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DĀNEŠNĀME-YE KUCAK-E IRĀN In ketāb-e mosavvar, šāmel-e se baxš-o nazdik be sisad onvān, fešorde āgāhihā-vo dādehā-ye sudmand-i rā

dar bāre-ye Irān, az jomle tārix, joqrāfiyā, farhang-o honar-e ān, be zabān-i rowšan-o mafhum dar extiyār-e

xānande qarār midehad. Majmue-ye dānestanihā-yi ke dar in dānešnāme āmade, hāsel sālhā pažuheš-e

moallef-o virāstārān-e ān dar ketābhā-ye marja-o manābe-o asnād-e tārixi bude-ast. Moallef-e in dānešnāme,

Jaleh Mottahedin, be tafsir-o towzih-e ruydādhā dar haddeaqal kefāyat karde-vo hamm-e xiš rā bištar masruf

be gozāreš-e bipirāye-i az sarfaslhā-ye omde-ye tārix-e Irān, vižegihā-ye joqrāfiyāyi-yo eqlimi-yo farhangi-ye

ān-o kārnāme-ye zendegi-yo mirās-e noxbegān-e siyāsi, ejtemāi-yo adabi-ye Irān az azmane-ye bāstān tā

dowrān-e moāser karde-ast. Fehrest-e manābe-o marāje-e omde-i ke barā-ye ta’lif-o tanzim-e in asar estefāde

šode, dar pāyān-e har fasl āvarde šode-ast. Az ānjā ke fosul-o matāleb-e in dānešnāme bar asās-e mowzui

tafkik-o radebandi šode, az ān mitavān ham be onvān-e yek marja-o ham yek matn-e darsi bahre gereft. In

dānešnāme beviže barā-ye nowjavānān-o javānān-e irāni-ye birun az vatan ke moštāq-e āšnāyi-ye bištar bā

vižegihā-vo mafāxer-e zādgāh-e xiš-and. Mitavānad manba-i mofid bāšad.

Dānešnāme-ye Kucak-e Irān Zaleh Mottahedin

Bā virāstāri-ye Mohammad Jafar Mahjoub

Tarānevisi: alefbāye2om.org

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In ketāb-e mosavvar, šāmel-e se baxš-o nazdik be sisad onvān, fešorde āgāhihā-vo dādehā-ye sudmand-i rā

dar bāre-ye Irān, az jomle tārix, joqrāfiyā, farhang-o honar-e ān, be zabān-i rowšan-o mafhum dar extiyār-e

xānande qarār midehad. Majmue-ye dānestanihā-yi ke dar in dānešnāme āmade, hāsel-e sālhā pažuheš-e

moallef-o virāstārān-e ān dar ketābhā-ye marja-o manābe-o asnād-e tārixi bude-ast. Moallef-e in dānešnāme,

Jaleh Mottahedin, be tafsir-o towzih-e ruydādhā dar haddeaqal kefāyat karde-vo hamm-e xiš rā bištar masruf

be gozāreš-e bipirāye-i az sarfaslhā-ye omde-ye tārix-e Irān, vižegihā-ye joqrāfiyāyi-yo eqlimi-yo farhangi-ye

ān-o kārnāme-ye zendegi-yo mirās-e noxbegān-e siyāsi, ejtemāi-yo adabi-ye Irān az azmane-ye bāstān tā

dowrān-e moāser karde-ast. Fehrest-e manābe-o marāje-e omde-i ke barā-ye ta’lif-o tanzim-e in asar estefāde

šode, dar pāyān-e har fasl āvarde šode-ast. Az ānjā ke fosul-o matāleb-e in dānešnāme bar asās-e mowzui

tafkik-o radebandi šode, az ān mitavān ham be onvān-e yek marja-o ham yek matn-e darsi bahre gereft. In

dānešnāme beviže barā-ye nowjavānān-o javānān-e irāni-ye birun az vatan, ke moštāq-e āšnāyi-ye bištar bā

vižegihā-vo mafāxer-e zādgāh-e xiš-and, mitavānad manba-i mofid bāšad.

