytbnwgsMNYrGMBIeQμaHenH
sakSI)anpþl;cemøIyfaelakcaMfaeKbBa¢Únelak RKin eTA
hugkug edayRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ b:uEnþRtg;cMNucfabBa¢ÚneTA
24 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
edIm,ICMnYseQμaH sux enaHsakSIminRCabeT. sakSIk¾)an
bBa¢ak;BIkRmitsÁal;KñarvagelakCamYyelak nig v:an; riT§
EdlCasisSrbs;;elakeBlsakSIeFVIkarenAsalasIusuvtßi.
elakfaelakminmanniyayepþaHbþÚrKñaGMBIKN³kmμaFikarBa
NiC¢kmμGIeT ebIeTaHCaFøab;sÁal;elak riT§ BImunmkk¾eday.
4¦ karsYredajedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBarkþI
enAeBlcab;epþ ImsvnakarnaRBwkéf¶TI5Exmifuna
qñaM2012 GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anpþl;evTikaeTARkumemFavIkarBarkþI
CnCab;ecaT exov sMpn muneKedIm,IsYrsakSI sKwm lμút.
elakemFavICati Kg; sMGun )ancab;epþImsMNYrTak;Tgnwgkar
pþl;CMnYydl;clnabdivtþ. sakSI)aneqøIyfa eRkABICMnYyCa
fvikaelakminmanCYyCakmøaMgkay nigcitþeT. eqøIytb
nwgsMNYrsakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfaxøÜnFøab;CYb exov
sMpn enAmunqñaM1975 edaysarKat;CasPatMNagRbCaCn
EtminFøab;CYbpÞal;. munqñaM1978elak)anCYbKat;min
Emnkñúgkic©karraCkareT KWCYbedayécdnü b:ueNÑaHenAkEnøg
xøHkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj. elaksakSIFøab;B¤BaküsmanCn
ehIyelakk¾sßitenAkñúgRbePTsmanCnenHEdr. elak
sakSI)anBnül;fasmanCnenAmunqñaM1975KWCaCnEdlman
citþCYybdivtþ b:uEnþminskmμeT.
Tak;TgnwgkarCemøóselaksakSI)ancakecjBIPñM
eBjCamYyeKÉgkñúgry³eBlxøIb:ueNÑaH.eRkaymkRbFan
shkrN_[elakRtlb;mkPñMeBjvij EteKminR)ab;munfa
mkTINaeT. eK)anDubelakdwktamm:UtUmkmnÞIr]sSahkmμ
CamYyGnuRbFanshkrN_. eBlmkdl;Pøamelak)anCYb
RbFanRksYg]sSahkmμ KWelakGn. Gn )anR)ab;[elak
enAcaMenATIenaHsin caMfñak;elImkR)ab;. minyUrb:unμan GñkEdl
mkCYbelakenaH KWelak v:n evt EdlelakKitfa v:n evtman
zan³FMCagelak Gn. eBlenaH eKR)ab;[eTAcUlRbCMuCamYy
KN³RbtiPU edayeRtómexaGav nigerobcMxøÜn. elakemFavI)an
sYrfaetImUlehtuGVI)anCa v:n evt dwgBIsmasPaBelak
BIerOgecHxagFnaKar sakSI)aneqøIyfaelakmindwgeTfa v:n
evt dwgerOgenHBINa b:uEnþmanmnusSeRcInNas;EdldwgBI
smtßPaBrbs;elak. Tak;TgnwgeQμaH v:an; riT§ sakSI)anbMPøWfa
xøÜn)anCYbenAeBleRkaymk KWeBlEdlCYbCamYy eDOn
RbCMuCamYyKN³RbtiPU.sakSIFøab;)anENnaMkargarFnaKar
eTAkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm KWCYyBnül;CaRTwsþIenAeBlKN³
RbtiPUcinBnül; ehIyGñkTaMgenaHsþab;minyl; elakk¾)an
Bnül;enAkEnøgNaEdleKsYrTak;TgnwgRTwsþITUeTAEdleK
eRbIR)as;elIsklelakb:ueNÑaH minEmnebIkvKÁsikSaeT.
sakSIk¾)anbBa¢ak;Edrfa elakminFøab;manEpnkar b¤eKal
karN_esñIedIm,I[FnaKarmankarrIk ceRmInGIeT.
