dm{f'h$ [anmoq' - indian institute of tropical meteorologylip/annual-reports/ar-hindi-05-06.pdf ·
TRANSCRIPT
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(^maV gaH$ma, {dkmZ Ama mmo{JH$s _mb` H$m EH$ dm`m gWmZ)S>m. hmo_r ^m^m _mJ, nmfmU, nwUo - 411 008, _hmam>, ^maV
B-_ob : [email protected] Xya^mf : 91-020-25893600do~ : http://www.tropmet.res.in \$g : 91-020-25893825
dm{fH$ [anmoQ2005-06
^maVr` CUXoer` _mg_ {dkmZ gWmZ
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A`jmo. hr. Eg. am_m_yVu
g{Md, {dkmZ Ama momo{JH$s {d^mJ^maV gaH$ma
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lr Ho$. nr. nmSr`Zg w$ g{Md Ed {dm gbmhH$ma{dkmZ Ama mmo{JH$ {d^mJ{dkmZ Ama mmo{JH$s _mb`^maV gaH$maZB {Xr - 110 016
Sm. ~r. bmb_mg_ {dkmZ Ho$ _hm{ZXoeH$^maV _mg_ {dkmZ {d^mJ_mg_ ^dZZB {Xr - 110 003
Sm. ~r. har Jmonmbdkm{ZH$ "Or'{dkmZ Ama momo{JH$s {d^mJ{dkmZ Ama mmo{JH$s _mb`^maV gaH$maZB {Xr - 110 016
mo. AmZX nQdYZEg. Oo. _ohVm ~Y Hy$b^maVr` mmo{JH$s gWmZ_w~B - 400 076
Sm. Eg. Eb. lrdmVdAVaAZwem{gH$ A``Z Ho$Ho$. ~ZOu dm w_Sbr` Ed _hmgmJar` A``Z Ho$Abmh~mX {d{dmb`Abmhm~mX - 211 002
mo. Oo. lr{ZdmgZmo\o$ga Ed A`jdm w_Sbr` Ed _hmgmJar` Ho$^maVr` {dkmZ Ho$~|Jbya - 560 012
Sm. nr. gr. nmSo{ZXoeH$ ({Zdm)AQm{QH$ Ed _hmgmJa AZwgYmZ Ho$Jmodm - 403 804
{ZXoeH$^maVr` CUXoer` _mg_ {dkmZ gWmZnwUo - 411 008
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lr_Vr EZ. Eg. {J[aOmemg{ZH$ A{YH$mar^maVr` CUXoer` _mg_ {dkmZ gWmZnwUo - 411 008
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lr Eg. Ama. H$bgr_mg_{dkmZ Ho$ A{V[a$ _hm{ZXoeH$^maV _mg_ {dkmZ {d^mJZB {Xr - 110 003
{ZXoeH$^maVr` CUXoer` _mg_ {dkmZ gWmZnwUo - 411 008
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v 21 dt gXr Ho$ XmamZ {Jw{UV CO2 `m{^boI Ho$ {d{H$aUr UmoXZ Ho$ AYrZ Jr_ _mZgyZ AdjonU Ho$ Obdm w jonU| H$mo IPCC AR4
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v CUVa Eg.Eg.Q>r (SST) dmbo _`dVu emV _hmgmJa _| gMm{bV {dVrU dpdH$ Obdm w {V$n (GCM) gdoXZerbVm`moJm| Zo Bg n[aH$nZm H$mo _m{UV {H$`m {H$ Eb {ZZmo H$s KQ>Zm | ^maV _| A{YH$ VrdVa gyIo nXm H$aVr h& `h ^maVr` Jr__mZgyZr dfm Ho$ _mg_r nydmZw_mZ Ho${b o gmWH$ AZwf{JH$ h&
v ^maV Ho$ {d{^ jom| _| H$B ZXr ~o{gZm| Ho$ Ob _mg_ dkm{ZH$s` A``Z Vrd Vy\$mZr dfm, A{^H$n d{> mhamB H$m VmH$m{bH${dVaU Ama g m` A{YH$V_ Ama _m` _mg_r AdjonU Ho$ AmH$bZ H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {b o {H$`m J`m&
v CU H${Q>~Yr` {hX _hmgmJa n[agMaU Ama X{jU npM_ _mZgyZ ndZm| Ho$ ~rM EH$ wp_V nwZ aU Cn-_mg_rAVam-_mg_rg_`-_mnH$_m| na nVm bJm`m J`m h Omo {H$ ^maV Ho$ D$na _mZgyZr dfm _| XrKmd{Y {dN>oX Ama Cn-_hmrn Ho$ D$na gyIo Ho$ K{Q>VhmoZo _| AmKmar h& `h ZdrZ gyP-~yP {XZm| go boH$a gmhm| Ho$ g_`-_mnXS>mo na _mZgyZr dfm H$mo mJw$ H$aZo H$s j_Vm _| ~hV{dH$mg nXm H$aoJm
v 26 OwbmB 2005 H$mo gmVmHw$O _| AgmYmaU ~hV ^mar dfm H$s KQ>Zm H$m A``Z ~hV go am>r` Ama AVam>r` CnJhm| OgoH$nZm-1, {_{Q>Amo gQ>-5, DMSP Ama TRMM go m CnJhr` AmH$S>m| H$m `moJ H$aHo$ {H$`m J`m& `-Ada$ AmH${V`m|, J^ragdhZ, y m{VH$s` mMbm| Ama AdjonU Xam| _| {dH${gV n[adVZ H$m A``Z KQ>Zm Ho$ EH$ {XZ nhbo Ama EH$ {XZ ~mX ojU Ho${d{^ g_` na {H$`m J`m& `h ojU KQ>Zm Ho$ gnyU OrdZ H$mb Ho$ XmamZ _mg_ dkm{ZH$s` mMbm| _| O{ZV CJ {dMaUm| Ho$ ojUHo$ {b o {H$`m J`m& KQ>Zm H$m A``Z ZXm{ZH$ Ama {V$nU CnJ_Z H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {H$`m J`m& ^maV Ho$ D$na ~V_mZ gma $nrn_mZm Umbr Cg OJh na Vrd gdhZ nXm H$aZo Ama Aa~ gmJa _| Z_r Ho$ A{^dhZ Ho$ AZwHy$b nm`m J`m&
v {-{_{V` _hmgmJa {V$nU A``Z (MOM4) Zo Xem m {H$ gVh Vmn A{^dmh H$m `moJXmZ g^r KZm_H$ {Ywd dfm] Ho$ XmamZnydu erVbZ H$s g_m{ Ho$ ma{^H$ mdWm _| gmWH$ ahVm h&
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v 1990 XeH$ Ho$ XmamZ ^maVr` jo Ho$ D$na jmo _S>br` AmoOmoZ Ama BgHo$ nydJm_r na _mZdmoX dr CgOZm| Ho$ ^md H$mo dmJrH$VndZm| Ama XyfH$m| Ho$ ZdrZ CgOuV Vm{bH$m dmbo {-{_{V` agm`Z-A{^J_Z [Vn H$m `moJ H$aHo$ AmH$m J`m h& n[aUm_|Zo gy{MV {H$`m {H$ 1990 XeH$ Ho$ XmamZ, AmoOmoZ _| {dMaU gVh Ho$ ZOXrH$ 6-10% {V XeH$ Ho$ H$_ H$m h Omo {H$ _w$ jmo _S>b_| H$ar~ 4-7% hmo OmVm h& CO Ama NO
X _| A{YH$V_ XeH$s` d{ n[agr_m Va Ho$ ZOXrH$ H$ar~ 10-18% Ama 20-30% nm`m J`m h&
v Ama_og (ARMEX) Ad{Y Ho$ XmamZ g_w _| J{Verb gmJa H$`m go m Am`Z gmU Ama dm w_S>br` {dwV MmbH$Vm naAmYm[aV AmH$S>m| Zo X{eV {H$`m {H$ gnyU Ama Ywdr` MmbH$Vm H$m _mg_r _m`H$V _mZ nyd _mZgyZ _mg_ Ad{Y H$r Anojm_mZgyZ Ad{Y _| A{YH$ D$Mm ahVm h& _mZgyZ H$mb _| Vrd X{jU npM_r gVhr` ndZm| Ho$ XmamZ VaJmo Ho$ {dN>oXZ Ho$ H$maU hB~wb~wbm {dN>oXZ {H$`m mam A{V Amdo{eV ~hV Am`Zm| Ho$ CnmXZ Ho$ A{^JhU mam _`mdVu Ama ~hV Am`Zm| Ho$ gmU H$o${dMaUm| H$s `m`m H$s J`r h&
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v S>m. {Z`mZX qgh H$mo ^maV _| Jr_ _mZgyZr dfm {dMaU Ho$ ~moYZ Ho$ {b o EH$_m- {b{IV emoY-n dfm_m{n`m| Ho$ n[anW H$mB>V_rH$aU Ho$ {b o 13 dm gmH$ (jor` gh`moJ Ho${b o X{jU E{e`Z n[afX) jor` wdm dkm{ZH$ nwaH$ma-1995 {_bm& `h emoYn BQ>aZoeZb OZb Am\$ bmB_oQ>mobmOr, IS> 14, 1994, 61-70 _| H$m{eV hAm Ama Ab 2005 _| {_bo nwaH$ma _| epVn,ZJXBZm_ Ama EH$ nXH$ Wm&
v bmB_oQ> {S>Zm{_g, IS> 20,2003, 855-863 _| H$m{eV emoY n ""dpdH$ Eg.Eg.Q>r Ho$ {dH$mg go ^maVr` Jr_ _mZgyZr dfm H$mXrK H$mbrZ mJw{$'' Ho$ {b o E. Ho$ ghm`, E.E_. {J_, hr. g`Z Ama Or.~r nV H$mo df 2003 Ho$ {b o 16 dm ^mC_m{dg aOVO`Vr nwaH$ma {_bm&
v gr.Or. XoenmS>o Ama E.Ho$. H$m_am mam {b{IV emoYn ""{hX _hmgmJa Ho$ D$na Hw$ham Ho$ XmamZ dm w_S>br` {dwV MmbH$Vm AmaEoamogmb _mnZ'' H$m H$meZ EoQ>_m\o$[aH$ [agM, IS> 70,2004,77-87 _| hAm& Bgo df 2004 Ho$ 17 dm mC_m{dg aOV O`Vr nwaH$maHo$ {b o MwZm J`m&
v S>m.Xodo qgh H$mo ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s {d^mJ (DST) mam {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s H$m H$_ Ho$ mam MwZo J o jom| _|wdm dkm{ZH$m| Ho$ gwAdga (BOYSCAST) Ho$ AVJV BQ>rQ>yQ> Am\$ EZhm`aZ_|Q>b {\$Org, VaVw {dd{dmb`, VaVw, BgQ>mo{Z`m
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v lr Eg. _hmnmm H$mo d_m{ZH$ _mg_{dkmZ na AmYm[aV 9 go 28 _B 2005 Ho$ XmamZ Am`mo{OV Xygao gH$ (SERC) Hy$b _| g_J JwUdmmHo$ {bE Xygam nwaH$ma {X`m J`m& V{S>V PPm Ama BgHo$ {V$nU na {deof Omoa XoVo hE dm w goZm emg{ZH$ _hm{dmb`,H$mo ~Qy>aHo$ ^maVr` dm w goZm Ho$ E`a _meb, ~r.EZ.JmoIbo (AVSM,VN) Ho$ hmWm| XmZ {H$`m J`m&
v S>m.nr.gr.Eg Xodam H$mo _hmam> {dkmZ AH$mX_r H$m \o$bmo MwZm J`m h&
v AmoOmoZ C_ybZ, 2006 Ho$ dkm{ZH$ {ZYmaU Ho$ {b o S>m.Or. ~oJ H$mo {dd _mg_ dkm{ZH$s` gJR>Z (WMO) Ho$ g w$ am> n`mdaUH$m H$_ (UNEP) Ho$ mam g_rjH$ Zm{_V {H$`m J`m h&
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v {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s, n`mdaU Ama dZ {d^mJ Ho$ ggXr` Wm`r g{_Vr Zo 27 {gV~a 2005 H$mo gWmZ H$mo oQ> Xr&
v gWmZ Zo 17 Zd~a 2005 H$mo 44 dm WmnZm {Xdg _Zm`m&
v gWmZ Zo D$Om Ama ggmYZ gWmZ (TERI) ZB {Xr Ho$ gmW Obdm w n[adVZ `m{^boI {dH$mg na nam_eXm`r godm | XmZ H$aZoHo$ {b o _oKm-kmnZ na hVmja {H$`m h& `h Obdm w n[ad{VVm Ama n[adVZ Ho$ {b o gw oVmnydH$ {ZYmaU na {dd ~H$ `mo{OVA``Z H$m EH$ ^mJ h&
v gWmZ Zo 23 go 27 Zd~a 2005 Ho$ XmamZ Zoh$ {dkmZ Ho$, dbu, _w~B _| Am`mo{OV {dkmZ Egnmo-2005 Ama 26 go 30 {Xg~a 2005Ho$ XmamZ H$amS> _| gyMZm Ama gmaU _mb` Ho$ _rS>r`m y{ZQ>g mam Am`mo{OV _Q>r_r{S>`m A{^`mZ _| ^mJrXmar Xr& BgZo XmoZm| hrKQ>ZmAm| _| gWmZ Ho$ AZwgYmZ [H$`mH$bmnm| na dkm{ZH$ XeZr, {\$_| Ama nmda dmBQ>g ZmQ>H$m| H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m&
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v 18 _B 2005 H$mo WP/RASS na {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s {d^mJ, ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ nam_eXmr g[_Vr H$s Vrgar g^m H$m Am`moOZ {H$`mJ`m&
v {ZZ{b{IV jom| (i) _mg_ Ama Obdm w Ho$ {bE AH$s` {V$nU Ama (ii) _oK _m{VH$s, Eamogmobm|, boe Jgm| Ama dm w_S>br` gdhZg{hV n[agr_m Va H$m ojUm_H$ A``Z, _| Xmo {dMmamodoe gm| H$m Am`moOZ H$_e: 19 Ama 20 OwbmB 2005 H$mo Am`mo{OV{H$ o J o Wo&
v H$m aV Xb III H$s nhbr g^m: S>m.Or.~r nV, {ZXoeH$ H$s A`jVm _| 23 {gV~a 2005 H$mo {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s {d^mJ, ZB {XrHo$ gJUZ Ama _mZd ggmYZ {d^mJ _| hB Wr&
v ZmJar` Eamogmob Obdm w {dkmZ na EH$-{Xdgr` {dMmadoe g H$m Am`moOZ 25 Zd~a 2005 H$mo ^mC_m{dg, {Xr emIm, ZB {Xr_| Eamogmobm| Ama CZHo$ ^mdm| H$s ~ohVa g_PXmar Ama A{^bjUVm Ho$ {bE {d{^ m`mo{JH$ Ama {V$nU VH$ZrH$m| H$s g_rjmAma {ddoMZm H$aZo Ho$ {b o hAm&
v {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s {d^mJ, ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ WP/RASS na Xygar H$m embm 28 Zd~a 2005 H$mo hAm Wm& `h H$m embmWP/RASS Xm g_w`m| Ho$ AZw`moJm| Ho$ {V g_{nV Wm&
v ^maVr` Obdm w na am>r` n[agdmX: yV, dV_mZ Ama ^{d` H$m Am`moOZ 29 Zd~a 2005 H$mo hAm Wm&
v E{e`Z {ZjonU Ho$ gKQ>Z (CAD) na EH$ gMmbZ g{_{V g^m 4-5 {Xg~a 2005 H$mo hB Wr&
v jor` Obdm`w n[adVZ, n[ad{VVm Ama g_mYmV na `y.Ho$ ^maV H$m`embm: dkm{ZH$ n[a`m| H$s _oO~mZr Ama gMmbZ23 go 27 OZdar 2006 Ho$ XmamZ {H$`m J`m& {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s {d^mJ, ^maV gaH$ma, {~{Q>e H$mC{gb Ama am b gmogmBQ>r,y.Ho$. mam EH$ H$m embm `mo{OV H$s J`r&
v dpdH$ n[adVZ na AVam>r` ^y_S>br` Ord_S>br` H$m`H$_ (IGBP) H$m`embm H$s _oO~mZr Ama gMmbZ 3 _mM 2006 H$mo{H$`m J`m&
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v IGBP H$s EH$ dkm{ZH$s` H$UYma g{_{V (SC) g^m 4 go 7 _mM 2006 H$mo H$s J`r&
v SC-IGBP Ama JSC-WCRP g^m H$m EH$ g w$ g 6-7 _mM 2006 H$mo {H$`m J`m&
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v {dkmZ Ama mm{JH$s {d^mJ, ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ am>r` n[a`moOZm CTCZ _hmrnr` CUXoer` A{^gaU jo Ho$ dkm{ZH$s` gMmbZg{_{V (SSC) H$s nhbr g^m 20-21 OZdar 2006 H$mo Am`mo{OV H$s J`r&