 

 

FEHREST Fehrest ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 

Pišgoftār ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 

Moqaddame-ye moallef ........................................................................................................................................ 18 

Joqrāfiyā ................................................................................................................................................................ 19 

Falāt-e Irān ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 

Mowqeiyat-o vos’at ........................................................................................................................................... 20 

Marzhā ............................................................................................................................................................... 21 

Marzhā-ye Irān pas az Eslām ......................................................................................................................... 22 

Marzhā-ye konuni ........................................................................................................................................... 23 

Joqrāfiyā-ye tabii ............................................................................................................................................... 23 

Joqrāfiyā-ye tabii-ye Irān ................................................................................................................................ 24 

Kuhhā ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 

Rudhā ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 

Daryāhā ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 

Daryā-ye Xazar ...................................................................................................................................... 26 

Xalij-e Fārs ............................................................................................................................................. 27 

Daryā-ye Ommān................................................................................................................................... 27 

Daryācehā-vo bātlāqhā ............................................................................................................................. 27 

Daryāce-ye Orumiye (Rezāiye) .............................................................................................................. 27 

Daryāce-ye Qom (Sāve yā Howz-e Soltān) ........................................................................................... 27 

Daryāce-ye Neyriz (Baxtegān) ............................................................................................................... 28 

Mordāb-e Gāvxuni (Gāvxāni) ................................................................................................................. 28 

Bātlāq-e Jāzmuriyān .............................................................................................................................. 28 

Jazāyer ....................................................................................................................................................... 28 

Joqrāfiyā-ye eqtesādi ........................................................................................................................................ 29 

Joqrāfiyā-ye eqtesādi-ye Irān ........................................................................................................................ 29 

Kešāvarzi ................................................................................................................................................... 29 

Maāden ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 

Sanāye’ ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 

Jahāngardi ................................................................................................................................................. 31 

Jam’iyat ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 

Joqrāfiyā-ye siyāsi ............................................................................................................................................. 32 

Hokumat ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 

Parcam-e Irān ................................................................................................................................................. 32 

Taqsimāt-e kešvari (baxš-e avval) ..................................................................................................................... 33 

1. Ostān-e Āzarbāyjān-e Šarqi ....................................................................................................................... 33 

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Tabriz ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 

Marāqe ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 

Ahar ........................................................................................................................................................... 36 

Šabestar .................................................................................................................................................... 36 

Miyāne ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 

2. Ostān-e Āzarbāyjān-e Qarbi ...................................................................................................................... 37 

Orumiye (Rezāiye) ..................................................................................................................................... 37 

Xoy ............................................................................................................................................................ 38 

Māku ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 

Mahābād ................................................................................................................................................... 39 

Salmās ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 

3. Ostān-e Ardebil ......................................................................................................................................... 39 

Ardebil ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 

Meškinšahr ................................................................................................................................................ 41 

4. Ostān-e Esfahān ........................................................................................................................................ 41 

Esfahān ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 

Kāšān ........................................................................................................................................................ 44 

Golpāyegān ............................................................................................................................................... 46 

5. Ostān-e Ilām .............................................................................................................................................. 46 

Ilām ........................................................................................................................................................... 47 

Mehrān ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 

6. Ostān-e Bušehr ......................................................................................................................................... 47 

Bandar-e Bušehr ....................................................................................................................................... 48 

Tangestān ................................................................................................................................................. 49 

Jazire-ye Xārk ........................................................................................................................................... 49 

7. Ostān-e Tehrān .......................................................................................................................................... 49 

Tehrān ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 

Šemirānāt .................................................................................................................................................. 51 

Rey ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 

Varāmin ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 

8. Ostān-e Cāhārmahāl-o Baxtiyāri ............................................................................................................... 52 

Šahrekord ................................................................................................................................................. 53 

Xorāsān .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 

9. Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Razavi......................................................................................................................... 54 

Mašhad ..................................................................................................................................................... 54 

Dargaz ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 

Sabzevār ................................................................................................................................................... 56 

Tus ............................................................................................................................................................ 56 