bnÞab;BIemFavICati)ansYrcb; elak GakTY EvkEKn
emFavIGnþrCatikarBarkþICnCab;ecaT exov sMpn )ancab;epþIm
sMNYredayecaTsYrsakSIfa etIelakFøab;cat;Tukfaelak
Ehm Cafñak;elIrbs;elakeT? sakSI)aneqøIytbfa
elakminEdlcat;TukCapøÚvkareT KWRKan;EtKitkñúgcitþb:ueNÑaH
b:uEnþCak;EsþgminEmneT. bnÞab;mkelakemFavI)ansYrfa
etIelak exov sMpn mantMENgGVIenArbbExμrRkhm?sakSI
)aneqøIyfa exov sMpn RbEhlCanaykrdæm®nþIenAeBl
enaH. sakSI)anpþl;PaBc,as;las;CUnGgÁCMnM uCRmHfa
elakminEmnKitRsém:fa exov sMpn Canaykrdæm®nþIeT
KWenAeBlenaHmankarRbkasCapøÚvkar RbkasCaGnþrCatifa
Kat;Canaykrdæm®nþI EtRtg;faCafñak;elIrbs;elakenaH
KWkargarpÞal;CamYyelakenaHKWmindwgeT eRBaH exov sMpn
minEdlcuHmkbBa¢aelakGMBIkic©karFnaKarenaHEdr. sakSI
)anbnþ eTotfaelakminsÁal;GkSrnightßelxarbs;elak
exovsMpn eT.
4>1¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavI nYn Ca
elaksun GruNCaemFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca )aneFVIkar
sYredjedalsakSI edayepþatelIRbvtþiénkarcUlbdivtþenA
sm½ysgÁmra®sþniym. ebIeTaHCasakSImincaMqñaMEdlelak
)ancUlrYmenAkñúgbdivtþ b:uEnþsakSIcaMfaeBlenaHelakman
kargareFVIrYcehIyminEmnCanisSiteT. elakemFavI)ansYr GMBI
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 25
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
Baküfa hVúg nig®hÁúg ehIysakSI)anTTYlsÁal;fa elakFøab;
B ¤BaküTa MgenHenAeBlmanrN³sirSCamYyRBHkr uNa
b:uEnþelakmincaMfaenAkñúgqñaMNaeT.
elakemFavI)ansYrGMBIkarcUlmkRbeTskm<úCa eday
T½BevotNammkEb:kxagt,ÚgRbeTskm<úCa. sakSI)aneqøIy
fa elakFøab;B¤EtminsUvc,as;eLIy. elakemFavI)aneFVI
karelIkeLIgpÞal;xøÜn edaysYreTAsakSIfa {Etedayyfa
ehtuy:agNaenAeBlenaHRkum ExμrkumμúynIsþ evotNamenaH
min)andwknaMRbeTseTACaRkúmkumμúynIsþ b:ul Bt niymcin
CaGñkkan;kab;GMNacBIqñaM1975 dl;1979eTAvij.
etIerOgenHelakdwgc,as;;dUcmanenAkñúgÉksareT?b¤k¾elak
B¤eKfa?´niyayBImundMbUgbMputfaelakCaGñkbBaØvnþmñak;
ehIyEdlmanv½ycMNas;lμmdwg}. Pøam²enaHemFavInaMmux
tMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI nigtMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)an
eFVIkarCMTas;nwgGVIEdlelakemFavI GruN )anelIkeLIg.
elakRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH)anKaMRTkarCMTas;enH ehIy)anpþl;
ehtuplfa elakemFavIminGaceRbIkarsnñidæanrbs;xøÜnmk
sYredjedalsakSIdUecñHeT ehIysMNYrrbs;elakminmanenA
kñúgdIkardMeNaHRsayeT. edayehtufasMNYrPaKeRcIn
rbs;elakemFavI GruN minTak;Tg dUecñHelaksUmbBa©b;
sMNYr rbs;xøÜn.