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v gWmZ Ho$ dkm{ZH$m| Zo EH$ g_pdV m`mo{JH$ H$m H$_ (SCOUT-03) _| ^mJ {b`m Omo {H$ g_Vmn_S>b Obdm w H$S>r H$m EH$ {hgmWm {Og_| D$nar jmo _S>b {ZZ g_Vmn_S>b na Omoa {X`m J`m Wm& wamo{n`Z gK mam BgH$s ewAmV Ama H$p~O {dd{dmb`y.Ho$ mam g_pdV {H$`m J`m Wm&
v 13 go 23 OZdar 2006 Ho$ XmamZ MrZr \$Q>[a`m| Ama BgHo$ n> y{_ Ho$ n[adoe _| AmoOmoZ Ama BgHo$ nydJm{_`m| Ho$ Va Ho$ {ZX}eZ Ho${b o`mnH$ joA{^`mZ H$m ~Y {H$`m J`m Wm&
v gWmZ Ho$ dkm{ZH$m| Zo 18 _mM 2006 go Xmo _hrZm| Ho$ {bE Am`mo{OV Eoamogmobm|, Jgm| Ama {d{H$aU ~OQ> (ICARB) hoVw g_mH${bVA{^`mZ Ho$ ISRO-GBP H$m H$_ _| AnZr ^mJrXmar Xr& g_wr, y{_ Ama dm wO{ZV _mnZm| H$m ~Y H$_e: Mbm`_mZ Ob`mZ na,gWmZ _| Ama w$ dm w mZ na {H$`m J`m&
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{ 12-15 B|, 2001
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6
AmH${V - 1 OwbmB 1998 XmamZ gp`mH$s AdjonU mmH$ MM 5 {XZ nydmZw_mZ Ho$ {b o Omo{^ JrS> ~mg AdjonU Adgr_m Wm : gm` w$ AmeH$m mmH$ (D$na) Ed nydmJh _mS>b({ZZ)
iE {S M * V xn E Ob +I E +xE |S Ei E M, i +xEix =k-{S n { Mi + V] (b)- | |ii * =nN +I EP]] E vx E B 5 , 10 il 15 +I E E |S E Vi EM * m{n {H$ +xE SGi E ii E
-
7
x { M * { M E xE 50 E../Ph] E +i Mi 6 Ph] E +xn MM 250~300 E.. En i Ei * xE E |fi b{b x 16~18 E.. =S =l{iE =k-{S n +i B { MB * xhE { nJ M E b{b +Eb xE E Vx-SG ++xiE Sx E n {i * b{ +={O +Eb E H H$mo V^r` {d oXZ48 Ed 16 na H$_mZwgma H$m`mdrV {H$`m J`m&6 KQ>o H$m {dbofU NCEP mMbZ 10 x 10
{d^oXZ H$m Cn`moJ {V$nU Ho$ {b`o Ama^{H$`m& {V$nU H$mo 48 KQ>mo Ho$ gmW 0000yQ>rgr (UTC) go 26 OwbmB H$mo mMbZ {H$`m
J`m&{V$nU Zo Vmn_mZ Ed AmVm JmbH$m|H$mo XoIo J o JmbH$m| Ho$ gmW ~am~a nm`m J`m&{V$nU AZwH$aU Zo A{YH$m_ dfU {H$`m |(>100 mm) npM_ VQ> na XoIo J o VWm ~110 mmgM`Z dfU emVmHw$O Ho$ g_rn XoIm J`m& H$mb{d oXZ mam gM`Z dfU Zo A{YH$V_ dfm H$sewadmV H$ar~ 1200 yQ>rgr (UTC) go hmoH$a0000 yQ>rgr (UTC) 27 OwbmB VH$ XoIo J o&
JmJo` ~Jmb Ho$ H$mb demIr (Norwesters) H$m A``Z
E J B ibi ZZ V { -xx x MM M |iii * xE E aSx, |fi B Ihi n xE-{l, + xE O{ZV Ij + Ex h E ih {Sxx Ama g_PZo Ho$ {bE {dVV A``Z{H$E JE& 16 B|, 30 B| + 8
-
8
ii { |JH +xvx
(+.BS.E{x, B.B.nM, B.b.xb,B.B.EEh, Bx..{SP, B..EEb, B.B.b,B.+.m` AmgmBS (CO2) E l B
-
9
AmH${V-3 : 500 hPa y{d^d D$MmB Omo _rQ>a _| g w$ F$Vwdr` {d{^Vm Ho$ {b o A{V jor`Umbr KQ>ZmAm| (KQ>Zm_H$ _Vb~ JwUm_H$) Omo eaX (SONO) Ed {ZZ {e{ea({S>Oo E\$ +1) (DJF+1) dgV (_mA_+1) (MAM+1) Ed {J_ (OyOwA +1) (JJA+1)h& 5(1)% gVh H$s {d{^Vm H$s nhby _hrZ (JS>X) YwXbr N>m`m go XemB JB h&
] E {I
|l II ] {n E l "]E {I ' { M {Vx +xw|n, =k |n, Vlx, Ex]E, ], v |n,+b, {S M, +, , ZJb,UkMf, ixb, E, =iS, x,P + MVi V E 330 V E i{h V E{, M, V, V, CE, Sx, Sx, aoS>r>, i, x, vx + Mz EB Vx Ei E M { xn M ) il @hiE ( R>S>o {S M { ) |l H SST ih Ii n {Ih E MB *
{h x |iI E E i uw ES vxiE |l E-V{x +Jb E =k,{ { iE/xi E nx |iEi + xi E j =k{ n xEi , V =k E + R>b E { xEE,{ di | B { B E O xx{Sh E EV Ei * { B E E-V{x, nIh Sx il M B {S|xi Ij { xn O xx ]{i |G {hi i * ix n E i |E B i { { iE/xi u i E Vi *
-
10
AmH$Vr 4 : _mZgyZ Ho$ XmamZ nyao maV H$s X{ZH$ d{> VWm 100 C. Ho$ 850 EMnrE na VaJ1 VWm 2 Ho$ X{ZH$ gdoJ n[adhZ Ho$ gm_m{`H$ n[adVZm| H$s VwbZm
v-I b =S
-
11
+k {Ij `m`moma { x t = il Eh M E i { E BE Mv E B, +vxE V Ei *
-
12
Cloud Liquid WaterSurface Wind Speed Atmospheric Water Vapour
AmH$Vr 5 : S>r.E_.Eg.nr.E\$ 13 EgEgE_Am` go _m{ZQ>a {H$`m JE 25 go 27 OwbmB 2005 Ho$ ~rM y m{VH$ mMbm|_| n[adVZ
0 5 10 15 0 20 40 60 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 (m/s) mm mm
SGi ix E +vx
Q>oam ] ( CEE] )+Eb il ].+.B.B.
-
13
AmH$Vr 6 : 26 OwbmB 2005 H$mo emVmHw$O na A`m{YH$ go A{YH$ ^mar dfm KQ>ZmHo$ {bE{Q>AmaE_E_ _m{nV dfU Xa
nxE ]{i E _`_mnr ix] h
i xx Ij E B xi +I/nxi Ob { nxE]{i h E B BE _`_mnr ix] h Vx E |ME M* +xi: ih nxE ]{i +Eb E xi Ob {+i Ex E B ~mZ}g E E +x|M E M * +ii hE lxMi Vx 0.25 +I il 0.25 nxi l* i {x S EB MB* i ]{i E +IhEE x{h Ex E B 1994 E xx E nx BE |i{ {SJMix xx +n E E Sx M* ~mZ}g ix n Vx E |MEE 16 21 +Mi 1994 h {h EM* x {G E J { B +Ex E Pxi { x Ei *
-
14
AmH$Vr 7 : nr 1 Ama nr 2 _o X{jU-nyd Aa~ gmJa _| 9.220 C. 74.510 ny. na g{Xe dm w CdmYa g_` n[aN>oX&
{ 1 il { 2 E B AmH$Vr 8 =MiE I { iV + i{ (qes ) il ] +pi (q ) E v{UnE nJi *
-
15
AmH$Vr 8 : Ama_og-2003 _| X{jU-nyd Aa~ gmJa _| 9.220 C. 74.510 ny. na nr 1 Ama nr 2 Ho$ XmamZ _m` C_m J{VH$n[aN>o{XH$m (gr y-H$nmgr _oK, Eggr-Var H$nmgr _oK)
i 1997 M E Jb { +x { Ei SGi ix +{h Bi Ij E +vx
23 26 i 1997 E S M E Jb { +xw i] E { (i] J 1 E+xn ) 15 C, 84 ny. { BE SGi ix Ei + il i E { i] E xxiMV* 24 i 1997 E EExb E ={ 24 .. E
-
16
=SSi YxE v + B n V xv Sx+E E ={M vx JE Obdm`w{dkmZ AmaOb_mg_{dkmZ M E EG E i E M * EUJ =q xx |E *
V iE V +Eb E {I, I-
-
17
AmH$Vr 10 : JM (E) E BE ]
-
18
AmH$Vr 12 : S i{x P]x+ E {ix E Zx E Ij (Mx nJ Ij JE o] lE , Ij gi + x P]i ni &)1970-2003&
h ni E i{x E i li xx SGi E J E Ex iM *
S i{x E P]x+ E +i E n
121 ]x E 34 (1970-2003) E i + i E +vEi + xxi i{x E +v { S P]x+ V E Mnx, R>b i, M i + R>b nxE {Sx E Mb i E
-
19
AmH$Vr 13 : i S i{x E P]x+ E {ix E Zx *
AmH$Vr 14 : 1946-2006 XmamZ X{jU-npM_ _mZgyZ F$Vw XmamZ {ZZ H$s ~ma~maVm (LOW) _| _hdnyU dpnmB JB O~H$s AdXm~m|/MH$dmV Vw\$mZm| (DDS) _o _hdnyU hmg nm`m J`m& Ad{Y XmamZ Hw$b {ZZ Xm~ Umbr(LPS) H$s ~ma~maVm AdH$nrH$ ahr Wr&
i E ={ E n E G E|k h : 1891-2000
n E n E Ij V En, +n SGi ix EV xi = E n {vniEi *
-
20
AmH$Vr 15: 1946-2000 E nx xx En +k lE vn VE +n/ZZi +k lE P]E E Zx * E n {vni E
-
21
AmH$Vr 16 : | xn u +x{i i] nxE *
V n E i li xx E+Ih
| xn E |M E =SS-Vi Ij+x{E =i{z +Ec E ` +vx E M Vxx E E xx E Ih, |, +xi + iV/E E SG + SGi I E nx xn EiE nI * nIi {x E E
-
22
AmH$Vr 18 : 1985-89 E nx PiM Eh + nP iM Eh xv *
AmH$Vr 17 : 1985-89 E nx ,P Eh + P iE Mh {ix*
=V ix + PEh + i xx xv
{l Eh |M E ii ={O u {i Eh |+ +xi] ={O P V {Vx |{i xx P E1985-1989 E +Ec E ={M E, P Eh E n +E {I { ix E +vx
-
23
AmH$Vr 20: Eh xn E ph-9 21-23 i 1949 +ii ix E {Ixii J *
+Vx + YxE |S ES xv E Px` { M * O x E i x I E =S
-
24
Sj 21 : Eh xn Ij E 24, 48 + 72 P] E +i E ih *
AmH$Vr 22: M xn Ij E 24, 48 + 72 P] E +i E ih *
Eh + M Ij E -ih h
16 +J { ]x E 1969 ={v +Eb E { Eh xn Ij
+ 9 ph E E M * M xn Ij E h 8 ]x E
2001-2004 +v E ={v +Eb u E M *
n E Sx ]x { +i] E j E M* |iE
]x E Sx B n E P], 48 P] + 72 P] E j ii E *
z n E ih ]x E B +i xE M * ih
j E E vn n M * Sj xn+ E ih E vx J E
+i J JS Vi * +
-
25
AmH$Vr 23 : M xn Ij 20-22 V
-
26
O L R R a in f al l O L R vs R a in f al l
25 1
25 5
25 9
26 3
26 7
1 9 7 4 1 9 7 8 1 9 82 1 9 86 1 9 90 1 9 94 19 9 8 20 0 2
r = .59
10
20
30
40
50
1 974 197 8 198 2 1 986 199 0 199 4 19 98 2 002
r = .20
9
1 9
2 9
3 9
4 9
2 5 1 2 5 5 2 5 9 2 6 3
JF
r = - .24
2 51
2 55
2 59
2 63
2 67
1 974 1 978 198 2 198 6 199 0 19 94 1 998 2002
r = - .11
75
100
125
150
1 974 197 8 198 2 1 986 199 0 199 4 19 98 2 002
r = .12
70
95
1 20
1 45
251 2 55 259 263 2 67
M A M
r = - .61 **
2 12
2 16
2 20
2 24
2 28
2 32
1 974 1 978 198 2 198 6 199 0 19 94 1 998 2002
OLR
(W
/m2)
r = - .70
710
785
860
935
1010
197 4 19 78 19 82 1 986 199 0 199 4 19 98 2 002
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
r = - .14
709
784
859
934
1 009
212 21 6 2 20 224 22 8 2 32
Ra
infa
ll (m
m)
JJ AS
r = - .31
251
255
259
263
1 974 197 8 198 2 1 986 199 0 199 4 19 98 2 002
r = - .02
67
97
1 27
1 57
1 87
1 974 197 8 1982 19 86 1990 19 94 1998 2 002
r = .08
66
96
1 26
1 56
1 86
251 25 4 257 26 0
O N D
r = - .43*
2 41
2 45
2 49
1 974 1 978 198 2 198 6 199 0 19 94 1 998 2002
YEAR
r = - .29
9 68
10 43
11 18
11 93
12 68
19 74 19 78 19 82 19 86 1 99 0 1 99 4 1 99 8 2 00 2
YE AR
r = - .05
965
1 040
1 115
1 190
1 265
241 24 4 247 25 0
OL R (W /m 2 )
AN N
r = - .54 **
Sj 24 : i { + E M nPiM Eh + E {ix *
{ n E + E (M nPi M
Eh) (1974-2004) + E + (1974-2003)
V E n x |S E E] Sj |i i Ei
(AmH$Vr-24) * Vn M] E n xx M
nPiM Eh nJ M V vx + P E j
gx E SE * Ex { n E xx E
M] E n ni * V E vnxiE i { BE
v * E M nPiM Eh E
x x E M ] n J V x -0.49,
V
-
27
AmH$Vr 25 : n E 11 Ij { xx M nPiM Eh+ n E Zx *
Fi 2 18 T d i OLR d i f ll
AmH$Vr 26: M nPiM Eh + xv +vx E n +E +v{i11 Ij *
n | h 11 Ij E E-+ E E M (AmH$Vr-25) * IjE E-+ M] nJ M Ex E =k{ , n{ , vi, MMnx+ =k{S gk + +x M]nJ M
-
28
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
85 N 7 5 N 65 N 55 N 45 N 35 N 2 5 N 15 N 05 N 05 S 1 5 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 65 S 75 S 85 S
J AN____ 100 hPa ____ 150 hPa
____ 200 hPa
____ 250 hPa
____ 300 hPa
____ 400 hPa
____ 500 hPa
____ 600 hPa
____ 700 hPa
____ 850 hPa
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
A P R
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Te
mp
era
ture
(oC
)
J UL
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
85 N 75 N 65 N 55 N 45 N 35 N 25 N 15 N 05 N 05 S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 65 S 75 S 85 S
La titu de Be lt
O C T
AmH$Vr 27 : hb { 10 +vi E liM >S
-
29
iE Yx + Yx M x +xvx EGE G Ij +xvx E * +xvx E =q iEil xE b vi P]x+ E i iE Zx *
=hE]v xx n E iE Yx, +I{hSx ij + b ti/{ {i |GB *
b , M il Eh V] EG + xG n nx *
+I{h x-Yx, +, b + Ib x-Yx *
b x-Yx, v b vis-a-visIb-i{ b E Mx-xx E Gi,V { ix *
b Mh P]E E {C]E{E { il V{ | *
=hE]v P E iEi il MiE
(+. VE, B.B. EnME, B.. ,B.E. EEh, + xl, +. B. E, B.+.+.]xE)
i Ij E >{ ti Miv { ix
i Jhb Ij (8o - 33oN, 73o - 86oE) E >{ti Miv E i{ {ix E +vx E={O u V-ibi Ob (5o x 5o) +Eb E ={M E5- (1998-2002) E B E M l * m| _| dfm AmH$S>o : o{jV Ama amS>ma go m n[aUm_ &
^m{VH$ _mg_{dkmZ Ama dm`w{dkmZ
Jhb g + {i Ij E l xv +vx i (AmH$Vr 28)* @i {x {, xx { + xx +xi vxiE xv nJ M VE
-
30
AmH$Vr 29 : D$dJVr H$m AmH$mer` ~Q>Z 26 OwbmB H$mo 12 yQ>rgr (UTC) na Omo npM_-nyd AVa ({H$_r)X -Omo gmVmHw$O WmZ XemVm h& Y-Omo CMmB XemVm h ({H$_r) &
AWS + b |{i +Ec E ix