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Neyšābur.................................................................................................................................................... 57 

10. Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Šomāli ....................................................................................................................... 58 

Bojnurd ...................................................................................................................................................... 58 

11. Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Jonubi ....................................................................................................................... 59 

Birjand ........................................................................................................................................................ 59 

12. Ostān-e Xuzestān ..................................................................................................................................... 60 

Ahvāz ......................................................................................................................................................... 61 

Ābādān ...................................................................................................................................................... 62 

Ize .............................................................................................................................................................. 62 

Xorramšahr ................................................................................................................................................ 62 

Dezful ......................................................................................................................................................... 63 

Šuš ............................................................................................................................................................. 63 

Šuštar ......................................................................................................................................................... 64 

Taqsimāt-e kešvari 2 (baxš-e dovvom) .............................................................................................................. 65 

13. Ostān-e Zanjān ......................................................................................................................................... 65 

Zanjān ........................................................................................................................................................ 65 

Abhar ......................................................................................................................................................... 66 

14. Ostān-e Semnān ...................................................................................................................................... 66 

Semnān ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 

Dāmqān ..................................................................................................................................................... 67 

Šāhrud ....................................................................................................................................................... 68 

15. Ostān-e Sistān-o Balucestān ................................................................................................................... 68 

Zāhedān ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 

Zābol .......................................................................................................................................................... 70 

Šahr-e Suxte .............................................................................................................................................. 70 

Cābahār ..................................................................................................................................................... 70 

16. Ostān-e Fārs ............................................................................................................................................. 71 

Širāz ........................................................................................................................................................... 72 

Firuzābād ................................................................................................................................................... 73 

17. Ostān-e Qazvin ......................................................................................................................................... 74 

Qazvin ........................................................................................................................................................ 74 

18. Ostān-e Qom ............................................................................................................................................ 75 

Qom ........................................................................................................................................................... 75 

19. Ostān-e Kordestān .................................................................................................................................. 76 

Sanandaj .................................................................................................................................................... 77 

Saqqez ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 

20. Ostān-e Kermān ....................................................................................................................................... 77 

Kermān ...................................................................................................................................................... 79 

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Bam ........................................................................................................................................................... 80 

Sirjān ......................................................................................................................................................... 81 

21. Ostān-e Kermānšāhān ............................................................................................................................ 81 

Kermānšāh ................................................................................................................................................ 82 

Kangāvar ................................................................................................................................................... 83 

22. Ostān-e Kohgiluye-vo Boyerahmad ........................................................................................................ 83 

Yāsuj ......................................................................................................................................................... 84 

Dehdašt ..................................................................................................................................................... 84 

23. Ostān-e Golestān .................................................................................................................................... 84 

Gorgān ...................................................................................................................................................... 84 

Gonbad-e Qābus [Gonbad-e Kāvus] ........................................................................................................ 85 

24. Ostān-e Gilān .......................................................................................................................................... 86 

Rašt ........................................................................................................................................................... 87 

Bandar-e Anzali (Bandar-e Pahlavi) .......................................................................................................... 88 

Rudbār ...................................................................................................................................................... 88 

25. Ostān-e Lorestān ..................................................................................................................................... 88 

Xorramābād .............................................................................................................................................. 89 

Borujerd .................................................................................................................................................... 90 

Kāzerun ..................................................................................................................................................... 90 

26. Ostān-e Māzandarān ............................................................................................................................... 90 

Sāri ............................................................................................................................................................ 91 

Āmol .......................................................................................................................................................... 92 

Bābol ......................................................................................................................................................... 92 

Qāemšahr (Šāhi) ....................................................................................................................................... 93 

27. Ostān-e Markazi ...................................................................................................................................... 94 

Arāk ........................................................................................................................................................... 94 

Sāve .......................................................................................................................................................... 95 

28. Ostān-e Hormozgān ................................................................................................................................ 95 

Bandr’abbās ............................................................................................................................................. 96 

Qešm ......................................................................................................................................................... 96 

Kiš ............................................................................................................................................................. 97 