bnÞab;BIbBa©b;sMNYrrbs;xøÜn elak GruN )anepÞrevTika
sYrCUnédKUrrbs;elak EdlCaemFavIGnþrCati. elakemFavI
hSaes<I e):A )ancab;epþImsMNYrTak;TgnwgÉksarEdlpþl;
edayshecARkmesIubGegátfa etIGacCYydl;karyl;dwg
rbs;elakGMBIrcnasm<½n§énrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdrb¤
eT? elak sKwm lμút )aneqøIyfa ÉksarTaMgenaHGac CYy
)anxøH ehIytamry³ÉksarTaMgenaHeFVI[elakdwgfa
RksYgNaraykarN_eTAnrNa.sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMu
CRmHEdrfa enAkñúgrbbenaHelakminEdlcUlrYmRbCMunaMRsUv
GgárecjBIkm<úCaeLIy. enHCaParkic©rbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ.
elakk¾mindwgBIkarnaMecjRsUv b¤plitplepSgeTotenaH
eT. karN_EdlelakfaRsUvminGacnaMecjeRcInenaHvaCa
karsnñidæanGtþenam½trbs;elakb:ueNÑaH edaysarminman
eCIgelxGVIc,as;las;eT. elakemFavI)anbnþsYredaydak;
Éksar bnÞab;mkelak)anGanesckþIsRmg;ehIysYrfaetI
manTwkCMnn;xøaMgeTenAqñaM1978? sakSI)aneqøIyfaxøÜnmincaM
eT. elakemFavI)anbgðajÉksarCUnsakSI b:uEnþsakSImin
Føab;)aneXIjÉksarenHeT dUecñHGgÁCMnMuCRmH)andkÉksar
enaHvij nigrMB£kdl;emFavI faKYrEtBinitünigdak;ÉksareTAkñúg
bBIa¢CamunminEmndak;ehIy)anniyayfaminc,as;dUecñHeT.
elakemFavI)anesñIfaebIminGnuBaØat[sYrelIÉksarenHeT
enaHelakminmanGVIsYreT.
KYrkt;smÁal;fa RkúmemFavIkarBarkþI eGogsarI minman
sMNYreTAsakSIeT. enAmuneBlbBa©b;svnakarsYredj
edalsakSIsKwmlμút elakecARkmhSg;m:akLaEv:j)ansYr
eTAkan;sakSIGMBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;eQμaH Ehm faetIEp¥kelI
karviPaKrbs;elak etImaneQμaHnrNaepSgEdleRkABI
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rab;fa EpnkarkarerobkarenA kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü KW
bkSmankarerobkareRcInKUk¾)antick¾)an b:uEnþluHRtaEt«Buk
mþayrbs;samIuxøÜnÉkPaBeTIbGaceFVI)an. GñkerobkarKWGñk
Rslaj;Kña ehIymunnwgerobkarRtÚvmankarsYrbBa¢ak;CafμIrvag
samIuxøÜnmþgeTot. bþIRbBn§minGacerobkaredayKμankaryl;
RBmBIGgÁkar)aneT. sakSI)anCRmabfakñúgeBlelakeFVI
CaGnuelxaenARsukeBRCcinþa elak)an erobcMBIFIerobkar)an
EtmþgKt;.
bnÞab;BI taLaMg )ansøab;enAkñúgqñaM1978 elakesA
sarun )aneFVIkarCMnYs taLaMg edaymankarEtgtaMgBImha
snñi)at b:uEnþelakeFVIkargarCMnYsenaH)anEt2Exb:ueNÑaH
k¾manT½BevotNamcUlmkrMedaH. elak sarun caM)anfa bnÞab;
BItaLaMg )ansøab; elak)ancUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁRbCMuCamYy
b:ulBtnigsun esnnigGñkepSgeTot eBlenaHfñak;dwknaMTaMgBIr
enH)an[elakeFVIkarCMnYs taLaMg ehIyelakk¾)aneFVIkar
bdiesF. eTaHbICaelakBüayam RcanecalmuxgarenH eday
elIkeLIgBIGsmtßPaBrbs;elak Edlminyl;dwgy:agNa
k¾eday b:ul Bt CRmuj[elakeFVIkargarenAmnÞIr920
dEdl.eBlenaH b:ul Bt)anR)ab; elakfa {[EtmitþÉgeFVI
kargarxagkgBl920enaH KWman tasan CYykargarkñúg
tMbn;}. edaysarminh‘anRbEkk elaksarun RtÚv)anEtgtaMg
eFVIkargarCMnYs taLaMg GñkEdlEtgtaMgenAeBlenaHKW b:ul
Bt b:uEnþsakSIxøÜnÉgmindwgfaGñkNa)ane)aHeqñatEtgtaMg
elakenaHeT. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faenAeBlEdlelakecjBI
RsukeBRCcinþa BIqñaM1971-74 ehIyeQμaH m:aLa
)aneFVIkarCaRbFanCMnYs.