BE Ij xx E Zx =zi |{i Ex B xI{i { Ei x j E v i{h * ] V 2004 E M xx @i (Vx i) EU ]x { |Si { (Si V ]x, 60 x] Ex) E { ={v l * x +v n C-b b ] V { SE l V E gx E EG E l * b x @i n E { iiE Mi I {Ih x * IiV |i, 750 ] E {lCEh { 670 x 670 Obxn+ x B l * 0.5o E +i { =v 26 i l * BE +ix I{Ih 6 x] E +xi M l,
-
31
31
-De
c
2-J
an
3-J
an
4-J
an
5-J
an
6-J
an
7-J
an
8-J
an
9-J
an
10
-Ja
n
11
-Ja
n
12
-Ja
n
13
-Ja
n
15
-Ja
n
19
-Ja
n
24
-Ja
n
26
-Ja
n
31
-Ja
n
1-F
eb
2-F
eb
3-F
eb
5-F
eb
9-F
eb
11
-Fe
b
13
feb
14
-Fe
b
20
-Fe
b
24
-Fe
b
27
-Fe
b
--
2 2 0
2 4 0
2 6 0
2 8 0
3 0 0
3 2 0
3 4 0
3 6 0
0 .1 0
0 .1 5
0 .2 0
0 .2 5
0 .3 0
0 .3 5
0 .4 0
Wa
ter
Va
po
r (c
m)
Oz
on
e (
DU
)
D a t e
o 3 H 2 o
+Ei 30 : j { TCO + PWC (H2O) nxE v {ix * =v bb xvh
xE j] E
-
32
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Aer
oso
l dir
ect
forc
ing
(W
m-2
)
SWFsfc SWFtoa
+Ei 31 : /+E b] + b |E xE M SW vEh | nx-|i-nx E {ix *
/+E b ] + b |Ih {h { |{i E M Eh |
{h lx 2004 /+E b+ ] (Prede ModelPOM -01L) +
-
33
n |M E VM { Mhv { +{ E ih+ li E xxvE | i n l * {hr Ei (i) +M + n nx { il AOD, |Ehxrxi E +x hG +i i * AOD (BE BE +vE) E +vE x Px E vxv nx nx { M * (ii) +vEi vxv BM] |S { ix =SS xnJi (i: Oh Ij E Eh, V
-
34
S E V SE + 30 E.. iE { il JE +w h +]x E =SS {- {lCEh|Ih |{i E M * EU |E {h V {, {i Sx + n x] vi l |{i E *+Ei 13 nJ M xx-i E n E ={li ]b {S |Ehi +]x |{i E *
z +E M E -+v E { ix+ |k
-
35
AmH$Vr 32 : Mx n E l E n E {BS. + E l E n E +E il E x *
lx M M + +| 2004 E E *={Eh Ex MhE E ={M EE 1-x] E +i { - Ehi =V x (mW/m2) xE M * x B n2004 E 15 {h { P i n SxE {l { {Sx .-. Ehi =V x { E | E +vx E| E M * .-. E bB] MIi (Feff) E +Ex Ex E B Vxl Eh { 60o iE v .-. Ehi =V x B 500 nm ] { nx E v |E M
-
36
AmH$Vr 33 : 2005 XmamZ nwUo na _m{gH$ _m` bH$ H$m~Z (BC) gmUVm
{h Ex E xph
+
-
37
AmH$Vr 34 : ^maVr` ^mJmo{bH$ jom| Ho$ n[agr_m naV na AmoOmoZ H$m ~Q>Z (A) Wm{Z` moVm| go^maVr` CgOH$ H$mo ey` _mZm, Omo H$s X{jZ E{e`m Ho$ CgOH$ gYmV Ho$ gmW (XrK n[agan[adhZ) maV na AmoOmoZ Ho$ ~Q>Z (~) maVr` mJmo{bH$ jom| na gm_m` AmoOmoZ Ho$ ~Q>Z (gX gVh) VwbZm_H$ Ho$ {bE
>hn ]] E B i{G B +Vx E +v |k n-i { ixi
0o-30o N. >hn Ij { +H 1991- +Mi 2004 E +v EB +{ B]E S ]vv Sx n l * M r @i Enx i |k ]x il i B i @i+E nx n |k ]x |i ix |IiE M * n B i +Vx ph E B+Vx |k E >vv {-J (% / nE) x42 E..E >{ i{h |k x x E l x|Ei n * 25 E.. xE] E vxiE(~ 3% nE) il 32 E.. E >{ ~ 8% nE+Vx |k |Ii E M * n B i+Vx |k Vn n x nJ
-
38
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Rainfall in mm MSB (-,+) events
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
AmH$Vr 35 : ^maVr` Jr_ _mZgyZ Ed h{b\$s`a dmh Ho$ ~rM ghg~Y 1962-1996
Years
Act
ual R
ainf
all
No.
Of
MSB
(-,
+) e
vent
sRainfall in mmMSB (-,+) events
>hn +Vx { ix E iME h
iM +xxG B u nx E{(u.n.E.) E Eh +Vx { ix E +vxEx E B +H 1991 - +| 1991 E +vE B +{ B]E S ] hn Ihb Ij (40o n. 40o =.) EB xEi E M * { ixi E |+l+ il +lB E l E ni, nx, E xSi Ex i BE E-i{ H E lx { ix E hEx E B iME h E ={M EM * h E iME {xih E B |ii Ex { +Vx +ix h x{k E E-h E +|k E M il @i v { ixE ] n M * +Vx +Mi E >vv]x x n E xS i{hb E >{u .n .E. + @hiE E E l~0.4 - 1 {.{.B. VE ={ i{ hb E>{ E =iGh E l ~0.1 - 1.2 {.{.B.iE P] Vi *
xiE h xn E ={M 1992-1999 E +v E b] E h EE>hn - ={>hn i{hb (40o n.-40o =. { +Vx u.n.E. E +I->S{ l V E l xS + M * 10o- 20o =.+I {]] E >{ -S E nx > 5% |i 10 .. @hiE u.n.E.MhE |Ii E M * ={h Ij E >{ 10-2.6 BS { B E S -6 6% |i10 .. E S { ii x | u.n.E. MhE |Ii E M *
hb v B i OEx xx v
hb v {i B i O Ex xx ] E Sv E +vx E M * i M E u |Ei
-
39
SGi ZZi / +n B xx ] Gi v
=hn M { xx SGi ZZi ++n E J il S E Ij (B.B..) |iSUnP]x E S v E VS Ex E B BE +vx EM *
-
40
+Ei 36 : nxE TCO E { {C] * G J 95% i E lEi E x{iEi *
b E I P]E E {x il+xh
(b..Vv, B.B.f, .B., V.B.x,B..{nE, B.B.M, BS.E. jE,B. BS. EEh )
+iI + -l { E +Vx E ix
b NO2, O
3, H
2O + O
4 +vx E
B, {Mx o {C] ] E ={M IiV +EE |Ehi |E E |Ih |M B M * +Vx(O
3) E =v xSj (+]x) -l IiV +E
+Ex xE l VxE +Vx b |{i +VxE xSj E l ix E M
-
41
+Ei 37 : (M) + (E) n |E E ii (q) E x 2003 E B MlE MhE *
x{]E iE E ih v i E >{ Vi Gi nJi * MJO iE x i E =k+ nIh +vE Gi nJ{ 2001-2003 +xb Gi E nx v b =E-xv v E |E ii { +Ex
I Eh E ={li V {SU i E v V E55 { / ]{-]] =i{z S
-
42
CnH$aU VWm ojU_ybH$ VH$ZrH$ {d^mJ CnH$aUm|H$s aMZm Ed_{Z_mU H$aVm h & gmW hr ojU (observation ) Ho$ {bE Z o Z oVH$ZrH$ {dH${gV H$aVm h VWm jo Ama `moJembm _| `moJ H$m H$aVm h & h {d^mJ {ZZ Coem|H$mo _oZOa aIVo hE AnZm gemoYZH$m H$aVm h &
d{H$ {dwV _S>b ( Global Electric Circuit ) Ho$ A`mgHo$ {bE dmVmdaUr` {dwV (Atmospheric Electical)_mg_ Ama YybrH$U Ho$ _mnXS> H$mo O_rZ, gmJa Ama dN>n`mdaU na _mnZm &
X{jU Ywdr` Xoena dmVmdaUr` {dwV _mnXS> Ho$ _mnZ Ho${bE CnH$aUm|H$m {dH$mg H$aZm &
{_br_rQ>a AmH$ma H$s nmZr Ho$ ~yXmoH$m {dwV jo Ho$ hmoVo hEAma CgHo$ Abmdm hmoZodmbo ~mnr^dZ (Evaporation),{dMbZ (Distortion), AZwH$nZ (Osciallation), Q>$a(Collision) Ama g moJ (Coalescence) BZ gy_ ^m{VH$s`{H$`mAm|H$m b~ dmV gwaJ (Vertical wind funnel) _o A`mgH$aZm &
{dwV marV Ama {dwV ma ahrV nmZr Ho$ ~yXm|mam YybrH$aU{dH$mg H$m A`mg H$aZm &
_oK ^m{VH$s A`mg Ho$ {bE AZwH$ma VH$ZrH|$
(E.Ho$.H$m_am, XrZ _{U bmb, E_.E_.Hw$bH$Uu , Ama.hr.^mbdUH$a)
b~ dmV gwaJ _| EH$ `moJ {H$`m J`m {OgH$m Coe _oK Ho$ gy_ ^m{VH$s` {H$`m| na ~mare Ho$ nmZr _| {dwV ~b Amaamgm`{ZH$ AewXr Ho$ EH$ ^md H$m nVm bJmVm Wm & 16 E_ E_Mb{M H$_oam go ~yXm| H$m {MU {H$`m J`m & AewX ~yXmo _| hmoZodmbm{dMbZ, ewX nmZr Ho$ ~yXm| Ho$ VwbZm _| `mXm hmoVm h `h AZw_m{ZV{H$`m J`m &
g_mnZ JVr g o (Terminal Velocity) Cd _w$ nVZZ{bH$m (Vertical Free Fall tube) _| {JaZodmbr nmZr H$s ~yX {H$gVah go Qw>Q>Vr h CgHo$ {djmo (Turbulence) ^md A`mnZ Ho$ {bEEH$ `moJ {H$`m J`m & AbJ AbJ {djmo g_Vb na {d{e>
AmH$ma Ho$ ~yXm| H$m Qy>Q>Zm Zmnm J`m & ma{^H$ AZw_mZ XemVm h H$sQw>Q>H$a ~ZZodmbo ~yXm| H$s g`m Hw$N> {d{e> {ZUm H$ {djmo H$s{H$_V na OmXm hmoVr h &
_oKm| Ho$ {dwVr JwU VWm dm w_S>br` {dwV Ho$ gVhojU
( E.Ho$.H$m_am, Eg.S>r.ndma, hr.JmonmbH$UZ, gr.Or.XoenmS>o,nr._w$Jdob, XrZ _{U bmb, Xod| qgJ Eg.S>r.JwS> o,{H$aUHw$_ma Omohao, hr.nV, a_oe Hw$_ma )
JOZ _oKm| _| {dwV gMmaZ A`mg
_`_ AmH$ma Ho$ Amobm AmYr Ho$ {ZMbo gVh {dwVjo, _gdob {dwVYmam Ama _oY JOZm BZHo$ _mnZ H$m {dbofU{H$`m J`m {OgH$m Coe CU H${Q>~Yr` Amobm AmYr {H$`m H$mEd_ Amg_mZr {~Obr Ho$ H${_H$ {dH$mg H$m A`mg H$aVm Wm &AmYr Ho$ nwao g{H$` OrdZH$_ _| AmYrHo$ ~mXb go O_rZna{JaZodmbr {~Obr H$s M_H$ H$s {V 1 go 2 {_{ZQ> pWa dmadmaVmXem`r & Xmo ~mXbm| Ho$ ~rMdmbr {~ObrM_H$ Ama ~mXb goO_rZna {JaZodmbr {~Obr H$s M_H$ BZH$m AZwnmV ~T>Vm h, O~Hw$b M_H$ Xa ~T>Vr h & AmYr Ho$ gdmhH$ pWVr _| bJ^J ha~mXdmbr Amg_mZr {~Obr {d$ YwdUVm (Polarity) `w$ {dwVjo ~Xbmd CVb H$amVr h & BgHo$ gmW hr Xmo bJmVma {d$XYwdUVm `w$ {dwVjo ~Xbmd 2 go 20 goH$X Ho$ AVamb go OmoS>r_| nm`o OmVo h & gdmhH$ Ama n[an$ pWVrHo$ {~M, AmYr VoO~m[ae XemVr h Ama gmW hr {dwV jo _| ~Xbmd {XImBXoVm h& n[an$ pWVr H$m {dH$mg, gVh {dwV jo Ama _Mdob{dwVYmam Ho$ YwdUVm _| F$U go YZ _| VoOrgo ~Xbmd n> H$aVm h,Hw$b M_H$ Xa Ama Xmo ~mXbm|Ho$ ~rMdmbr {~Obr M_H$ Ama ~mXbgo O_rZna {JaZodmbr {~Obr H$s M_H$ BZH$m AZwnmV BZ_| VoOrgo~T>moVar {XImVm h , {~Obrgo o[aV jo _| hmoZodmbm ~Xbmd bJ^JAZ` F$U YwdUVm w$ hmoVm h Ama g dV: AmYr go {dwV^m[aVjo H$mo CnaH$s Va\$ CR>mZodmbm hmoVm h & AmYr H$s ~moN>madmbrpWVr _| Amobm Ama ~m[ae XoIr J`r, {dwV jo Ama _gdob{dwVYmam _| YZ go F$U YwdUVm VH$ VoO ~Xbmd XoIm J`m Ama~mXb go O_rZna {JaZodmbr Hw$N> YZ {~Obr H$s KQ>Zm^r hB &
CnH$aU VWm ojU_ybH$ VH$ZrH$
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43
ojU n> {XImVo h H$s Hw$N> {~Obr H$s M_H$ BVZr gj_hmoVr h H$s$ {d$X YwdUVmdmbr OJh _| ^r {dwV^ma H$mo nhMmVrh & Bg Vah {dwV^ma bo OmZm h AmYr _| Xwgao {dwV^ma {d_moMZH$mo o[aV H$aVr h, m AmYr Ho$ {dwV^ma H$s \$bmd jo _| _hdnyU~Xbmd H$amVr h {Oggo ~mXdmbr M_H$ Ho$ d$n_| ~Xbmd AmVmh & AbJ hdm IS> AmYr Ho$ {bE gVh {dX wV jo _| dmVmdaU H$sAmYr-AV-XmobZ (EOSO) {deofV: nwUo _| Ohm A`mnZ hAm {XImBXoVr h & XoIm J`m h {H$ (EOSO) H$m g_` bm[aS>m _| ~S>o IS>dmbrAmYr Ama y _opgH$mo Ho$ gdmhH$ hdm-IS> AmYr H$s VwbZbm _|nwUo _| H$_ h & EOSO g_` Ho$ ~rM, {~Obr H$s dmadmaVm ~hV H$_hmo OmVr h na Hw$N> M_H$ {dwV^ma H$m CZ _| AnZm AbJ ^md{XImVo h & {dwV Xmo Ywd H$s `V YwdUVmH$s `V EOSO Ho$CXmhaU _| MMm {H$ JB h & `h ojU gdmhH$ gaMZm Ho$ AZw$n,EOSO H$s $naofm {Og_| gVh jo _rQ>a hmoVm h Ama Cn[abo _oK Ho${ZModmbo {hgo _| YZ {dwV ^ma Ho$ gm_Zo hAm &
AQ>m{Q>H$m go m OmZH$mar H$m {dbofU
AQ>m{Q>H$m Ho$ {b o 24 do ^maVr` dkm{ZH$ ImoO A{^`mZ_| gy H$m ndr g~Yr n[aUm_ Ama CgH$m ( Ogo KP {ZX}emH$ AmaDST _y`) d{H$ dmVmdaUr` {dwV _S>b go g~Y H$m nVm bJmZmBg Coe go {dwV jo Ama dm y-ndr {dwVYmam H$s m OmZH$marH$m {dbofU {H$`m J`m & Bg AQ>m{Q>H$m ImoO~rZ _| m Yw{bH$UgH|$U Ama AmH$ma H$m \$bmd H$s m OmZH$mar H$m {dbofU AmaA``Z {H$`m J`m &
EOSO OmZH$mar H$m A``Z
X{jUr g_w Ho$ m`mo{JH$ ImoO~rZ (PESO) go m Yw{bH$UHo$ OmZH$mar H$m {dbofUZo {XIm`m H$s nwao A{^`mZ _| Yw{bH$UAmH$ma {dVmaU `h {Var` {V_mZ \$bmd A{YH$V_ 0.9 mmAma 2.0 mm BVZm Wm & O~ OhmO H$s _wbmH$mV 32 m/sec BVZrJ{Vdmbo MH$dmV go hB Vmo Hw$N> 10 mm Va Ho$ ~S>o `mg Ho$ H$Um| H$moXoIm J`m & ~S>o H$U ~ZZo H$s {H$`m H$m g~Y, g_w gVh na~hZodmbr VoO hdmAm|go VaJ Qw>Q>Zm Ama ~wb~wbo \w$Q>Zm Ogr `m{H$s{H$`mAm| go hmo gH$Vm h &
dmVmdaUr` Yw{bH$U Ho$ amgm`{ZH$ aMZm H$m A``Z
Vmn_mZ ~mnZ nXVrgo, Yw{bH$U _| pWV AbJ AbJ~mnH$ KQ>H$m| H$m nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bE EH$ `moJ {H$`m J`m & BgnXVr _| hdm H$m Z_wZm Vmn_mZ {dKQ>Z CnH$aU Xmam nhbo go V`Hw$N> {d{^ Vmn_mZ na , {d{e> KQ>H$ AbJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ja_{H$`m J`m & Yw{bH$U Ho$ AmH$ma \$bmd H$m _mnZ H$_drjU gMbVmYw{bH$U _mnZ CnH$aU go {H$`m J`m & Yw{bH$U Ho$ g`m gHo$UAma AmH$ma \$bmd H$m bJmVma _mnZ {H$`m J`m &