29. Ostān-e Hamedān ................................................................................................................................... 97 

Hamedān .................................................................................................................................................. 97 

Nahāvand .................................................................................................................................................. 98 

30 Ostān-e Yazd ............................................................................................................................................ 99 

Yazd .......................................................................................................................................................... 99 

Ardakān ................................................................................................................................................... 101 

Abarqu .................................................................................................................................................... 101 

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Tabas ....................................................................................................................................................... 101 

Šahrhā-ye tārixi-ye Irān .................................................................................................................................... 102 

Bāku ............................................................................................................................................................. 102 

Boxārā .......................................................................................................................................................... 103 

Balx ............................................................................................................................................................... 104 

Tisfun ............................................................................................................................................................ 105 

Samarqand ................................................................................................................................................... 106 

Marv .............................................................................................................................................................. 107 

Harāt ............................................................................................................................................................. 108 

Aqvām .............................................................................................................................................................. 109 

Āryāhā-ye irāni.............................................................................................................................................. 109 

Aqvām-e konuni-ye Irān ............................................................................................................................... 110 

Kordhā .......................................................................................................................................................... 111 

Lorhā ............................................................................................................................................................ 112 

Baluchā ......................................................................................................................................................... 112 

Torkamanhā .................................................................................................................................................. 113 

Qašqāyihā ..................................................................................................................................................... 114 

Šāhsavanhā .................................................................................................................................................. 114 

Ilāt-e Xamse .................................................................................................................................................. 115 

Ašāyer-e arabzabān ..................................................................................................................................... 115 

Kowlihā yā Lurihā ......................................................................................................................................... 115 

Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................... 116 

Tārix ..................................................................................................................................................................... 118 

Irān-e bāstān .................................................................................................................................................... 121 

Mādhā........................................................................................................................................................... 121 

Haxāmanešiyān (559-330 p.m.) ................................................................................................................... 121 

Kuroš-e Bozorg-e (529-551 p.m.) ........................................................................................................... 123 

Dāryuš-e Bozorg (522-486 p.m.) ............................................................................................................. 124 

Xašāyāršā (486-466 p.m.) ........................................................................................................................ 125 

Ardešir-e Derāzdast (466-424. P.m.) ....................................................................................................... 127 

Dāryuš-e Sevvom-e (336-330 p.m.) ........................................................................................................ 128 

Solukihā (306-129 p.m.) ............................................................................................................................... 128 

Aškāniyān (250 p.m. – 224 m.) ..................................................................................................................... 129 

Mehrdād-e Avval (171-138 p.m.) ............................................................................................................. 131 

Mehrdād-e Dovvom (123-88 p.m.) .......................................................................................................... 131 

Farhād-e Cāhārrom (38-2 p.m.) ............................................................................................................... 131 

Ardavān-e Panjom (216-224 m.) ............................................................................................................. 131 

Sāsāniyān (224-636 m.) ................................................................................................................................ 132 

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Ardešir-e Bābakān (226-241 m.) ............................................................................................................ 133 

Šāpur-e Avval (241-272 m.) .................................................................................................................... 134 

Šāpur-e Zolaktāf (310-379 m.) ................................................................................................................ 135 

Bahrām-e Gur (420-438 m.) .................................................................................................................... 136 

Qobād-e Avval (488-531 m.) .................................................................................................................. 136 

Xosrow Anuširavān (531-579 m.) ............................................................................................................ 137 

Xosrow Parviz (590-628 m.) .................................................................................................................... 139 

Yazdgerd-e Sevvom (632-651 m.) .......................................................................................................... 140 

Irān paz az Eslām 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 140 

Omaviyān ..................................................................................................................................................... 141 

Abbāsiyān .................................................................................................................................................... 142 

Tāheriyān (205-259 h. / 820-872 m.) ........................................................................................................... 143 

Saffāriyān (254- 290 h. / 868-903 m.) ......................................................................................................... 144 

Ya’qub-e Leys-e Saffār (254-265 h. / 868-878 m.) ................................................................................ 144 