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 31
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
BiFIerobGaBah_BiBah_ RbPBÉksar³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
KK¦¦ bbuuKKÁÁllEEddllFFøøaabb;;ssÁÁaall;;
Tak;TgnwgeQμaHmYycMnYnEdlelaktMNagshRBH
raCGaCJa)anelIkykmksYrsakSI mandUcCa tasan sVay
nigQin. sakSI)anpþl;cemøIyfa tasan CaGñkTTYlkargar
CaemkgBlenAmNÐlKirI kñúgExtula qñaM1978. eQμaH
sVay CaelxaRsukekaHEjk ehIyeQμaHenH)an)aj;
smøab;bgéførbs;sakSIcMnYn2nak; KWeQμaH KI nig daM ¬CasmaCik
Rsuk eBRC cinþa¦. ÉeQμaH Qin elaksakSImin sÁal;eT.
cMENkbuKÁlmYycMnYneTotsakSI)anpþl;cemøIyfa elakRKan;
EtdwgfaRbFan mnÞIrk-16eQμaH nYn b:uEnþelakmin)andwgBI
mUlehtuEdleQμaHenH rt;ecjBImnÞIrenaHeT. cMeBaHbuKÁl
eQμaH xaMPYn nigkUnmñak;eQμaH xaM sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa elak
sÁal;eQμaHTaMgBIrenaH EtelakmindwgfaxaMPYnRtÚv)ancab;
xøÜnenAqñaM1977eT.
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrrbs;elaktMNagshRBHraC
GaCJasakSI)aneqøIyfa bu:l Bt)anRbCuM elIkBIkarTb;Tl;Ca
mYyevotNam. ehIycMeBaHkarRbCMuenAmNÐlKirImankar
ehAeyaFatMbn; KN³RsukmkRbCuMEdr. PøamenaHshRBH
raCGaCJa)an esñIsuMdkRsg;nigbgðajÉksarTak;TgnwgbT
smÖasn_rbs;buKÁleQμaHGansIu. elaksakSIeqøIytbfa
BitEmnKWeFVItamfñak;elI ehIyGñkEdl[tamrkxμaMgbgáb;KW
bu:l Bt. shRBHraCGaCJa)anGanGtßbTdkRsg; RBmTaMg
)ansYrTak;TgnwgTUrelx55.sakSIeqøIyfa TUrelxenaHBitCa
)ancUlév:enAmnÞIrkgBlenaHEmn. bBa¢IcmøgCUnenaHKWGñkepSg
CaGñksresrCUn bu:l Bt ehIykarbBa¢ÚnÉksareTA bu:l Bt
RtÚvEtbBa¢ÚnCab;rhUt Edlcab;epþImeFVIEbbenHeRkayeBl
taLaMgsøab;. karRbCuMTak;TgnwgkarbBa¢ÚnsarTUrelxenaH
sakSImincaMfaRbCuMtUcb¤FMeT EtmancMnYneRcIndg b:uEnþxøÜn)an
eTAcUlrYmkñúgkarRbCuMenaHEtmþgKt; KWenAEx9qñaM1978
ehIyeRkaymkevotNamk¾cUlmkdl;.
RBHraCGaCJa)ansYrTak;TgnwgkarmkPñMeBjenAEx
kBaØa qñaM1978 EdlmanGñkcUlrYmmkBI RKb;extþ. enAkñúg
smaCbkSenaHeKniyayTak;TgnwgkardwknaMRbCaBlrdæ
edaHRsayerOgkarhUbcuk nigpÞHsMEbg[RbCaBlrdæ
b:uEnþcMeBaHkarebIkpSarvijxøÜnminEdlB¤eT. RBHraCGaCJa
)anesñIdak;bgðajÉksarbTsmÖÖÖÖasn_Tak;TgnwgkarRbCuMGMBI
karebIk[manTIpSarvij Edl bu:l Bt CaKN³GFibtI.