ICARB A{^`mZ Ho$ XmamZ BV_mb {H$`m J`m H$_{djU gMbVm YwbH$U _mnZ CnH$aU(SMPS)
{~MH$mQ> {d_mZ Ho$ {ZMo bJmB JB hdm AXa boZodmbr Z{bH$m
yMw~{H$` _S>b ApWaVm _| phba A``Z
dmamUgr _| yMw~{H$` _S>b Ho$ AmYr Ho$ _w` pWVrXmamZ phba - oaH$ CgOZ ( Kp {ZX}emH$ 4+ go 4- Ama DST_y` 22nT go -49nT) H$m {dbofU hAm & A``Z {XImVm hH$s, {dfddmr` Xoe _| L- _y` O~ 1.9 go 2.4 _| hmoVm h O~Aaofr` S>mba-dJ hmoVm h Ama MH$dmV H$m nana {_bmn hmoVmh& Eogr pWVr CgOZ H$mo o[aV H$a gH$Vr h & gm_m` AmaAmYrdmbo g_` _| yMw~{H$` _S>b go g~{YV KQ>H$ Ogo g_VbCOm {_bmn, VaJ Mw~{H$` jo, nana g~Y Xyar {H$`m _| em{_b hEH$U H$s AZwW AZwZmX {dX wVYmam BZH$m AXmOm bJm`m J`m &
AZwdmX Ho$ gmW nana g~Y Wm{nV COmdmV BboQ>mZ Ho$COmna, bmP_m H$U Ho$ Vmn_mZ JVr H$m n[aUm_ gXmpVH$ nXVrgo_y`m{H$V {H$`m J`m & AZwZmX Ho$ gmW nana g~Yna Mw~{H$`ApWaVm H$m hmoZodmbm n[aUm_ H$m ^r A``Z {H$`m J`m& VLFCgOZ Ho$ {V$n ~ZmZo _| _hdnyU gm{~V hmo Eogo Ama dmVmdaU _|gh^mJr BboQ>mZ Ho$ J{V{dkmZ H$m A`mg Ho$ {bE {ZH$f m hE &
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44
8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0
2 6
2 8
3 0
3 2
3 4
3 6
1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
2 6
2 8
3 0
3 2
3 4
3 6
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4
2 6
2 8
3 0
3 2
3 4
3 6
4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4
2 6
2 8
3 0
3 2
3 4
3 6
L A S P E X S ta t i o n : A n a n d
(a )
D a te ( 8 -2 0 M a y )
So
il T
em
p (
o C)
(b )
D a te ( 1 8 - 3 0 S e p t . )
S T 5 S T 6
(c )
So
il T
em
p (
o C)
D a te ( 2 1 N o v - 5 D e c )
(d )
D a te ( 3 - 1 5 M a r c h )
AmH$Vr 38: {d{^ _hrZm| _| AmUX JwOamV _| 40 cm Ama 100 cm H$s JhamB na_Xm Vmn H$m dJuH$aU
gr_m naV VWm ^y{_ gVh {H$`mAm| H$m A``Z
gr_m naV Ama O_rZ H$s gVh {H$`m A``Z {d^mJdmVmdaU H$s gr_m naV Ama O_rZ H$s gVh H$s {H$`m go g~pYV`moJembmAm| _| VWm ~mha `moJ H$aVr h Bg {d^mJ mam drH$VAZwgYmZ H$m Bg H$ma h &
dmVmdaU H$s gr_m naV Ama Cggo OwS>o A``Z Ho$ {bEXVmdoO Ama {ZarjU VH$ZrH$ OwQ>mZm
{d{^ dZn{V VWm O_rZ H$s pW{V Ho$ COmgVwbZ H$mog_PZo Ama AZwgaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE O_rZ H$s gVh {H$`mH$m A``Z
O_rZ Ama g_wr gVh Ho$ Cna Ho$ dmVmdaU H$s gr_m naVH$m J{V{df`H$ A``Z
gr_m naV Ama O_rZ H$s gVh {H$`m A``ZdmVmdaU H$s gr_m naV _o O_rZ H$s gVh {H$`m H$mImoO H$m Ama {VH${V ~ZmZm
( Eg. {ghm, E_.EZ.nmQ>rb, Ama.Ama.Omoer, Ama.Q>r.dmK_mao )
LASPEX H$m A``Z
LASPEX Ho$ XmamZ BH$R>R>m {H$ o J o hdm d Vmn_mZm| Ho${ZarjU H$m Cn`moJ jmo^ mMb Ogo {H$ H$fU JwUmH$ gdoXZC_JmbH$ Ama dm wJ{VH$ Ajme {dVma H$m A``Z H$aZo Ho${bE {H$`m J`m& Jr_H$mb, dfmH$mb Ama erVH$mb Ho$ XmamZ {b oJ o S>mQ>mgo OmZH$mar H$m {dbfU {H$`m J`m& hdm H$s $naoIm Ho$_mnZ go {b o J o ojUm| go `h nVm Mbm {H$ {Xg~a _o hdm H$saVma H$_ Wr gdhVr Ho$ XmamZ VoOr go H$_ hAm JwOamV jo _|1997 Ho$ S>mQ>m (LASPEX) H$m BVo_mb H$aVo hE _Xm Vmn H$mdZn{V Ama dfm Ho$ gmW A``Z {H$`m J`m&
nmM Q>oeZ na {d{^ dZn{V Ama _Xm Ho$ JwUm| H$m A``Z{H$`m Amoa {d{^ F$VwAm| _| C_m dmh H$m A``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE
40 cm Ama 1m H$s JhamB VH$ _X>m Vmn H$m narjU {H$`mAma narjU go `h XoIZo H$m {_bm {H$ 40-100 cm H$m jo gXu_| C_m Cna H$s Ama J_u _| ZrMo H$s Amoa C_m H$m dmh WmAma jonU Ama Vmn H$m A``Z {H$`m J`m & _X>m Vmn 40 cmJhamB go Cna KQ>m hAm {XImB {X`m _X>m Vmn H$m gwJmhr{d{^ _X>m Vmn na dZn{V Ho$ H$_r hmoZo H$s pWVr _| _X>m VmnH$m A``Z {H$`m Ama _X>m Vmn {XZm| Ho$ gmW gmW ~T>Vm {XImB{X`m R>r>H$ Bgr H$ma go {gV~a _| _X>m Vmn {XZm| Ho$ gmWgmW gm_m`V: KQ>Vm ~T>Vm {XImB {X`m Ama {Xg~a _| _Xm Vmn{XZm| Ho$ gmW KQ>Vm Ama _mM _| {XZm| Ho$ gmW KQ>Vm ~T>Vm {XImB{X`m(AmH$Vr 38)&
dm w_S>br` gr_m naVH$m {dH$mg
AmUX Q>oeZ (220 35 N, 720 55 E) JwOamV jo _|LASPEX Ho$ XmamZ {b`o J`o Ab OyZ Ama Zd~a gyIm, Z_r
-
45
6 9 12 15 18
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
173014301130830530
BL
Hei
ght (
m)
Time
15 April 15 June 15 December
AmH$Vr 39 : 15 Ab, 15 OyZ Ama 15 {Xg~a 1997 H$s gV>hr naV CMmB &AmH$Vr 40 : CO2 Ama Obdmn Ho$ ~rM H$mo[aboeZ JwUmH$, Ogo Wm{`d H$mKZd \$bZ
-0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0 stableunstable
z/L=0.0
z/L
Ama dmZn{VH$ _X>m Ho$ gmW A``Z {H$`m J`m Ama gmnoj AmVmZmnr JB Ama `h {XIm`m J`m {H$ gV>hr naV Ho$ gmW Ab OyZ{Xg~a H$m narjU {d{^ g_` Ho$ gmW {H$`m, A{YH$V_ gVhrnaV 2.30 ISI Ama 1500 Boundary Layer ( gV>hr naV ) na {_bmAma `yVZ_ 0100 Meter H$s dm`w_S>br` gVh nV {_bm(AmH$Vr 39)&
_hmrnr` Ed gmJar _| dm w_S>br` n[agr_m naV na hmoZodmbr {d{V_` {H$`m H$m m`mo{JV A``Z
( Eg. {edam_H$UZ, Q>r. Y_amO, ~r.Eg._y{V, Eg.~r.Xo~mOo,Ama.bVm, {gZr gwHw$_maZ )
eo narjU
Jmodm Ho$ NCAOR _| Am`.Am`.Q>r.E_. H$s _mg_ {dkmZr``moJembm _| gVh H$s naV na nmB JB & gwYVm, _m` _mg_r` n[a_mnm|Ama gdoJ, C_m, Ob~mn Ama H$m~Z S>mBAmgmBS> H$m _mnZ {H$`mJ`m &
LASPEX Ama ARMEX S>mQ>m H$m {dbofU
Jmodm H$s gVh H$s naV _| ^maVr` J_u Ho$ _mZgyZ _|CO2 Ama Ob~mn _o ~Xbmd Ho$ A``Z Zo `h {XIm {X`m {H$C O2 _| X{ZH$ KQ>md Ama Ob~mn H$m ~T>Zm BgHo$ {dnarVg~Y h(AmH$Vr 40) & CO2 Ho$ {bE Ama nmZr H$s ^mn Ho${bE ~S>o/gmamer _mnZ XmobZ XoIo J o O~ {H$ EH$ {XZ H$mH$mb {V KQ>m Ho$ dmadmaVm n>r _o dfmdbr AVamb H$mApVd nm`m J`m & OS>dr` Cn loUr _| CO2 Ama Ob dmnHo$ H$_ Va Ho$ A{V gy_ gaYr noQ>m na H$mob_moJmoamod Ho$-5/3 e{$ {gmV H$m ^md hmoVm h &
hdm Ama Vmn S>mQ>m LASPEX Ama ARMEX go g_` _|Wm`r narjU go g~pYV `m Ama {ZZ Amd{V na 1/ 2 {_ZQ>Ho$ {bE nrH$ (Peak) {XImB JB& ndZ H$s dmadmaVm Omo ApWag_rn VQ>W Ama pWa pW{V`mo _| Wr CgZo -2/3 md`OS>dr` Cn loUr _| ey` md` {ZZ dmadmaVm loUr _o {XImEJ o & ey` md` H$s dmadmaVm loUr pWa go VQ>W Ho$ H$ar~/ApWa pW{V _o ~T>Vr ZOa AmB Ama ndZ KQ>H$ Ho$ AmboI Ho$nR>ma ( -1 md` ) H$m {dVma ApWaVm go d{JV hmoVm ZOaAm`m (AmH$Vr 41)&
-
46
AmH$Vr 42a : gwZm_r Ho$ ^md 24 {Xg~a (JmobmH$ma) 2 \$adar 2005 (MmH$moZ)Ed 3 OZdar 2005 ({H$moU) XmamZ AmoOmoZ H$s X{ZH$ gmUVm
AmH$Vr 42b : {d{^ AdYr XmamZ NOX H$s gmUVm _| X{ZH$ n[adVZ Omo gwZm_rHo$ nhbo VWm gwZm_r Ho$ ~mX XoIo J o ^md
AmH$Vr 41 : 17 AJV 1997 _| AmUX na 1045 ~Oo ndZ KQ>H$m| Ho$ {d{H$aUr`(u,v and w) VWm Vmn_mZ 4 m AGL
gVh na pWa AmoOmoZ gma {d{H$aU, dm`wVmn Ama gmnoj
AmVm H$m A``Z
nwUo Ho$ gWmZ _| AmoOmoZ gyaO go AmZodmbo CgOZ Amagmnoj AmVm Ho$ _mnZ bJmVma {b o J o Ama Bg A``Z go Bg~mV H$m nVm Mbm {H$ AmoOmoZ H$s _mm _o gyaO Ho$ CgOZ go g~Y
h Ama H$me amgm`{ZH$ _mS>b {dH${gV {H$`m J`m & `h H$meamgm`{ZH$ CnmXZ Ama AmoOmoZ H$m {dZme XemVm h &
gwZm_r H$m AmoOmoZ gVh na A``Z
26 {Xg~a 2004 X{jU maV Ho$ ( 110 N 79.9 0 E ) na gwZm_r
bham| Ho$ ~mX AmoOmoZ Ama NOx _| Agm_m` ~Xbmdm| H$m ojU{b`m J`m Ama 1500 IST na AmYm Ama .0600 IST na AmoOmoZXwJZr nmB JB & AmoOmoZ gmU A{YH$m_ am{ hmoZo Ho$ g_` ~T>Vm
Ama Xmonha Ho$ g_` 10 {dMbZ go KQ>Vm nm`m J`m & R>r>H$ BgrH$ma go NOx {XZ Ama amV _| 0.6 + 0.35 go 9.5 + 0.66 PPbv ( nmQ>gna {d{b`Z dm` AmgV d hm y_ ) H$s dpX hB Ama 10 {dMbZ
H$m 6.5 + 0.22 go 9.2 + 0.34 PPPv H$m dpX hAm & AmoOmoZ H$s _mm
J_u _| `mXm Ama {Xg~a _| hmoVr h & gwZm_r Ho$ ~mX AmoOmoZ AmanydJm_r Jgmo Ogo NOx, Omo H$moB gmao moVm| go {ZH$bVr h, amgm`{ZH$Ama ^m{VH$ n[adVZ hE& Ama 30 {XZ ~mX 03 Ama NOx H$mo Xw~mam
BH$R>R>m {H$`m J`m (AmH$Vr 42a, b)&
0 6 12 18 240
10
20
30
40Tranquebar, India
Tsunami impact
Ozo
ne c
once
ntra
tions
(pp
bv)
Time (IST)
December 24, 2004 January 3, 2005 February 2, 2005
0 5 10 15 20 25
6
9
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
6
9
12
0 5 10 15 20
6
9
12
(a)Before tsunamiDecember 2-24, 2004
Tsunami impact (b)After tsunami
January 3-31, 2005
After tsunami (c)
Day
February 2-16, 2005
NO
x co
ncen
tratio
ns (p
pbv)
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47
AmH$Vr 43: ny_dhma Q>mH$sdma Ama Q>r.Ama.nQ>Q>rZ_ _o nm`r OmZodmbrAmoOmoZ gmU H$m AmgV _mm Ab ( KZaofm ) Ed {Xg~a ( {Mhm{H$VaoI ) _o XoIo J o & 1 {g_m n[ad{VVm Cd aoIr H$m {XImVo h & AmH$Vr 44 : {dwV jo, bmg Xa, ao{S>Amo y{dbmBS> gmU {d{^ F$VwAm| Ho$ {bE wH$_
g_` Ho$ gmW ApWaVm ( {dwV jo Ama bmg g_` Ho$ gmW EdaoO Ama ao{S>Amo ypbnmBS>H$m VrZ KQ>o Ho$ {bE ojUm )
^maV _| AmoOmoZ gVh na bmoarZ a{S>H$b CgOZ H$m^md
^maV _| {Xg~a (2000 Ama 2002 ) Ama Ab(2001 Ama 2003) _o CUH${Q>~Yr` Ho$ VrZ AbJ AbJJm_rU Wb (ny_dwhma, Q>mH$sdma Ama Q>r.Ama.nQ>Z_) _|Vm{_bZmSw> Ho$ H$moamo_S>b VQ>r` Ho$ nmg Ama AX$Zr ^mJm|_| O_rZ H$s AmoOmoZ H$m _mn {H$`m J`m & Bg {dbofU _| hXem`m {H$ AmoOmoZ H$s A{YH$V_ AmgV _mm 40.3+ 1.13 PPbv h Vmo ( 34.8 + 0.90 PPbv) Xmonha Ho$ g_` Ed yZV_ {Og_| 1 {g_m H$s n[ad{VVm VQ>r` jomo _| gw~h Ho$g_` Ab ({Xg~a) _| XoIo JE & BgHo$ _wH$m~bo _| BhrH$mb _| AX$Zr ^mJm| _| 20 km AVX}er` H$s Va\$ AmoOmoZA{YH$V_ Ama yZV_ AmH$S>o h {Oggo nVm MbVm h {H$
Am oOm oZ {H$ _mm AX$Zr BbmH$m | g o VQ>dVu ^mJm o _ |6 PPbv `mXm `m 19% `mXm h & Ab _| AmoOmoZ {H$ _mm _o dpX H$mEH$ Ama H$maU h ~ohX A{YH$ _mm _| nydJm_r Jgm| go (NOx, CO,CH4) OmoH$B gmao moVm| go {ZH$bVr h (AmH$Vr 43)&
dm w_S>{b` {dwV jo Ama ao{S`mo ypb`mBS> CgOZ na gy_
_mg_r` n[a_mnm| H$m ^md
dm w_S>br` {dwV jo Ama ao{S`mo `ypb`mBS> CgOZ na gy__mg_r` n[a_mnm| H$m A``Z {H$`m J`m Ama `h XoIm J`m {H$ _mg_r`n[a_mn dm`w_S>br` {dwV jo H$mo gemo{YV H$aVo h Ama _O~yVgVhr naV `wH$_ Ho$ ~mao _| BboQ>mo \$moao{Q>H$ db Ho$ mam gyIo H$Um| Ho$^md go XyfU H$s nV ~ZVr h & OmS>o H$s F$Vw Bg pW{V Ho$ {bEA{YH$ Mm{bV h (AmH$Vr 44)&
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
10
20
30
40
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
10
20
30
40
50
(b)Poombuhar (April, 2001)
0530 IST 1000 IST 1500 IST 2000 IST
(a)Poombuhar (December, 2000)
(d)Poombuhar (April, 2003)
Ozo
ne c
once
ntra
tions
(pp
bv)
Ozo
ne c
once
ntra
tions
(pp
bv)
(c)Poombuhar (December, 2002)
Distance from coastline towards inland (km). 0
50
100
150
200
-2
0
2
0.4
0.8
1.2
-2
0
2
0.2
0.4
0
2
-2
0
2 ele.fie
Time (hrs)
Ele.