Sāmāniyān (279-389 h. / 892-999 m.) ......................................................................................................... 146 

Amir Esmāil-e sāmāni (279-295 h. / 892-907 m.) ................................................................................... 146 

Amir Nasr-e sāmāni (301-333 h. / 913-942 m.) ...................................................................................... 147 

Ziyāriyān (316-434 h. / 928-1042 m.) .......................................................................................................... 148 

Deylamiyān-e Āl-e Buye (320-448 h. / 932-1056 m.) .................................................................................. 149 

Azododdowle (338-372 h. / 949-982 m.) ................................................................................................ 149 

Qaznaviyān (352-582 h. / 963-1186 m.) ...................................................................................................... 151 

Soltān Mahmud-e qaznavi (387-421 h. / 997-1030 m.) ......................................................................... 151 

Saljuqiyān (429-590 h. / 1037-1193 m.) ...................................................................................................... 153 

Toqrol-e saljuqi (429-455 h. / 1037-1063 m.) ......................................................................................... 154 

Alb Arsalān (455-465 h. / 1063-1072 m.)................................................................................................ 155 

Jalāleddin Malekšāh-e saljuqi (465-485 h. / 1072-1092 m.) .................................................................. 156 

Soltān Sanjar-e saljuqi-ye (511-552 h. / 1117-1157 m.) ........................................................................ 157 

Xārazmšāhiyān (521-628 h. / 1127-1230 m.) .............................................................................................. 158 

Soltān Mohammad-e Xārazmšāh (592-617 h. /1119-1220 m.) .............................................................. 158 

Soltān jalāleddin-e Menkoberni (617-628 h. / 1220-1230 m.) ................................................................ 159 

Irān pas az Eslām 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 160 

Ilxānān-e Moqol (656-756 h. / 1355-1258 m.) ............................................................................................ 160 

Qāzān Xān (694-703 h. / 1294-1303 m.) ................................................................................................ 161 

Teymuriyān (770-906 h. / 1369-1500 m.) .................................................................................................... 162 

Safaviye (907-1148 h. / 1502-1736 m.) ....................................................................................................... 163 

Šāh Esmāil-e safavi (930-907 h. / 1502-1524 m.) .................................................................................. 165 

Šāh Abbās-e Bozorg (996-1038 h. / 1571-1628 m.) .............................................................................. 166 

Šāh Soltān Hoseyn (1105-1135 h. / 1694-1722 m.) ............................................................................... 167 

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Afšāriye (1148-1210 h. / 1735-1795 m.)....................................................................................................... 168 

Nāder Šāh-e Afšār (1148-1160 h. / 1735-1747 m.) ................................................................................. 169 

Zandiye (1162-1209 h. / 1749-1794 m.) ....................................................................................................... 170 

Karim-e Xān-e Zand (1163-1193 h. / 1750-1779 m.) .............................................................................. 170 

Qājāriye (1200-1344 h. / 1768-1925 m.) ...................................................................................................... 172 

Āqā Mohammad Xān (1200-1211 h. / 1786-1797 m.) ............................................................................. 172 

Fath’ali Šāh (1212-1250 h. / 1797-1834 m.) ............................................................................................ 173 

Nāsereddin Šāh ( 1264-1313 h. / 1831-1895 m.) .................................................................................... 175 

Mozaffareddin Šāh (1314-1324 h. / 1896-1906 m.) ................................................................................ 176 

Mohammad’ali Šāh (1325-1327 h. / 1907-1909 m.) ............................................................................... 177 

Ahmad Šāh (1327-1344 h. / 1909-1925 m.) ............................................................................................ 177 

Pahlavi (1304-1357 š. / 1925-1979 m.) ........................................................................................................ 178 

Rezā Šāh (1304-1320 h. / 1925-1941 m.) ............................................................................................... 178 

Mohammadrezā Šāh (1320-1357 š. / 1941-1978 m.) ............................................................................. 180 

Jomhuri-ye eslāmi ........................................................................................................................................ 182 

Āyatollāh Xomeyni (1357-1368 š. / 1978-1989 m.) ................................................................................. 182 

Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................... 183 

Janghā-vo qiyāmhā-ye tārixi ........................................................................................................................... 184 

Hamle-ye Eskandar ...................................................................................................................................... 184 

Hamle-ye A’rāb............................................................................................................................................. 185 

Jang-e Qādesiye ...................................................................................................................................... 186 

Jang-e Jalavlā .......................................................................................................................................... 186 

Jang-e Nahāvand .................................................................................................................................... 186 

Jang-e Vājrud .......................................................................................................................................... 186 

Pazireš-e Eslām ....................................................................................................................................... 186 

Qiyāmhā-ye esteqlāltalabāne .................................................................................................................. 187 

Xunxāhi-ye Abumoslem ....................................................................................................................... 188 

Hamle-ye Moqol ........................................................................................................................................... 190 

Sarbedārān .............................................................................................................................................. 191 

Janghā-ye Irān-o Rus ................................................................................................................................... 192 

Vāqee-ye Āzarbāyjān ................................................................................................................................... 194 

Jang-e Irān-o Arāq ....................................................................................................................................... 195 

Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 195 

Jonbešhā-ye ejtemāi ........................................................................................................................................ 196 

Geomāt-e moq ............................................................................................................................................. 196 

Mazdak ......................................................................................................................................................... 197 

Šoubiye ......................................................................................................................................................... 198 

Bābak-e Xorammdin .................................................................................................................................... 199 

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Ayyārān ........................................................................................................................................................ 200 

Sufiye ........................................................................................................................................................... 201 

Exvānossafā ................................................................................................................................................ 204 

Bābiye .......................................................................................................................................................... 206 

Jonbeš-e Tanbāku ....................................................................................................................................... 207 

Enqelāb-e Mašrutiyat .................................................................................................................................. 208 

Melli šodan-e san’at-e naft .......................................................................................................................... 210 

Enqelāb-e Eslāmi ......................................................................................................................................... 211 

Manābe‘ ....................................................................................................................................................... 212 

Sardārān-e bozorg-o nāmdārān-e siyāsat ...................................................................................................... 213 

Bozorgmehr ................................................................................................................................................. 213 

Abumoslem-e Xorāsāni (105-137 h. / 723-754 m.) ..................................................................................... 214 

Barmakiyān .................................................................................................................................................. 215 

Xāndān-e Nowbaxti ..................................................................................................................................... 217 

Xāje Nezāmolmolk-e Tusi (408-485 h. / 1017-1092 m.) .............................................................................. 218 

Hasan-e Sabbāh (f. 518 h. / 1124 m.) ......................................................................................................... 219 

Xāndān-e Joveyni ........................................................................................................................................ 220 

Xāje Nasireddin-e Tusi (597-562 h. / 1200-1274 m.) .................................................................................. 221 

Xāje Rašidoddin Fazlollāh (645-718 h. / 1246-1318 m.) ............................................................................. 222 

Abbās Mirzā Nāyebossaltane (1202-1249 h. / 1787-1833 m.) ................................................................... 222 

Qāemmaqām Farahāni (1193-1251 h. / 1779-1835 m.) .............................................................................. 223 

Mirzā Taqi Xān-e Amirkabir (1225-1268 h. / 1808-180518 m.) ................................................................... 224 

Mirzā Malkam Xān-e Nāzemoddowle (1249-1326 h. / 1833-1908 m.) ....................................................... 225 

Seyyed Jamāleddin-e Asadābādi (1254-1314 h. / 1838-1898 m.) ............................................................. 226 

Sattār Xān (1284-1332 h. / 1867-1914 m.) .................................................................................................. 227 

Mirzā Kucak Xān-e Jangali (1298 h. - 1300 š. / 1881-1921 m.) .................................................................. 228 

Mohammad-e Mosaddeq (1261 h. - 1346 š. / 1879-1966 m.).................................................................... 229 

Manābe’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 231 

Farhang ............................................................................................................................................................... 232 

Zabān .............................................................................................................................................................. 233 