elaksakSIfaeqøIyfaBitCamanEmn b:uEnþPøam² elakmin
caMfaemdwknaMNamYy)ancUlrYmenaHeT Tal;EtKN³cat;taMg
ehAeQμaHeTIbelak)andwg. eBlenaH nYn Ca CaGñkeFVIbT
]eTÞsnam[kmμaPi)alEdlcUlrYmdwknaM nigedaHRsaybBaðaCUn
RbCaCn[)anl¥ ehIyeBlenaHminmankareFVIbT]eTÞsnam
eday exovsMpn nig eGogsarI eT.sakSI)ancaMfa enAeBl
bu:l Bt RbkasBIkarebIkpSar nigcayluyenaH minmanGñk
NabeBa©jRbtikmμGIVeLIy ehIyRKan;EtcaMeTotfasnñi)at
enaHmanry³eBl10éf¶ ehIymincaMfamanTItaMgenAkEnøg
NaeT. enAkñúgsnñi)atEdlerobcMtusRmab;[GñkcUlrYm
edayGgÁúyenAtamextþnImYy²enaH GñkcUlrYmmandUcCatMNag
mkBIRKb;extþ tMNagBIxageyaFa nigKN³mCÄimpg. RBHraC
GaCJa)anGanÉksarsmÖÖ Ö Öasn_bnþTak;TgnwgkarRbCuM MKN³
mCÄimnig emdwknaMExμrRkhmEdlkñúgenaHman exov sMpn
nigeGog sarI CasmaCikKN³mCÄim. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa
RtwmRtÚv b:uEnþcMeBaHtam:uk xøÜnminsÁal;buKÁlenHeT.
XX¦¦ cceemmøøIIyyssaarrPPaaBB
sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa bnÞab;BImhasnñi)atenAExkBaØa
qñaM1978 EdlGgÁkar)anEtgtaMgelakEtmñak;ÉgenaH
GgÁkar)an[elakeFVIcemøIysarPaB eBlenaHelakRtÚv)an
b:ul Bt [GancemøIysarPaB.sakSIbnþfaxøÜnCamnusSsøÚt
Rtg; dUecñHecHEteqøIytamGIVEdleK[Gan. sakSI)an
elIkeLIgGMBIcemøIysarPaBmYy EdleKepJImk[enAkEnøgeFVI
snñi)atenaH xøÜn mindwgfacemøIyEdleKepJImkenaHmanRbPB
mkBIRbPBNaeT Etelakmankarxwgsm,arNas;enAeBl
cemøIyenaHecHEteqøIydak;bnÞúkmkelak edayelakmin)an
eFVIGIVesaH. cemøIysarPaBenaH sakSIfamincaMBaküeBcn_
32 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
xøwmsarenaHeLIy.
enAkñúgcemøIyrbs; GnsuI )an[dwgfa bu:l Bt )an
Rbkasfa min[cab;cgRbCaCneT eTaHbIkgBl k¾minman
siT§Edr ehIykarXat;xøÜnb¤cab;RbCaCnTal;EtmankarGnuBaØat
BIxagKN³mCÄim.
2¦ karsYredjedaledayemFavItMNagedIm
bNþwgrdæb,evNI
elakRbFan)anepÞrevTikaCUnemFavItMNagedImb
Nþwgrdæb,evNI edIm,IsYredjedalsakSIbnþ. elakRsI
emFavI TI RsúInNa )ancab;epþImsMNYrTak;TgnwgRBwtþikarN_BI
qñaM1970 dl;1975 edayepþateTAelIGñkbegáItbkS
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü b:uEnþsakSI)aneqøIytbfa elakmin
yl;GMBIbBaðaenHeT. sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa
karbgárbegáInplenAeBl enaHKWedaHRsaybBaðaRbCaCn
[manpÞHsñak;enA nigman)ayhUb. enAeBlenaHCIvPaB
RbCaCnenAkñúgextþTaMgmUl KWmansPaBsmrmü TTYl)ankar
hUbcukRKb;RKan; ehIysßanPaBénkEnøgsñak;enAnaeBlenaH
KWpÞHeFVIBIb£sSI nigRbk;søwk. pÞHenaHKWRbCaCnCaGñksagsg;
edayxøÜnÉg cMENkelakRKan;EtENnaMbu:eNÑaH. sakSIk¾
)anCRmabeTotfa enAeBlxøÜnkan;kab;Rsúk eBRCcinþa elak
)aneTARsúkekaHEjkmYyExmþgedIm,IRbCu MeBlNaEdl
taLaMg elxatMbn; 105 ehAelakeTARbCMuenAPñMeRkal
EdleKehAmnÞIrk-17kñúgRsukekaHEjk.
sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa enAeBlelak
kan;kab;enARsúkeBRCcinþa minman mnusSfμIecjcUlkñúgRsúkeT
manEtGñkRsúkenaHbu:eNÑaH. emFavIsYrTak;TgnwgelxatMbn;
nigRbFantMbn;. sakSIeqøIytbfaRbFan nigelxaKWdUcEtKña
eT. enAeBleFVICaRbFantMbn;enaH xøÜneTAeFVIenAkEnøgcas;
ehIyminmanÉksarNabnSl;TukenaHeLIy.
emFavI)anbnþsMNYrGMBIImnÞIrtMbn; m-17 sakSIfa
xøÜnminsUvyl;BImnÞIrmYyenaHeT. enAeBltaLaMg kan;GMNac
enAtMbn;105 manmnÞIr4dUcCamnÞIrk-17 CakEnøgeFVIkar
rbs;tMbn; ¬mancm¶ayRbEhl100Em:RtBImnÞIrsnþisuxPñM
eRkal¦/ k-11/ k-16nigmYyeTotxag BaNiC¢kmμtMbn;.
sakSI)anbnþfasmasPaBGñkdwknaM KWxøÜnmin)andwgeT ehIy
cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgmansmaCikNaxøHk¾min)andwgEdr. Tak;Tg
nwgmnÞIrsnþisuxPñMeRkal sakSI)aneqøIyenAkñúgcemøIyPaKeRcIn
rbs;elak KWbgðajBIPaBminsUvRCabc,as;GMBImnÞIrmYyenH
dUcCa famancMnYnmnusSbu:nμannak;enACab;XuM b¤k¾mindwgBI RbePT
mnusSEdlCab;XMuenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxenaH. elakRsIemFavI)an
esñIsuMdl;elakRbFanGgÁCMnM uCRmH edIm,IbgðajÉksar
smÖasn_rbs;sakSI nigecARkmesIubTak;TgnwgkaredaHElg
mnusSBImnÞIrXuMXaMgeBlEdlsakSIenACaelxaRsúk. mnÞIr
snþisuxtMbn;manTItaMgenACitmnÞIrtMbn;EdlRKb;RKgeday
tasuPa. cMENkmnÞIrsnþisuxtMbn; nigmnÞIrsnþisuxPñMeRkal
KWdac;BIKña. sakSI)anelIkeLIgfa xøÜnFøab; )anedaHElgmnusS
CaeRcIn EtelakmincaMcMnYnbu:nμannak;eT edayRKan;Etdwgfa
xøÜnFøab;edaHElg)anBIrdg. enAeBledaHElgGñkeTascas;²
elakminmankarsuMeyabl;BImCÄimeT edaysarxøÜnmansiT§i
seRmc nigedaysarGñkeTasenaHmanCemøaHtictYcTak;Tg
nwgerOgRKÜsarbþIRbBn§bu:eNÑaH. dUecñHbnÞab;BIelakedaHElg
eTIbraykarN_eTAfñak;elI. cMENkGñkk,t;bdivtþn_ KWmin
EdlmaneT ehIyfaetIkñúgeBl taLaMg kMBugkan;kab;enaH
elakmindwgfamanCnk,t;bdivtþn_ b¤Gt;Edr sUm,IEteBleTA
RbCuMenAPñMeBjk¾minmankarGb;rMGMBICnk,t;bdivtþn_enaHeLIy
.
cMeBaHkarTMnak;TMngenAtMbn;105 KWmanEtRbFan
tMbn;eTEdlGaceFVITMnak;TMngCamYyKN³Gcié®nþy_. cMENk
kardksmaCikmanEt bu:l Bt eTEdlmansiT§idk. cMeBaH
BiFIerobkarvij elak sarun )anGHGagenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMu
CRmHfa xøÜnKμansiT§ ibgMçnrNamñak;[erobkarenaHeLIy.
elakRsIemFavI RsIúnNa)anbnþsMNYrTak;TgnwgeyaFatMbn;
105 ehIysakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa mankMlaMgeyaFaEtmYy
RbePT KWeyaFatMbn;ehIymaneyaFamCÄimmYykgBl
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 33
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
eTAQreCIgenATIenaHehIyTMnak;TMngKñaCamYyeyaFatMbn;
edaysareyaFatMbn;CaGñkdwgGMBITItaMgPUmisaRsþ b:uEnþkar
raykarN_vijKWeFVIeLIgepSg²Kña.