fie (V
m-1)
18
0
50
100
150
200
0
50
100
150
200
laps
e ra
te (
0 C)
rad.
con
c.(B
q.m
-3)monsoon
winter
summer
1263241512 921
rn.con
inversion hours
l.r
-
48
gm{VH$ A``Z {d^mJ X{jU nyd _mZgyZ Ho$ {deof gX Ho$ gmW dm w_S>br` Ama _hmgmJar` n[agMaUm| H$mo g_PZo Ho${b o gmpVH$ A`Zm| H$m gMmbZ H$aVm h& Bg {d^mJ Ho$mam {ZZ{b{IV AZwgYmZ H$m H$_ gnm{XV {H$ o OmVo h&
i) Omb {dXw jo _| jor` Am{OH$s. ii) VaJ H$_mH$Ama Amd{m j|m| _| CU H${Q>~Yr` n>r Am{OH$s Amaiii ) _mZmdbr` jo _| dpdH$ Am{OH$s Ho$ A``Z Ho${bEZXm{ZH$ {Vnm| H$m {dH$mg&
_mZgyZ dmh Ho$ {d{^ AmH$mer` Ama H$m{bH$ n_mZm| Ho$~rM aoIr` Ama AaoIr` A`mo`{H$`mAm| Ho$ {ZXmZ Ho$ {b oAH$s` {Vnm| H$m {dH$mg&
{hX _hmgmJar` n[agMaU Ama Eg. Eg. Q>r. n[adVZerbVm Ho$ J{VH$s Ama ^m{VH$s H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE gabbKwH$V Jwd Ama C_mJ{VH$ _hmgmJa n[agMaU {Vnm|H$m {dH$mg&
dpdH$ n[agMaU Ho$ {bE gab wp_V _hmgmJa dm w_S>b{Vn H$m {dH$mg&
gVh Ama Cn-gVh VmnH$_ Ama {hX _hmgmJa Ho$n[agMaU H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE jor` {{d_r` ~hVar`_hmgmJar` {Vn H$m {dH$mg&
CUH${Q>~Yr` {hX _hmgmJa _| _Uerb MH$dmVm| Ho${V _hmgmJar` {V{H$`mAm| Ho$ A``Z Ho$ {bE AH$s`_hmgmJa {Vn H$m AZw`moJ&
dm w_S>br` {dkmZ _| ZmVH$moma ej{UH$ H$m H$_m| H$momogmhZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE&
J{VH$s` _hmgmJa {VnU na A``Z
(nr. Eg. gmbdoH$a, E_. Ho$. Q>S>Z, gr. kmZerbZ, o_qgh,E. E. Xod, E. ~r. nmaoI, nr. Ama. gr. ao>r, S>r. S> w. JUoa,~r. WmngZ, Oo. Eg. MmYar, ~r. EM. dBX)
{{d_r` Amo. Or. gr. E_. A``Z (MOM4) {VnH$m `moJ)
jor` {d oXZ 10 , n[adVu aoIm{eH$ {d oXZ {dfwdV,aoIm na 0.30 , 250 C.na 0.70, 400 X. na 1.50 Ama CXJ Vam|
AmH$Vr 45 100S go {dfwdV aoIm VH$ _`H$V SST, SSS Ama BLT {dgJ{V`m| H$mhmd_mobg (Hovmollers)
gXmpVH$ A``Z
dmbo _mS> ybr _hmgmJa {V_mZ n 4 (E_. Amo. E_. 4) H$mo 400 Ho$Cma _| AdpWV {hX _hmgmJa H$mo {dam_mdWm go 20 dfm]H$s Ad{YHo$ {b o g_mH${bV {H$`m J`m& {Vn Ho$ {bE {Zdoe dm w_S>br`AZwgYmZ H$m am>r` Ho$ (NCAR), y. Eg. E. go m {H$`m J`m&{VMH$U Ho$ ~mX {Vn H$mo 43 dfm} H$s Ad{Y 1958 go 2000 VH$EZH$ma (NCAR) Ho$ AVamdm{fH$ n[adVu g^r UmoXZm| Ho$ gmWg_mH${bV {H$`m J`m& {Vn AZwH$m[aV gmJa gVhr` VmnH$_ {dgJmV(Eg.Eg.Q>r.E.) Zo pXYwd {dKm dfm] (CXmhaUd$n AVy~a 1994,AVy~a 1996 Ama Zd~a1997) Ho$ XmamZ o{jV {dgJ{V`m| Ho$ gmWAN>r gh_{V {XIbmB & {V$n AZwH$aU Zo Zd~a 1997 Ho$ XmamZgVh na 20 Ama CngVh (80 _r. H$s JhamB na) H$ar~ 50 H$s A{YH$V_erVbZ X{eV H$s Omo {H$ ojUm| Ho$ gmW H$m\$s VwbZr` Wm & {V$nAZwH$m[aV CngVh VmnH$_ g^r dfm] _| gmoS>m (SODA) CngVh VmnH$_Ho$ gmW AN>r Vah go VwbZr` Wm & ~Jmb H$s ImS>r _| AZwH$m[aVAgJV n[agaMaU {V_mZ Zo ~Jmb H$s ImS>r n[agaMaU _| [aQ>H$sKmam| H$s y{_H$m H$s nwpQ> H$s & KZm_H$ pXYwd dfm] Ho$ XmamZ {V$nAZwH$m[aV bdUVm jom| Zo X{jUnydu {dfwdVr` {hX _hmgmJa _| KZm_H$bdUVm {dgJ{V m X{eV H$s O~{H$ G$Um_H$ {dgJ{V m _`dVu{dfwdVr` {hXr _hmgmJa _| nm`r J`r & {dfwdVr` {hX _hmgmJa _|bdUVm n[adVZerbVm amo{YH$m Va Ho$ {Z_mU `m AnaXZ Ho$ _m`_ gogVh Ama CngVh VmnH$_ H$mo ^m{dV H$aVm h (AmH$Vr 45)&
-
49
AmH$Vr 46 : TC 04A Ho AmIar {XZ Ho$ _mS>b gmJar dmh, g{_l gVh AmaVmn_mZ ~Xbm d (0 x 0)$ ~m`r Va\$, Ama OmXm dmJrH$aU Ho$ {bE Vmn_mZ~Xbmd, gmW_| VwbZm Ho$ {bE [ZarjU {H$E JE ~Xbmd & YZ _w`m|Ho$ N>m{`V {H$`mJ`m h &
_mS> ybr _hmgmJa {V$n $n (MOM4pOc) H$m Cn`moJCUH${Q>~Yr` {hX _hmgmJa _| ^maVr` _hmgmJa {XY wd(AmB.Amo.S>r.) {dKm KQ>ZmAm| go g~{YV _hmgmJar` {H$`mAmH$mo A``Z H$aZo Ho$ {b o {H$`m J`m & {V$n Zo pXYwd {dKm dfm]Ho$ XmamZ jo _| erVbZ & VnZ d{V`m| H$m g\$bVmnydH$ AZwH$m[aV{H$`m & {V$n AZwH$m[aV jom| H$m Vmn ~OQ> {dbofU Zo H$Q>{H$`m {H$ KZm_H$ gVh Vmn A{^dmh Ama CXJ A{^dhZ Eb {ZZmoHo$ gmW AmB.Amo.S>r. Ho$ EH$ gmW hmoZo H$m g_mnZ H$aVo h O~ {H$j{VO Ama CXJ A{^dhZ Ja-Eb {ZZmo dfm] Ho$ XmamZ AmB.Amo.S>r.g_mnZ Ho$ {b o {O_oXma h & gVhr` Vmn A{^dmh H$m `moJXmZg^r pXYwd dfm] _| g_mnZ H$s ma{^H$ AdWm Ho$ XmamZ gmWH$ahVm h & G$Um_H$ pXYwd df 1996 Ho$ XmamZ pXYwd H$m g_mnZ_w`V AgJV G$Um_H$ gVhr` Vmn A{^dmhm| Ama jo{VOA{^dhZ Ho$ H$maU hAm &
~hwVar` {ZX}emH$ nr.Amo.E_. {V_mZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo${{d_r` _hmgmJar` {VH${V A``Z
{{_Vr {g_m {ZX}emH$ {VH${V, nr.Amo.E_. {gH$m m{VO,{d`moOZ 10 x 10 h, VWm {g_| gVh go gmJa H$s JhamB VH$ 21 Vah Cn`moJ H$aHo$ gVhr VWm AVagVhr YmamAm| H$m AZwH$ma A``Z{V_mVjo 350-990 ny. 24.50 - 2550 140 _|, BgrE_ S>by EH$_m{gH$ AmgV Obdm wdr`H$ gVh ~bm| VWm bohrQ>_ Obdm wHo$AVar_ ~bmo H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {H$`m & {VH${V hH$ Zo ~b dm{fH$MH$ VWm gmWH$ AYVyb n[agMaU _| n[adVZ erbVm H$mo X{eV{H$`m h & ~moarAb OmS>oHo$ {XZm| _|, gVhr gmo_mbr Ymam X{jU H$sAmoa ~hVr Wr, bo{H$Z `h bjU 70 _r. go `mXm JhamB _| Zhrnm`m J`m & gmo_br Ymam H$s {Xem H$m CH$_U Ho$db Cnar CnmbrnaV go 50 go 70 _r. H$s JhamB VH$ hr CnpWV Wr & AXa ghVrgmo_mbr Ymam H$s {Xem, dfJQ> CVa H$s Amoa nmB J`r & VWm `h^r nm`m J`m {H$ npM_r AI gmJa _o AX$Zr gVhr X{jUrYmam, 50 30 Ho$ CVa H$s Amoa ~gV Ama J_u `m CnpWV Wr&
Bg {VH${V H$mo {\$a go {dbo{fV E.gr.B.nr. dmnw ~b AmabohrQ>g Obdm w Ho$ {b o n[a{_V {H$`m J`m & gVhr hdmE {hXgmJa _o 380 X. Ho$ X{jU H$r Amoa df a Z ~Xbr hB nmB J`r &AV 400 X. H$mo gVhr ~bm|Ho$ {b o mH${VH$ _`mXm _m Om gH$Vmh, Ama Bg{b o 400 X. 250 C. 30 ny. 1150 ny. H$mo {V_mZ jo{Z${nV {H$`m EZ.gr.B.nr. {debofV AmH$S>m| H$mo {V_mZ {JS>AVd}{eV H$aZo Ho$ {b o CVmam J`m &
{V_mZ MH$dmV|m Ho$ {V _hmgmJa H$s AZw{H$`m
Aa~ gmJa Ho$ TC04 A MH$dmVgo (H$mbmdYr 4-7 Zd~a2004) g_wr {V{H$`m H$m {ZarjU H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am` Ama Or(Am` Am` Q>r E_ J{V_mZ Jw$dmH$f) gmJa {VH$Vr _| ~XbmdXoIo JE & BgHo$ {bE 0 x 0 dmJrH$aU {VH$Vr H$m Cn`moJ{H$`m h & {VH$VrZo Cd_wI _| H$moB Img Xm`m Va\$ PwH$mdZht {XIm`m, bo{H$Z 2.50 Ho$ Xm`r Va\$ erVbZ nm`m J`m &_mS>b dmJrH$aU 0 go 1/120 ~XbH$a gdoXZm `h ^r nm`mJ`m H$s Cd_wI go AYmo_wI OmXm Vrd hAm h & Cd Vmn_mZdJVm H$_ aIVo hE gmJarerVb {\$ago 2.50 C H$m nm`m J`m &TC 04A (AmH$Vr 46) MH$dmV Ho$ dmh _| {ZarjU {H$`m JEerVbZ 1.50 C h & bo{H$Z _mS>b {V_mZgo nm`o J`o erVbZOmXm h & Bg \$H$ H$m EH$ H$maU Aa~ gmJa H$s OmXm jmaVm gohmo gH$Vm h `m|H$s jmaVm H$m Cn`moJ {V_mZ _| Zhr {H$`mJ`m h &
-
50
AmH$Vr 47 : {gV~a, Aw$~a VWm Zd~a na dm{fH$ amg~r VaJ AdgV
BgHo$ Abmdm {nN>bo XeH$ go CVaAma X{jU {hXr _hmgmJa _| 15 MH$dmV MwZoJE & 1 gVh Ama 2 gVh gmJar {V_mZH$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ gmJar Vmn_mZ H$m {M XoImJ`m & MH$dmV Ho$ VrdVm na AmYmarV 10 go30 gr H$m gmJar erVbZ nm`m J`m & `herVbVm Vy\$mZr ndZm| Ho$ gamohU Ho$ H$maUH$s JB Cdmh Ho$ O~m~ _| Wr & AmJo {V$nEg Eg Q>r {dgJ{V`m| Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$s JB&erVbZ jo Ho$ gmW MH$dmVr` n[agMaUH$mo ^r AN>o VarHo$go AZwH$m[aV {H$`m J`mAma BgH$s gh_{V o{jV erVbZ Ho$ gmWnm`r JB & {V$n Ho$ {bE {Zdoe XmZ {H$ oJ o dmV{dH$ MH$dmVm| H$s H$_ VrdVm Ho$H$maU {V$n AZwH$m[aV Eg Eg Q>r{dgJ{V`m| H$mo o{jV {dgJ{V`m| go A{YH$H$_Omoa nm`m J`m &
AmaJmo ojU Ho$ H$maU Aao{~`Z g_w _|ObghVr n[adhZ
AmaJmo ojU Ho$ Xmam {_br Vmn_mZAma bdUVm n[aN>o{XH$m`m| H$s gyMZmAm| H$moAa~ gmJa _| hmoZo dmbo 2002 go 2004 df Ho$ObghVr n[adhZ A``Z Ho$ {bE BVo_mb{H$`m J`m & X{jUr-npM_r _mmgyZ G$VyHo$ XmamZ X{jU-npM_ hdmAm| Ho$ nydAmJ_Z Ho$ AmKmV H$mo Cnar _hmgmJar`VmnH$_ Ama npM_r Aa~ gmJa_| bdUVmH$mo XoIm J`m & gnyU df _| CVar Aa~ gmJa_| Xmo bdUVm CV_ nm o J o & nydu Aa~gmJa Ho$ _`Vam| _| bdUVm CV_ bmbgmJa (Ama Eg S>by) Ho$ nmZr Ho$ H$maU ahVrh, Omo {H$ J_u H$s G$Vy _| A{YH$ ^mdrhmoVm h & npM_r Aa~ gmJa _| Ama EgS>by go g~{YV A{YH$V_ bdUVm nyao df a~Zm hAm Wm & Aa~ gmJa Ho$ Cna CXJ_jom| go ObghVr A{^J_Z Ho$ gm` H$moAmaJmo b{dV nWm| Ama ndZ dm{hV_hmgmJar` A{^J_Zm| go Wm{nV {H$ o J oWo & Jr_ _mZgyZ Ho$ XmamZ npM_r Aa~
gmJa Ho$ Cna AmaJmo bd H$m CVam{^_wI J{V Ama nydu Aa~ gmJa _| X{jUmdV J{VndZ dm{hV A^J_Zm| Ho$ gJV nm o J o Wo &
qhX _hmgmJa _| Ho$pdZ VWm amog~r VaJo
Ho$pdZ (AYdm{fH$ Ed _m{gH$) Ama amog~r VaJmo Ho$ (AYdm{fH$, dm{fH$ Ama pXdm{fH$)KQ>H$m| go Aa~ gmJa (200 X. 200 C. Ama 400-120 ny.) _| Q>monog / nmogo{S>`Z g_w H$s1993-2001 (10 {XZm|Ho$ AmgV Ho$ AmH$S>o) g_w gVh {dgJ{V`m| H$s VWm gab _hmgmJaAmH$S>m dmJrH$aU (gmoS>m) H$s g_w gVh CMmB {dgJ{V`m| H$mo n[a{_V AmdoJ AZw{H$`m(E\$.Am`.Ama.) {\$Q>a H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {ZH$mbm J`m & pXYwd g_mZ AV[aj gaMZmXmoZm| AmH$S>o g_w` go pXYwd g_mZ AV[aj gaMZm o{jV H$s J`r, Omo qhX _hmgmJapXYwd AmdV H$mo M[aVmW H$aVr h (AmH${V 47)&
oH$ YZm_H$ qhX _hmgmJa pXYwd Ho$ {Z_mU Ho$ EH$ df go ^r nyd, nydu gr_m gonpM_ H$s Amoa gM[aV hmoVr hB 1.50 X. _| {dgJV {ZZdmhr` pXdfu amog~r VaJo XoIrJ`r & g_H$mb _| Cdmh {V^mJ ^r {eIa {hX _hmgmJa pXYwd Ho$ XmamZ nyd _| XoIoJ o Wo Omo {H$ {dfwdVr` qhX _hmgmJa _| Vmn dUVm Ho$ {V Cna ZrMo OmoZb dUVm {X o&
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51
npM_ Ho$ Amoa gM[aV {ZZdmhr` pXdfu amog~r VaJ gHo$V H$mo{hX _hmgmJar` pXYwd Ho$ {bE nydmZw_mZH$ _mZm Om gH$Vm h&Q>monog / nmogrS>Z AmH$S>m| go y_` aoIr` dm{fH$ Ama AYdm{fH$amog~r VaJm| Ho$ gMaU H$mo ^y_` aoIm Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa OwS>do Om`gH$s Vah XoIm J`m & {hN> _hmgmJar` pXYwd dfm} (AWm 1994Ama 1997) Ho$ XmamZ ^y_`aoIr` dm{fH$ amog~r VaJmo Ho$ gMaU_| (750 ny- 850 ny.) Ho$ g_rn EH$ {mMmd o{jV {H$`m J`m,{OgHo$ {bE dm`y {V~b VWm dm`y {V~b Hw$Vb H$mo _hdnyU^y{_H$m {Z^mVo XoIm J`m &
AVy~a go {Xg~a 1994 Ho$ XmamZ {dgJV {ZZdmhr`o_m{gH$ Ho$pdZ VaJ gMaU Zo moZr {dV[aV `wp_V H$_H$mo g_m {H$`m & {\$a ^r Ab{ZZmo gJm_r (AWmV 1997){hX _hmgmJar` pXYwd Ho$ XmamZ Bg H$ma H$s {ZZdmhr`Ho$pdZ VaJo AZwnpWVrV Wr &
emV _hmgmJar` _b YyUH$m| (nr.Q>r.Or.) H$s nhMmZ AmaAb{ZZmo 3.4 jo _| CUVa VmnH$_ o[aV H$aZo _| CZH$s
y{_H$m
^y_` aoIr` qhX _hmgmJa _o OwS>do Om`g H$s nhMmZH$aZo Ho$ ~mX emV _hmgmJa Ho$ CU H${Q>~Yr` jom|_o BgH$maHo$ Om`g Ho$ ApVd H$m n[ajU {H$`m J`m & Bg CXXoe Ho$ {bES>`y Amo gr B o{jV Ymam| Q>monog `wnm{XV g_w gVh CMmB`m,Q>r E Amo o{jV g_w gVh VmnH$_ AJJV A{V D$M {d^oXZ{d{H$aU_mnr go CnJh `wnm{XV g_w gVh VmnH$_ VWm AV _|E_ Am` Q>r Amo Or gr E_ ~{hd}e H$m ^br ^mVr A``Z {H$`mJ`m & `h nm`m J`m {H$ OwS>dm Om`g nydu emV _hmgmJa Ho$Cb{ZZmo jo _| ^r CnpWV h Ama emV OwS>do Om`g Ho$ Zm_goOmZo OmVo h & Ja-Ab{ZZmo dfm} Ho$ XmamZ OmJg H$m MH$dmVr`H$ma H$m n[agMaU hmoVm h O~ {H$ Ab{ZZmo dfm] Ho$ XmoamZ Om`gH$m MH$dmVr` H$ma H$m n[agMaU hmoVm h& O~ {H$ Ab{ZZmodfm] Ho$ XmamZ n[agMaU {V_mZ {dn[aV MH$dmVr` hmoVm h& `h^r nm`m J`m {H$ BZ (nr Q>r Or Eg ) H$m AnZo {dn[aV MH$dmVr`odmh mam 3.4 jo _| A{YH$ Vmn_mZ o[aV H$aZo _| Vrd ^mdhmoVm h, Omo {H$ dU KZmH$_ bmVo h, dh ~Xbo _| Cg jo _|g_w gVh VmnH$_ ~T>mVm h& 3.4 jo _| nr Q>r Or Ho$ ^md H$m{MhZH$ Vmn-UdVm Ho$ nydm{^_wI Ad_mZ& PwH$md _| ^r {>JmoMa hAm Wm& `h XoIm J`m {H$ {dfwdVr` emV _hmgmJa _|amog~r Ama Ho${dZ VaJmo H$s nman[aH$ {H$`mAm| H$m A``Z BZnr Q>r Or Ho$ mam {H$`m Om gH$Vm h&
amg~r VaJ gMaU na Eb {ZZmo Ho$ ^md
{hX _hmgmJa _| {dfu Ama dm{fH$ amg~r VaJmo Ho$ gMaUna Eb {ZZmo H$m ^md o{jV {H$`m J`m& `h XoIm J`m {H$ Eb
{ZZmo {hX _hmgmJa _| dm{fH$ Ama {dfu amg~r VaJm| H$m {Z_mUXoa go hmoVm h& {hX _hmgmJa Ho$ BS>moZo{e`Z gVV dmh jom|(12.5 - 7.5) _| {dfu Ama amg~r VaJo emV _hmgmJa {Ywd AmaEb {ZZmo Ho$ ~rM ZO H$S>r H$m g_WZ H$aVr h&
EZ. gr. B. nr. - EZ. gr. E. Ama. nwZ{dbo{fV AmH$S>m| mamZXm{ZH$ A``Z
bKy J_ Hw$S> (E_. S>`y. nr., Eg. Eg. Q>r. - 30.50 C)Ho$ {Z_mU _| AVdm{fH$ n[adVZerbVm Ama nydu _` Aa~ gmJa(B. gr. E. Eg.) Ho$ Cna ma{^H$ _m_b (Amo. hr.) Ho$ {Z_mU naBgHo$ ^md H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE, gmm{hH$ Eg. Eg. Q>r. AmH$S>m|Ama 850 ndZ jom| H$m {dbofU 1992 - 2003 H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE_B go OyZ VH$ {H$`m J`m& {dbofU go H$Q> h Am {H$E_. S>`y. nr. H$m {Z_mU 100-150 C., 650-750 ny. jom| Ho$ D$nahAm Ama 1994, 1998, 2001, 2002 Ama 2003 dfm] Ho$ XmamZ XrKH$mb (2 go 3 gmh) VH$ dhm nS>m ahm& hmbm{H$ ~mH$s dfm] _oE_. S>`y. nr. _B Ho$ ew _| hr ~Zm naVw AmZgoQ> Ho$ nhbo `m Vmo_B Ho$ A{V_ gmh AWdm OyZ Ho$ W_ gmh _| hr nyU n go Z>hmo J`m& 850 ndZ jo Zo {XIbm`m {H$ Amo hr. _m df 1994,1998 Ama 2001 Ho$ XmamZ E_. S>`y. nr. Ho$ Cma H$s Va\$ Ama{ZZ Va Yma Aj Ho$ Cmar nmd na EH$ Vrd Umbr _| {dH${gVhAm Omo {H$ _mZgyZ ma^ hmoZo Ho$ R>rH$ nhbo MONEX - 79 Ho$^{_b Ho$ g_mZ ^maV Ho$ X{jUr N>moa H$s Va\$ ~T>m& npM_rAao{~`Z gmJa (WAS) jo 50S - 200 N, 500 - 700 E Ho$ D$na jo_`H$V jor` J{VO D$Om (ZKE) Zo Ho$ab _| _mZgyZ doe (MOK)Ho$ nhbo 5-15 m2/s2 H$m {ZZV_ _mZ Ama MOK Ho$ XmamZ Ama ~mX_| 40-70 m2/s2 H$m A{YH$V_ _mZ {XIbm`m O~ H$s ECAS (jo65-75 ny., 8-15 C.) Ho$ {bE ZKE Zo MOK Ho$ ~mX 280 m2/s2 H$mA{YH$V_ _mZ {XIbm`m.
AZwfJr ojUm| Ho$ mam ZXm{ZH$ A``Z
Ho$ab Ho$ D$na ^maVr` Jr_ _mZgyZ ISM H$s Ama{^H$ {VWrAma BgH$s AVdm{fH$ n[adVZerbVm H$mo mJw$ Ama g_PZo Ho${bE A``Z {H$`m J`m& X{ZH$ {ZJ_Zr XrKVaJ {d{H$aU (OLR)AmH$S>o {OZH$m Cn`moJ CUH${Q>~Yr` gdhZ Ho$ {bE {Vkm Ho$ n _|hmo gH$Vm Wm, am>r` _hmgmJar` Ama dm w_S>br` emgZ (NOAA)g{H$`m_H$ Ywdr` H$jr` CnJhm| Ho$ AJJV A{V D$M {d^oXZ{d{H$aU_mnr (AVHRR) Ho$ Wo& Ho$db AmH$mer` n[aga 900N - 900Sgo 00 - 357.50 E dmbo {JS w$ (2.50 x 2.50) X{ZH$ _m` OLR AmH$S>mo
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H$m `moJ H$aHo$ {nN>bo AmR> dfm} H|$ {b o 1974 go 2005 Ho$ XmamZA``Z {H$`m J`m& nydu emV _hmgmJa Ama _mS>mJmH$a Ho$ nydX{jUr {hX _hmgmJa Ho$ D$na {ZZmo 3.4 jo Ho$ ~rM X{ZH$ OLR H$mAVa df 1998 go 2005 Ho$ XmamZ oH$ df Ho$ {bE _` - Ab Ho$~mX Ama _` _B go nhbo Ho$db EH$ ~ma hr BgH$m yZV_ _mZnhMm& Bg A``Z go H$ar~ 6 go 7 nMV A{J_ _| Am`. Eg. E_.Ho$ {bE g m` Ama{^H$ {VWr H$s mJw{$ _| _XX {_br&
Q>r. E_. AmB. Eg. Eg. Q>r. Ho$. mam ZXm{ZH$ A``Z
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{_{lV Va {Vn A``Z
EH$ {{d_r` A{_dmhr {_{lV Va _hmgmJar` {Vn H$mo200 X. Ho$ Cma Cmar {hX _hmgmJa Ho$ D$na {dH${gV {H$`m J`m&EH$ Amo. Or. gr. E_. AZwH$m[aV gVh YmamAm| H$m Cn`moJ {Vn _|VmnH$_ A{^dmh wn H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m& {Vn H$mo EZ.gr. B. nr. gVh A{^dmhm| Ho$ mam ge$ {H$`m J`m& {Vn Zo df1993 go 2000 Ho$ XmamZ {_{lV Va VmnH$_ _| AVdmfuH$n[adVZerbVm AZwH$m[aV {H$`m& df 1994 Ama 1997 Ho$ XmamZ o{jV{hX _hmgmJa {Ywd H$mo {Vn Ho$ mam AN>r Vah AZwH$m[aV{H$`m J`m& _mM go _B 1998 Ho$ XmamZ o{jV moUr `mnH$ VnZ H$mo^r {Vn Ho$ mam AZwH$m[aV {H$`m J`m&
dm w_S>br` Am{OH$s H$m VaJ g`m Ed Amd{V jo_| A``Z
(nr. Eg. gmbdoH$a, S>r. Ama. MH$~moVu, Eg. Eg. XogmB,EZ. Ho$. AJdmb, Eg. S>o., Eg. Eg. ZmBH$, Ama. Eg. Ho$. qgh,E_. Eg. XoenmS>o)
^maVr` jo na AVH$mb Ho$b A`mo` {H$`mE
1996, 1997 VWm 1998 H$s r-_mZgyZ VWm _mZgyZ F$VwAm|_| _S>Z Oy{b`Z XmobZm| (MJOS) Ho$ ^md H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {b o,400-1200 ny. VWm EQ - 300 C. jo H$m EZ gr B nr AmH$S>o boH$aZXm{ZH$ COm g~Yr A``Z Amd{V jo _| {H$`m J`m& n[aUm_m|
go kmg hAm {H$ df 1997 H$mo N>moS>H$a Omo {H$ Eb. ZrZmo df Wm, r-_mZgyZ VWm _mZgyZ F$VwAm| _| E_ Oo Amo H$mb n_mZo Ho$ {ZZ Amd{VXmobZm| Ho$ aIaImd Ho$ {b o F$Vwdr` _`_mZ dmh J{VO D$Om H$m_w` moV h& J{VO D$Om _| AaoIr` Ho$b A`mo` {H$`mE r_mZgyZ H$mb Ad{Y H$s E_ Oo Amo J{V{d{YAm| H$mo, `hm VH$ {H$_w` gdhZr` jom| go Xya ^r, o[aV H$aVr h& n[aUm_m| Zo `h ^rgw$md {X`m {H$ `{X AmVa F$Vwdr` XmobZ F$Vwdr` _`_mZ H$mo^m{dV H$aVo h Vmo do _mZgyZ H$s AmV[aH$ {Z_ Amd{V n[adVZH$mo Cn H$a gH$Vo h&
_hmgmJar` jom| na Amd{V jo _| Am{OH$s
{hX _hmgmJa(10oS - 10oN, 60o - 110o E), npM_r emV_hmgmJa (10 oS - 10oN, 150o - 130o E) VWm _` emV _hmgmJa(10o S - 10o N, 160o - 180o W) Ho$ D$na 20 _B - 31 {gV~a 2004H$s Ad{Y H$m EZ. gr. B. nr. / EZ. gr. E. Ama. Ho$ X{ZH$VWm AmH$S>o boH$a {ZZ jmo__S>b _| E_ Oo Amo g_` Ho$b na D$Omdr H$m A``Z {H$`m J`m& BZ _hmgmJar` jom| na CUXoer`AWm{`dmo Zo CUXoer` jm|_| Ho$ n[anyU g_yh H$mo XmZ {H$`mOmo {H$ E_ Oo Amo g_` Ho$b Ho$ gmW A`mo` {H$`m Ho$ {b o V maVWm Vrjm H$aVo {XIm`r {X o& Bg A``Z o `h XoIm J`m {H${hX _hmgmJa VWm npM_r emV _hmgmJa Ho$ D$na AVH$mbHo$b A`mo` {H$`mAm| Ho$ H$maU E_ Oo Amo g_` Ho$b Ho$ gmWA`mo` {H$`m Ho$ {b o V ma VWm Vrjm H$aVo {XIm`r {X o& BgA``Z _| `h XoIm J`m {H$ {hX _hmgmJa VWm npM_r emV_hmgmJa Ho$ D$na AVH$mb Ho$b A`mo` {H$`mAm| Ho$ H$maU E_ OoAmo g_` Ho$b Xmam A{eV D$Om VWm BgH$s d{X EH$ AWnyU
y{_H$m AXm H$aVr h & n[aUm_m| Zo {hX _hmgmJa VWm npM_remV _hmgmJa Ho$ D$na E_ Oo Amo {H$`m H$bmnm| H$m T> Xyag moOZH$m gwPmd {X`m&
Amd{V jo _| _hmgmJa - dm w_S>b A`mo` {H$`mE
`wp_V {V$n Ho$ {dbofUm| na AmYm[aV (_g bmH$BgQ>rQ yQ> _hmgmJa {V$n VWm E\$ Eg y Or Eg E_ dm w_S>b{V$n), {hX _hmgmJa jo (100S-100 N, 600-1100 E) Ho$ D$naA``Z _| _mM 1996 go _mM 1997 Ho$ XmamZ X{ZH$ u VWm v H$mo{dbo{fV {H$`m J`m VWm A``Z go nVm Mbm {H$ Jhr` n[agr_mVa Zo g^r Ajmemo na E_ Oo Amo g_` Va Ho$ da gdoJ A{^dmhm|H$s gm_m` T> _mZ X{eV {H$`m & gma$nr g_` Ho$b XmamAeXmZ Hw$b A{^J_Z H$m bJ^J 15 {VeV Wm VWm g^r _hmgmJago dm w_S>b H$s Va\$ {ZX}{eV Wm & Amd{V jo _| VaJ D$OmA{^dmhom Ho$ A^H$bZ Ho$ n[aUm_m| Zo E_ Oo Amo Ho$ aIaImd VWmM[a H$mo ^m{dV H$aZo Ho$ {b o {d[^ g_` Ho$bm| na VaU _|A`mo` {H$`m Eg Eg Q>r H$s$ _hdnyU y{_H$m H$mo Xem m &
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AmH$Vr 48 : 26 OwbmB 2005 H$mo 800E na 5 - 10 naV _| u Ama v (m s-1), s-1 (mb2 s2 m-2),
Qy(10-11 m-1 S-1) Ama jo{` ndZ H$s CXJ n[aN>o{XH$m |
_`_ n[aga CUH${Q>~Yr` _mg_ nydmZw_mZ_| nydmZw_mZ {V$n H$m AaoIr` w{Q> H$mD$Om ~OQ>
Xmo {dnarV _mg_m| Ho$ XmamZ CUH${Q>~Yna Aao{I` w{Q> {deofVm Ho$ Ho$b AmYm[aVbjUm| H$mo g~mo{YV H$aZo Ho$ {b`o, \$mo[a`anoH$Q>b jo _| w{Q> D$Om dpX Xa g_rH$aUHo$ {Z`V VWm `mpN>H$ w{Q> D$Om H$s dpXXa VWm {d{^ J{VH$s` nX Ogo A{^dmh,CnmXZ VWm $nmVaU nXm | H$m A``ZEZ gr B nr (E_ Ama E\$) Ho$ erV G$Vw({Xg~a , OZdar, \$adar 2000-01) Ed Jr_F$Vw (OyZ, OwbmB, AJV 2001) Ho$gmV{XZ VH$Ho$ nydmZw_m{ZV ndZ jo Ho$ dpdH$ H${Q>~Y(30 o S - 30o N) Ho$ AmH$S>o boH$a {H$`m J`m&{Z`V w{Q> D$Om H$s d{ Xa H$m _wI noQ>merV F$Vw _| VaJ g`m EH$ VWm VrZ AmaJr_ F$VwAm| _| `mpN>H$ w{Q> D$Om H$s drXa H$m _wI noH$b ~S> VaJ g`m 3-8 `m 4-9_|, O~rH$ g~go `mXm d{ XIr J`r& {Z`VVWm `mpN>H$ wQ>r dr Xa g_rH$aUm| _oCnmXZ nX H$m gdmb h, {Z`V VWm `mpN>H$w{Q> CZ VaJ g`m`m| _| Cn h`r Ohmnana g~pYV w{Q> CZ VaJ g`m`m| _| Cnh r Ohm nana g~pYV w{Q> Zo AnZm gdm{YH$gaU {XIm`m& `{>JV {g`wO A`mo`{H$`mAm|go {d{^ VaJ g`mAm| _| AaoIr`w{Q> COm {d{Z_` Ho$ gX _| {d{^ J{VH$s`nXm| Ho$ _wI noQ>m H$s `m`m H$s J`r&{dbofUm |Z o Xem `m {H$ ~S> o H o $b H$sCUH${Q>~Yr` w{Q> H$m _w` moV gmanrVWm ngmanr Ho $b H$s CUH${Q >~ Yr`n[aKQ>ZmAm| go g w$ h&