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrrbs;emFavI sakSI)aneqøIyBak;
B½n§nwgsnñi)atEdlelak)ancUlrYmCamYyb:ul Btfa enAeBl
enaH b:ul Bt )anRbkasmin[mankarcab;cgmnusSdac;xat
cMENkenAtamtMbn;epSg²sakSImin)anRCabeT. sakSIFøab;
)anCECkCamYyCnCab;ecaT exov sMpn GMBIbBaðaesdækic©
EdlenAeBlenaH exov sMpn )anniyayBIsßanPaBénkar
daMduH nigkarhUbcukrbs;RbCaCn EtminmanelIkBIEpnkar
bYnqñaMenaHeT. esckþIENnaMrbs;bkS nigkarpSBVpSayenA
fñak;mUldæanEtgEtykmkGnuvtþtamCanic©.
elakRsIemFavI)anbnþsYrTak;TgnwgbBaðafñaMeBTüenA
tMbn; EdlsakSIkan;kab;enArbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
sakSI esA sarun )anbBa¢ak;fafñaMeBTüRtÚv)anpþl;mkRKb;RKan;
nigmaneBTütamCMnajeTotpg. PøamenaHemFavI)anesñIsuM[
mankarbgðajÉksarrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNImñak;Edl
bgðajBIsßanPaBrbs;«BukEdlQW ehIyGgÁkarminGnuBaØat
[mnusSQWTTYlGahar. sakSIfaxøÜnminEdlB¤famanmnusS
QW nigsøab;edayGt;GahareT. emFavI)anbnþdkRsg; nig
bBa¢aMgÉksarrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNIfa enAqñaM1975
man®sþIGayu20qñaM manRKÜsarehIymankUnx©IEtmYyGaTitü
eK[eTAeFVIkarvij. dUcenHKat;minmankMlaMgeBleFVIkar
k¾sRmakenAelIPøWERs. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnminyl;BI
bBaðaenHeT.
elak sun GruN emFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca )aneFVIkar
CMTas;fa emFavItMNagedIm bNþwgrdæb,evNIminKYryksMNYr
cemøIyrbs;PaKIepSgmksYrsakSIenaHeT. elakemFavI
xaNav:askarBarkþI eGogsarI k¾)anCMTas;EdrfaemFavIminGac
ykcemøIyrbs;sakSIepSgmkecaTsYreT ehIycemøIyenaHmin
EmnsYrnaMenAcMeBaHmuxecARkmesIubGegátenaHeLIy dUcenHmin
GacykmksYr)aneT. elakRsIemFavItMNagedImbNþwg
rdæb,evNI)aneqøIytb faxøÜnmankarPJak;ep¥IlenAeBlman
karCMTas; edayelIkeLIgfaKat;mansiT§ibgðajEtÉksar
EdlCarbs;sakSI. shRBHraCGaCJa)aneRbIskçIkmμrbs;
mnusSCaeRcInRbePT ehIyxagemFavIkarBarkþIk¾eFVIdUecñHEdr.
mü:ageTot cemøIyEdlxøÜnykmk eRbIenHKWCarbs;edImbNþwg
rdæb,evNIEdlvamansarsMxan;Nas;eTaHbIminmankars,f
k¾eday. elak EDllIsak; )anGHGagfacMeBaHBt’manEdl
elIkeLIgedayedImbNþwgrdæb,evNIKWGacykCakar)an
ehIy karN_EdledImbNþwgrdæb,evNImanpþitRmamédenAelI
cemøIyrbs;xøÜnenaH KWCaTRmg;énkareFVI sm,fehIy. elak
xaNav:as )aneqøIytbfa {B½t’manrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,
evNIminEmnpþl;edaysm,fenaHeT. cemøIyrbs;sakSIKWCa
cemøIyEdlpþl;edayecARkmesIubGegátmansm,feday
manév:Rta b:uEnþcemøIyrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNIminman
sm,feT cMENkÉksarEdleRbIedIm,IsYrpúÞjtamCMhr rbs;
eyIgKWRtÚvmaneKalkarN_c,as;las;sRmab;GnuvtþTaMgGs;
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bu:eNÑaH ehIyelakminCMTas;eTcMeBaHkarnaMykedImbNþwg
enaHmkpþl;skçIkmμ}. elak EvkEKn emFavIkarBarkþICnCab;
ecaT exovsMpn)anbBa¢ak;CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa edImbNþwgrdæb,
evNIenHminmaneQμaHenAkñúgbBa¢IEdlnwgRtÚvmkbgðajxøÜn
enAkñúgsvnakarenaHeT. b:uEnþedaysarbBaðaenHmanlkçN³
sμúksμajenAeBleRkaymkGgÁCMnMuCRmH)anseRmcGnuBaØat
[PaKIelIkykskçIkmμrbs;buKÁlTIbImksYredjedalsakSI
34 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
emFavI ém:eXIl xaNav:as EDl lIsak;
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kmμenAkñúgbnÞb;svnakar)an.