df 2005 Ho$ XmamZ A{Vg{H$` _mgyZ H$mb H$m ZXm{ZH$ A``Z &
df 2005 Ho$ _mgyZ F$Vw _|, AVr dfm H$m AmJ_Z A{V_ gmh Ho$ OyZ AmaOwbmB _| hmo J`r& {g\$ Angm_m` A{Vdfm Ho$ H$maU go OmXmVa Cn{d^mJ_| gm_m`H$ma H$s dfm OyZ Ho$ A{V_ gmh Ama OwbmB _| hmo J`r& 21-30 OyZ Ama 22 - 31 OwbmBH$s H$mbmdYr _| gVh go 200, jo 50 E - 100 E Ama {dfwdV - 30 N Ho$ EZ. gr. B. nr.nwZ{dbo{fVX{ZH$ jor`Ama aoIm{eH$ ndZ (u Ama v), Vmn_mZ (T) Ama Amno{jH$AmVm (q) H$m `moJ H$aHo$ BZ Agm_m` {H$`mAm|H$m A``Z J{VH$ (D, z, w ) Ama^m{VH$s Ho$ narjU mam {H$`m J`m& J{VH$ ApWaVm {deofVmAm|H$m A``Z, Cnamo$gnyU Ad{YHo$ {bE W{VH$, Wm{`d, Ama {d^d _rbVm H$m aoIm{eH$ dUVmH$mA{^H$bZ H$aHo$ {H$ o J o& g^r n[aUm_m| Zo {XIm`m {H$ {ZZ jmo _S>b _o 700 - 800Ho$ ZOXrH$ dm w_S>b A{V ApWa h Ama g^r {XZm| Ho$ {bE n[agr_mVa _| Xm~ dUrVAmd`H$ eV}na gVmof hAm h(AmH$Vr 48)& AmJo naVm| _| jor` Ama aoImerH$ndZm| H$m n[ajU ^r {H$`m J`m& g^r {XZm| Ho$ {bE (Y - P) naV _|, n[agr_m Va _|bKw_mZ MH$dmVr o n[agMaUm| H$m ApVd, 150-200 N Ho$ Amgnmg Vrd nR> KfU H m^md Ama 50-60 N na {Vbmo Z XoIo J o& 230 N, 680 E Ho$ ZOXrH$ 400 VH$ H$sA{YH$V_ VrdVmZo Ama H$s A{YH$V_ VrdVmZo gy{MV {H$`m h {H$ AnVa moUr OyZ Ama
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AmH$Vr 49 : A``Z go m {H$ o {V{nV MH$mdmV Ho$ _mJ {Og_o nmM AbJ H$nmgr M{bH$aU `moOZm Ogo ~oQ>g- {_ba, Job, H$Z {\$e - 1 AmaH$Z - {\$e - 2. Cn`moJ {H$`m h& {Og_| 50 {H$. _r. j{VO {d oXZ h& a) ~hV jo b) _`_ jo c) bKw jo d) 25 {H$. _r. j{VO {d oXZ Ho$gmW bKw jo&
(d ) SMALL
OwbmB, XmoZm| pWVr _| g{H$` h {OgHo$ n[aUm_ dn g^r {XZm| _|^mar dfm m H$s J`r& CXJ_| nwdm{d_wI PwH$md CdJVt Ho$ jom|gon> ngo XoIm J`m& gmanr {H$`m{dr H$mo Bggo g_WZ {_bmOmo{H$ Cg Ad{Y _| CnpWV Wm& _` jmo _S>b _| n[agr_m AVa_| Vrd {ZZVa A{^gaU, Vrd CdJrV Ama VoO CUlmoV _o CMVrdVm Zo EH$gmW {XIbm`m {H$ UmbrH$m {dH$mg {H$`m {dYr Ho$H$maU h&
~JmbHo$ CngmJa _| Am o _hmMH$mdmV H$m mn V ma H$aZo Ho${b o _ogmoHo$b {ZXe MM5 (E_ E_ 5) H$m Cn`moJ.
qhX _hmgmJa Ho$ CU H$Q>r~Yr` MH$mdmV Ho$ {Z_mU _| g_wVWm dmVmdaU Ogo wp_V Umbr H$s y{_H$m H$m A``Z JadW{VH$, {g_m (6) {ZX}emH$ dmbo _ogmoHo$b {ZXe E_. E_. 5 H$mCn`moJ {H$`m J`m& BgHo$ {b o Ay$~a 1999 H$mo CS>rgm _| Am o
_hmMH$dmV H$m CXmhaU {b`m h& {ZXe _| {b o jo H$m AmH$ma({JS> g`m Ho$ AZwgma ~hV 150 x 150, _`_ 100 x 100,bKw - 50 x 50) VWm H$nmgr mM{bH$aU `moOZmAm|H$m (AK, BM,GRELL,KF KF2) ^md XoIZo Ho$ {b o gdoXZ{ebVm `moJ {H$ oJ o& Bg A``Z _| ha `moJ _| EH$ hr jo {b`m J`m h Amaj{VO {d oXZ 50 {H$._r. aIm h& ma{^H$ Ama n[agr_m pWVrwamo{n`Z g|Q>a \$ma {_{S`_ a|O doXa \$moaH$mpQ>J (ECMWF) Ho$ 40
gmW Ho$ [aAZm{`{gg (50) AmH$S>m| go m {H$ J`r, {OgH$m j{VO{d oXZ 2.50 x 2.50 h>& {Ogo mn H$mo 5 {XZ (26 go 30 Aw$~a) Ho${b o g_mH${bV {H$`m& Bg A`Z go m hE n[a_mUm| go jo Ho$AmH$ma H$s y{_H$m H$m nVm MbVm h& bKwjo Ama Ho$. E\$. Qw>.M{bH$aU `moOZm go MH$mdmV H$mo ~ohVa V[aHo$ go {V{nV {H$`mh& C {d oXZ H$m n[aUm_ XoIZo Ho$ {b o bKw jo H$mo dhr nmMAbJ M{bH$aU `moOZmAm|Ho$ gmW {ZXe H$mo g_mH$m{bV {H$`mJ`m {Og_| 25 {H$. _r. aIm& CM {d oXZ go MH$mdmV H$s VrdVmH$mo ~ohVa {VnrV {H$`m h& bo{H$Z CgH$m _mJ {dM{bV hAm h&
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Obdm w Ed d{H$ {V_mZZ {d^mJ, d{H$ {V_mZZmam Obdm w, Umbr _| {Z{hV ^m{VH$s` Ed J{VH$s` {H$`mAm|H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE A``Z gM{bV H$aVm h& dV_mZ emoY H$m H$_{ZZ{b{IV Co`m| na AmYm[aV h :
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ZXm{ZH$s Ed {V_mZZ mam ^maVr`- E{e`mn{g{\$H$ jom| Ho$ Obdm w H$m XrKH$m{bZ dmr Edn[adVZerbVm H$m A``Z
(Ama. H$UZ, Oo. Ama. Hw$bH$Uu, E. Ho$. ghm`, Eg. Ho$. _mS>Ho$,E_. _wOw_Xma, Eg. nr. KmaJo)
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(E. Ho$. ghm`, Ama. H$UZ, Oo. Ama. Hw$bH$Uu, Eg. Ho$. _mS>Ho$,E_. E. {eXo, Eg. nr. KmaJo)
^maVr` Jr_H$mbrZ _mZgyZ Ho$ A{Vdfm/Andfm Xma naObdm w n[adVZ H$m ^md
Obdm w n[adVZ Ho$ AVagaH$mar nZob (IPCC) {ZYmaU[anmoQ> (AR-4) Ho$ AVJV Xg wp_V {V_mZZm| Ho$ mam AZwH$V^maVr` _mZgyZ Ho$ A{Vdfm/Andfm Xma Ho$ Cna Obdm w n[adVZHo$ ^md H$m AdoeZ {H$`m J`m& h OmM A{Vdfm/Andfm XmaH$s g`m, Ad{Y Ed CZHo$ g mo{OV jo{` gaMZm H$s VwbZm H$Q>mobAZwH${V go H$aHo$ H$s J`r& Obdm w n[adVZ H$m ^md Xmo `moJm| -nhbm 1% {Vdf go ~T>H$a CO
2 Ho$ XwJwZo hmoZo (1Pctto 2x) VWm
Xwgam 1% {Vdfm go ~T>H$a BgHo$ MmJwZo hmoZo (1Pctto 4x) mam{H$`m J`m& AmH$Vr 51 _| GFDL_CM2.1 {V_mZ mam AZwH$V_mZgyZ Ho$ Andfm Xma H$s {dgJ{V`m| H$mo Xem m J`m h& Cnamo$AZwH${V`m `h XemVr h {H$ H$Q>mob `moJ H$s VwbZm _| {d VmnZH$s KQ>ZmAm| H$mo g m{dV n go XemZodmbo `moJm| _| _mZgyZ AndfmHo$ XmamZ dfm _| Ama H$_r hmo gH$Vr h&
-
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AmH$Vr 50 : ^maV na {hX _hmgmJa _mZgyZ w_V AZmo`{H$`mE Ed gwIm
AmH$Vr 51 : dV_mZ {XZ Ed d{dH$ C_Vm ` nQ>b _| IS> _mZgyZ dfU AgJV AZwH$aU
-
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d gJ{R>V {V{MU n[aH$bZ-{H$`m Ho$ `moJ go _mZgyZHo$ AVa _mg_r mdW H$m EH$ AaoIr` dJuH$aU
_mZgyZ F$Vw H$s {gZmpQ>H$ AdWmAm| H$m dJuH$aUdfm Ed J{VH$s` mMbm| Ho$ AZwgma {H$`m OmVm h& dfm H$sAdWmAm| H$mo m`: A{Vdfm, Andfm Ed gm_m` dfmmdWmAm| Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h& Ogm {H$ Zm_ go hr nVmMbVm h, A{Vdfm Ho$ XmamZ dfm H$s g{H$`Vm H$m\$s ~T> OmVrh, gm_m` dfm Ho$ XmamZ Cgg| H$_, Ed Andfm Ho$ XmamZ~hV hr H$_ hmo OmVr h&[d{^ AdWmAm| _| dm`w_S>br`gMaU, dm`w_S>br` Xm~ Ed A` _mg_ {dkmZ go g~{YVKQ>H$m| H$m H$aH$Vd {^ n[apW{V`m| _| {^ hmoVm h& BZ V`m}H$s C{MV OmZH$mar Ho$ CnamV dm`w_S>br` gMaU g~Yr J{VH$s`KQ>H$m| H$m AmH$bZ AnojmH$V dmV{dH$Vm Ho$ H$ar~ hmoVm h&AV: _mg_r dfm Ho$ {d{^ nhbwAmo H$m dJuH$aU dm`w_S>br`gMaU g~Yr J{VH$s` KQ>H$m| na AmYm[aV EH$ Umbr H$mo{dH${gV {H$`m J`m h& Bg Umbr mam dJuH$V _mg_r dfmH$mo {gZmpQ>H$ MmQ> _| CnbY dfm go g~{YV dmV{dH$ V`m|Ho$ AmYma na OmMm Ed naIm J`m h& dkm{ZH$ H$mohoZoZ mam{dH${gV d` gJ{R>V {V{MU n[aH$bZ- {H$`m H$m Cn`moJdfm Ho$ Bg dJuH$aU Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m& _ybV: `h n[aH$bZ-{H$`m H${_ V{H$ gOmb (ANN) na AmYm[aV h Omo {H$dmV{dH$ V`mo Ed AmH$S>m| H$m g_mdof ^mdr $n go H$aVr h&
Bg dJuH$V {dbofU Ho$ {bE d{H$ dm w_S>br` AmH$S>o,wamonr` {V_mZZ Ed _mg_ nwdmZw_mZ H|$ mam CnbY {dbofU
go df 1980-2001 VH$ H$s AdYr Ho$ {bE {bE JE h& Bg n[aH$b{H$`m _| w$ _mg_ {dkmZ Ho$ KQ>H$ Bg H$ma h dfm, 850 Ed200 hPa H$s dm w Ho$ Ajmer` Ed aoImer` KQ>H$, 500 hPa Ho${OAmonmoQ>|{eAb, ndr gVh H$m dm wXm~, 850 hPa H$s {d{e>AmVm Ed g_w gVh H$m AmgV _m{gH$ Vmn_mZ Cnamo$ _mg_rKQ>H$mo H$s XrKH$mbrZ g_` loUr H$m dJrH$aU 3x3 n[aH$b {H$`mZmoS>g Ho$ n _o {H$`m J`m h& Bg dJuH$aU _| dfm H$s XrKH$mbrZOmZH$mar H$m g_mdoe Zhr {H$`m J`m h& h n[aH$bZ {H$`m _mg_rdfm H$s AdWmAmo Ed mdWmAmo H$mo _w` n go AdfZ A{VdfZEd g_m` dfm H$s pW{VAm| _| dJuH$V H$aZo _o H$m\$s hX VH$g\$b ahr & A` pW{VAm| Omo H$s AdfU A{VdfU Ed gm_m`dfm H$s pW{VAm| Ho$ AVJV g_m{d> h, Ed n[aH$bZ {H$`m godJuH$V H$s J`r h& Cnamo$ n[aH$bZ {H$`m Ho$ n[aUm_m| go n>hmoVm h H$s `{X dm`w_S>br` {V_mZmo Ho$ mam _mg_r gMmaUg~YrH$s J{VH$s`m KQ>H$m| H$m AmH$bZ dmV{dH$Vm Ho$ g_rn m{H$`m Om gH$Vm hAma Bg dJuH$aU go EH$ Ama V` gm_Zo Am`mH$s AdfU `m A{VdfZ H$s AdYr H$s XrKVm A` AdWmAm| H$sAd{Y go A{YH$ h& gmW hr $`h ^r {ZH$f {ZH$mbm J`m {H$ ANNVH${ZH$ Ho$ Cn`moJ go {gZmpQ>H$ MmQ> _| CnbY _mg_r V`m| Ho$dJuH$aU _y`mH$Z, dfm Ho$ _y`mH$Z H$mo r {ZX}{eV H$aZo _o Cn`moJr{g hmoJm&
-
58
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59
+ h B b |nE
(V. . {xi, V. M, B. Vx, B. E E, BS. {R>E)
i =hn Yx lx, {h
-
60
bxM + V { ix M +i E V{ J M
-
61
m`mo{OV AZwgYmZ n[a`moOZmE
lx W +xvx E l l v |E E +vx E |Vi {Vx+ E lx ] lx *{ b.V.{hbn
-
62
11. xE { x x E |nE + b.b.. Vv 2001-2005 29.65 Yx + |tME M,+Vx E { rxiE B |ME i E+vx
12. i E V { ix E E b.E.{E 2003-2005 18.00 ] Sx (NATCOM),il EE + x l { =E { h il x j,+vx i E
13. E {x u {S E b.BS.{. M E 2002-2005 4.92 il {ix +vx l{x+i =SS x VM E +vx il I +xvx E MRx,
i E
14. {h xx-{ iE xx {S E b.(i) B. B. 2002-2005 6.36 Yx + |tME M,nx MVx ix u V EnM E i E| x E +vx
15. b ={Eh u E b.V.{hbn
-
63
23. V +xvx E ={O b.V..{xi 2003-2006 15.50 i +iI +xvx+Ec E +x|M MRx (ISRO),
i E
24. V b E |M hb b.{..B. n 2003-2005 1.31 | (
-
64
34. xM ph Ij E Vxi Ijm| E .Bx. hb 15 x (15 V ) 10.00 ] Vti>V E{x{Vx+ E B E ]x E l (NHPC), nnix xE {Vx (SPS) il +vEi +I{h (PMP)E +Ex
35. ] (STORM) {Vx E J |M B. b. { S 2006 - 4.70 Yx + |tME M, 2007 i E
36. Mi V b +xEh b.(i) 2006-2007 13.50 Yx + |tME M, i xx { ii B.B. EEh i E
37. O xx |MH E il b.E.Eh E x 2005- 29.16 Yx + |tME M, =E |I{ E +vx x 2006 i EIj b M MibxM Exi E E
38. z { h (x{i B E b.B.B.f 2006-2008 15.80 Yx + |tME M,Ij |E) +Vx E {x i EB +vx
39. E iE B x Ih b.{.B.{. -
-
65
j E ]