elakRsIemFavI)anbgðajÉksarEdlCaxøwmsar
enAkñ úgesckþ IEføgkarN_mYybBa¢ak;GMBIkardwkmnusSeTA
smøab;enAPñMeRkal.sakSI)aneqøIytbfaxøÜnmindwg minB¤ nig
mineXIjmanRBwtþkarN_TaMgenHeTenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1975.
emFavIesñIbgðajÉksarBakSsuMtaMgxøÜnCaedImbNþwgrdæb,
evNITak;TgnwgmnÞIrPñMeRkalEdlmanxøwmsarsþIGMBIkarcab;xøÜn
mnusS. sakSIenAEtniyayfaxøÜnmineXIj mindwg minB¤.
emFavIGanÉksarrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNITak;Tgnwgkar
erobGaBah_BiBah_edaybgMç EtsakSIniyayfaminmankar
bgçMenaHeT. sakSIbBa¢ak;fa enAqñaM1975xøÜnenARsúkenA
eLIy ehIykarerobGaBah_BiBah_edaybgçMenaHk¾minmanEdr.
bnÞab;BIemFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI)anbBa©b;
sMNYrrbs;xøÜn elakecARkm hSg;m:ak LaEv:j )aneFVIkar
taMgsMNYreTAkan;sakSI. dMbUgelakecARkm)ancab;epþImsYr[
sakSIbBa¢ak;GMBIeQμaHBitR)akdedIm,IkuM[mankarP½nþRcLM.
sakSI)anbBaa¢k;faxøÜnmaneQμaH esA sarun. elakecARkm
)ansYrTak;TgnwgbuKÁlmYycMnYnedaycab;epþImBIeQμaH taLaMg
muneK. elakecARkm)anelIkeLIgBIsmþIrbs;elak sarun
muneBlelaksarun eFVICaRbFantMbn;105 edIm,ItaMgsMNYr.
elak sarun )anbBa¢ak;fa taLaMgKWCaRbFantMbn;105
ehIybnÞab;BI taLaMg søab; KWxøÜn)anTTYlbnÞúkenAtMbn; 105
EdlRtÚv)anEtgtaMgenAeBlRbCuMExkBaØa qñaM1978.
elakecARkm)ansYrTak;TgnwgeQμaH qan nig haM bu:EnþsakSI
)aneqøIyfaxøÜnmindwgB½t’manGMBIGñkTaMgenaHeT. elakecARkm
)anrMB£keQμaHmYycMnYneToteTAsakSI b:uEnþsakSImin)ancgcaM
enaHeT. elak sarun )anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfaxøÜnmin
)andwgGMBIkarkat;eTas b:ul Bt eLIy. eRkaymkelak
ecARkm)anGanGMBIsarTUrelxmYycMnYnEdlepJI eTAmnÞIr920
EdlmankarcmøgCUneTAeQμaHbuKÁlmYycMnYndUcCa bg nYn
nigb:g; CaedIm sakSI)anTTYlsÁal;faxøÜnFøab;ep¶ITUrelxenaH
Emn. elakecARkm)ansYrBak;B½n§nwgrcnasm<½n§eyaFa
920 faetIGñkNaCaRbFankgBlmuneBlsan kan;tMENg
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mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 49
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TUrs½BÞ ³ ¬855¦23211875
TUrsar ³ ¬855¦23210358
GuIEm:l ³ [email protected]
eKhTMB½r ³ www.dccam.org b¤ www.cambodiatribunal.org
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John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and
British Embassy-Cambodia.
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