] E E V E j VMVi h xlx E 27 +Mi 2005 E ] n il lx E YxE El S E * x ) YxE Ij {E - 1995 E |{i + * {E =x =xE +xvx J ""i h {x E VE ={M EE O xx h { ii E xjh Ex
-
66
b.{..B.n x i Yx B iExEMR>x (IASTA) u +Vi Bx xE +Vx { bE nP +v {+ E B -VE Sx MB* IAGA-2005 YxE {n, ], x 18-29 V 2005 {z
-
67
V +xvx EG (WCRP) E HYxE i (ISC-WCRP)E E R>E 6-11 S2006 n x + Vi E ME 6-7 S 2006n x + Vi E M< *
-
68
{ x x il =E V { +xEh, V ji B E v Ex * YxE Sx i (SSC) E ]Zb(CTCZ) R>E lx 20-21 Vx E {x E M* uMh xG ] {C] ] *
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69
V M vh Ei V { ix EB
i {h + E B {h E
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70
|Ex
lx E xn +vik B Yx M E| V.. +xx E 3 Jhb E Ei ""=hE]v Yx'' |Ei E M
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71
iEi +Y {i
iEi +Y {i lx 7-11 x 2005 Ex M * lx E ES x
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72
+xvx-I 78
+xvx-I A 52
YxE 03
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M-iExE +xIh 43
E 249
|xv
lx, i E E Yx + |tME M(|) E +vx BE k MRx E { E E *=SSi i { lx E |xv E {n (V) E{ i * {n E |i n | u MRi EVi + = {S {nx n + S YxE n i *YxE n | u xEx E Vi * lx E {n E {nx +vI Yx E xnE i * {n E RE lx 5
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73
(. J )
+n +x |{i E iE + +xnx +xnx
Vx - 23.25 850.00 873.25 859.43
Vxi - - 220.00 220.00 220.00
|Vi{VxB 72.49 - 158.75 231.24 115.67
E 72.49 23.25 1228.75 1324.49 1195.10
E S v S EE =xE E E g nx |ix ni * ES i E MRx nx xEx x +x E Eh {x:MRx x E M*
v i
YxE b il =E =SS {n E YxE iM`i E M
-
74
G + hb
lx x +Ec |{i il hbh |h, YxE={Eh + ={vx, E +, HE +Ej,pE B rEh |h il i x +Ej E ={ Ej +n |{i E *
-
75
H$meZ
nM B.B. +hb EEb B.., x{ + n-+
-
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]
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v +.Bx. +hb xnM B.B., C
-
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+Vx + +]E
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E.. +hb Ehx +., E{M + Cb + |+hb lCxE Bx
-
80
E{x +.BS., + V. BS. +hb Sv BS.B.,
-
81
Vx +{C] + M C] SV +hbB]
M E BS.{. +hb {xi V.., C] B] ]bV+x MMj M, |bMV + E{ +x MMjM, 18-20 2003, V+VE +, S 2003, 133-144.
C] +{Ex +OES, ] +hb{E l
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-
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n {..B., n .{., V {.
-
83
+]E E], bM +hb bxC
MR B., . +hb M V.,
-
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1. xx x +x bZ] xV] : +]+V +hb +
-
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14.
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Bx., BS.Bx. +hb x]CE Bx.B., xxOLR +hb x Bx +G
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37. CSI-2005 : 40th +x+ Exx + E{]] +
-
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n B.B. +hb Mh b.b., ]{S SV
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{pS>n
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H$UHw$_ma Ho$., g_ `y nanoQ>rhO AmZ XhoarA~r{bQ>r AS> {{S>eZ Am\$ B{S> Z g_a _mZgyZaoZ\$mb.
Ehx +., E{b +x-+] E ].
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57. XIV xx { x {V (NSSS-2006),+w x], J{]]h, 9-12 2006.(V.M, +.B.V, {..{hE, .{n E,+.B.E, V.+.Si, BS.Bx.,B.B.MR> , ., .i)
E B.B., {hE {.., +hb S{bB.b., + ]{+ V +hb x bMxx.
M V., +] E ] M +hb n+ Bxx ]+hb C]E
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nM B.B. +hb EEb B.., +Bx +xl +]]E +x l M + n b +x.
EEh B.B., b B.B. +hb E{x+.BS.,
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Ehx +., E.., .E., V.,M V. B. +hb x B.V., E{b B+-
-
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b. V.. {xi
E i R>E EG (PAC), |IhEYx E B +]] +xvx lx (ARIOS),xxi, 18-20 +| 2005
Yx + |tME M E RE, iE +xvx|M, + nn, 2
-
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M i (O5 and M2) B x i ER E, i ] Yx +En, x
-
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, M B Eh V] (ICARB) E Ex+x E { xVi RE, +xiI iE |M,G
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+{ B+ 4 (IPCC - AR 4) E J iJE (LAs) E { h B x j (MoEF), u
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P VEh {Vx - 2006 E Y { Exi E RE, V x iExE t(JNTU), pn 18-20 S 2006
b. {.
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100
b. E. EhE
V { ix E Pi Vjj, E, l, iP]x il i] Ij { x]E (NATCOM) E { R E, i |tME lx, n, x
-
101
Eh B
-
102
. V.B. x, b. E. +, b.{.b. E, i =hn Yx lx, {h, 18 +Mi 2005
E B.B. xxnM
E Exp V +M (CWC) B +O +EEE Exp (C-DAC) YxE E l xE E +EB + EU vi xn+ E t xV J E ExnV +M (CWC) E |Vi {Vx E EhB
-
103
Eh B E, Q> xE|M, {h, 23 i 2005
V Vx B.B.
(SASE) vi xi {Vx, B P+vx l{x (SASE), SnMb,25-28 VE, i =hn Yx lx, {h, 18 +Mi 2005
B.B. b
E Exp V +M (CWC) B +O +EEE Exp (C-DAC) YxE E l xE E +EB + EU vi xn+ E t xV J E ExnV +M (CWC) E |Vi {Vx E EhB
-
104
+li u
b. |i{, ] VYx Exp, bE
B vn Ij { VYx +vx,15 +| 2005
b. V.BS. S B b. V. , SxM Zx], Vx
l lxE E ={M EE I B +SUni iU] E { V +vx,20
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b. BS. {. M E
< 1603 i I +Ex E |Ih V{S Ij E E = E Eh,3 +Mi 2005
b. +. VE
b b u i E =k |u{ E +vEIj E nxE { ii E x, 12 +Mi 2005
26 V
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b. V. nmpS>XwamB
@i {ii Eh|i B = MhE E +, 18 x 2005
b. Bx.
Yx +xvx |EiE E +ii xYxiiYx B v, 25 x 2005
V, V B Ei, 22 S 2006( V n E + { Jx)
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V { ix E Ij {, 29 x 2005
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+xvx n B tl+ u
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B. x
b E ={M EE { {i EIh, 11
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t E IhE B +xvx i
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+xvx MnE xi
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{ IE B |x{j xjE
YxE {n {I, t
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(+|i t), {hb. V. M {BS.b.(iE Yx)
n t, xXwamB ( b Yx), Ihi E z ESx t Yx E +h { vx:|Ih+ iExE, ES B bxM |i
. E. M B.B. O xx nx =hE]v . b. +. SGi( b iE) , M Ij { +xJ+xw t, bx-Vx nxJ{]]h
E. . {]]xE B. B., O xx nx i Ij b. B. E. ( b Yx), { { iM E { ii+xw t,J{]h
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B. {n B. ]E. =hE]v i{b { b. V. M( b iE), +E-EE +Vx B{h t, {h i{x E C+ (QBO) B
(SAO) E Sx
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-
110
gWmZ Ho$ dkm{ZH$m| Ho$ _mJXeZ _| {h t go g~YrV {d{dY _hm{dmb` Ho$ E_.Egr (^m{VH$s) Ho$ 28 {dmWu, ~r. B. Ho$ 16{dmWu Ed ~r.Egr. H$m EH$ {dmWu H$mo AZygYmZ _| ghm`Vm XmmZ H$s Ed CZHo$ n[a`moOZm H$m Ho$ AVJV Ch| S>rJr m Ho$ {bEAmd`H$ Wr& S>m. S>r. ~r. OmYd, S>m. EZ. qgh, S>m. Eo. Ho$. ghm`, S>m. nr. Eg. nr. amd, S>m. (lr_Vr) Am`. Eg. Omoer, S>m. (lr_Vr)EZ. E. gmoZQ> o$, S>m. am. Eb. bm|S>o, S>m. (lr_Vr) Eg. Eg. H$mXiJmdH$a, S>m. Eg. nr. ~moaJmdH$a, S>m. dm`. O`mamd, lr. Eg. S>r. ndma,S>m. E_. EZ. nmQ>rb, S>m. ~r. Eg. _wVu, S>m. (lr_Vr) Eg. ~r. _moadmb, lr. hr JmonmbH$UZ, S>m. Eg. ~r. Xo~mOo, lr. Eg. _hmnmm, EdS>m. (lr_Vr) ~r. nX_mHw$_mar Zo BZ {dmWu H$mo _mJXeZ {X`m&
nB MB Jx
YxE Jx, WmZ, {XZmH$
b. B. Ehx b { {i B {x E EU {, ] +x]]E B M +xvxExp, M , 20 Ab 2005
b. (i) Bx. B. i h { +Ex { ii, +n +xi ] rxiE iEx]CE Exp (ICTP), ]],
-
111
iYi |nx
nmR>H$_mH$ dkm{ZH$ Ed mfU
MVx ix il =E |ixEx b. B. E. E{ xx Yx E l JOZ Vy\$mZ V{S>V Ed CgHo$ ^md daXmZ na (26 _B 2005) i { 2 E E, _mg_ Ed dm w_S>br` V{S>V (27 _B 2005)Yx |M, x |xE {dd {dwV gMma - gVw{bV {dMma (27 _B 2005)
S>m. Ama. {dO`Hw$_ma _oK ^m{VH$s J_ _oK AmemoYZ (12-13 _B 2005)
lr. Eg. _hmnmm JOZ Vy\$mZ Ho$ AH$s` A``Z _`_mnr _mS>g mam
(17 _B 2005) H$nmgr _oKm| na - gm_m` nwd:bmoH$Z (23 _B 2005)
S>m. nr. _wmonm`m` H$moMrZ na JOZ Vw\$mZ Ho$ dmV{dH$ AZwH$aU$ (24 _B 2005)
b. V. M D${ b { iM E |, iE +xvx |M, + nn,11 x 2005
V. +. EEh
-
112
+iI Yx { E, {h t, S>m. nr. gr. Eg. Xodam{h, 1-14 S 2006 ojUr` VH$ZrHo$ : aS>ma Ed {bS>mam| Ho$ (13 _mM 2005)
VIj - SxiE +x|M { 9 |Ih S>m. EZ. qgh{RG, ] V +En , {h y-AmYm[aV ojU Ed CnJh gwXwa gdoXZ H$m Cn`moJ ^maVr`22 +Mi - 2 i 2005 _mZgyZ Umbr Ho$ {Z U Ho$ {b o (23 AJV 2005)
V + B (GIS) }]+ E +x{x E { Ex b. {. Bx. VxE B
-
113
i B.B. E gyMZm AmYr {Z`_ A{YH$ma na 2 ar am>r` H$m embm, ZeZb BpQQ>wQ> Am\$ npbH$AS>{_ZrQ>oeZ, M , 24-25 2006
. b. b. Mh Yx { +O |Ih {RG, i Yx M, {h,S - i 2005
A oVmd{V/YxE i E ni
dkm{ZH$ A oVmdmr / gX`Vm
b. B. E. E u{ =hE]v +h Ij (ITCZ) E +x E YxE Sxi, Yx + iExE M E +xiMi i V +xvx EG(IGBP), i E
+i MVx ix |IhE B Ij bxM (STORM) EG E Exx i,Yx + |tME M {Vx, i E
Yx + |tME +xvx {n E iE Yx E +xvx i M i - V ] Yx MRx (INSA)
b. {. . B. n ] Yx +En E +vI, EE {n, i Yx i - {h M (IMSP),
2005-2007, E E B n, ii E n
-
114
b. E. {E
+{ (IPCC) EE B+4 (AR4) En J JE E R>E M, VMSx(8-14 x(IAMAS 2005) E YxE {n M, VM+xi] Exx Exp (BICC), VMSx(31 V
-
115
+{-bV+-B+4 (IPCC-WGI AR4)+v 11 E |J JE E R>E M, +nIh E(8-14 xil +xIh E M, +n +xi]uxiE iE Exp (ICTP), ]], E M, |MSE |VkE(28 S - 3 +| 2005)
+il YxE E { C {xE iExE lx 2005 E x] O +xi] {iE, MVx+BVB (IAGA) S E B x Yx +xi]MR>x E x M, ]x(31
-
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