Guyešhā-ye emruzi-ye Irān ......................................................................................................................... 235 

Torki ........................................................................................................................................................ 235 

Kordi-yo lori ............................................................................................................................................ 236 

Tabari ...................................................................................................................................................... 236 

Gostareš-e zabān-e Fārsi ............................................................................................................................ 236 

Xat ................................................................................................................................................................... 237 

Xathā-ye irāni-ye piš az Eslām .................................................................................................................... 237 

Xatt-e fārsi ................................................................................................................................................... 238 

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Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................... 240 

Din .................................................................................................................................................................... 240 

Dinhā-ye piš az Eslām .................................................................................................................................. 240 

Dowrān-e piš az Āryāhā .......................................................................................................................... 241 

Asr-e vedāyi ............................................................................................................................................. 241 

Asr-e Avestā ............................................................................................................................................ 241 

Zartošt ................................................................................................................................................. 242 

Mazdaisnā ............................................................................................................................................ 242 

Āyin-e Mehr ............................................................................................................................................. 244 

Āyin-e Māni .............................................................................................................................................. 244 

Eslām ............................................................................................................................................................ 246 

Payāmbar-e Eslām .................................................................................................................................. 246 

Qor’ān-e Majid ......................................................................................................................................... 248 

Osul-o ahkām-e Eslām ............................................................................................................................ 248 

Ferqehā-ye eslāmi ................................................................................................................................... 250 

Šiayān .................................................................................................................................................. 251 

Šiayān-e miyānerow (Keysāniye) ......................................................................................................... 252 

Zeydiye ................................................................................................................................................ 252 

Šie-ye Emāmiye ................................................................................................................................... 253 

Šiayān-e qāli ........................................................................................................................................ 254 

Aqalliyathā-ye šiemazhab .................................................................................................................... 254 

Sufiyān-e Ne’matollāhi ........................................................................................................................ 254 

Šeyxiye ................................................................................................................................................ 255 

Ahlehaq ................................................................................................................................................ 255 

Aqalliyathā-ye mazhabi ........................................................................................................................... 255 

Zartoštiyān ........................................................................................................................................... 255 

Yahudiyān ............................................................................................................................................ 256 

Masihiyān ............................................................................................................................................. 256 

Arāmane ........................................................................................................................................... 257 

Masihiyān-e nasturi yā āšuri ............................................................................................................ 257 

Bahāyiyān ............................................................................................................................................ 257 

Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 258 

Adab ................................................................................................................................................................. 258 

Adab dar Irān-e bāstān ................................................................................................................................ 258 

Adab dar Irān pas az Eslām ......................................................................................................................... 259 

Kolliyāt ..................................................................................................................................................... 259 

1) Az āqāz tā nime-ye qarn-e panjom-e hejri .......................................................................................... 261 

Še’r ....................................................................................................................................................... 262 

10 |

 

Farroxi-ye Sistāni (f. 429 h. / 1037 m.)............................................................................................ 263 

Onsori (f. 431 h. / 1038 m.) ............................................................................................................. 263 

Manucehri-ye Dāmqāni (f. 432 h. / 1040 m.) .................................................................................. 263 

Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 264 

2) Az nime-ye qarn-e panj-e hejri tā Hamle-ye Moqol ........................................................................... 266 

Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 266 

Bābā Tāher-e Oryān (f. 410 h. / 1019 m.) ....................................................................................... 268 

Mas’du-e Sa’d-e Salmān (t. 440 h. / 1048 m.) ............................................................................... 268 

Anvari (f. 583 h. / 1187 m.) .............................................................................................................. 269 

Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 269 

3) Az Hamle-ye Moqol tā esteqrār-e Safaviye ........................................................................................ 271 

Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 272 

Faxreddin-e Arāqi (610-688 h. / 1212-1289 m.) ............................................................................. 272 

Jāmi (817-898 h. / 1414-1492 m.) .................................................................................................. 274 

Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 274 

4) Az asr-e safavi tā Enqelāb-e Mašrutiyat ............................................................................................. 275 

Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 276 

Sāeb-e Tabrizi (1016-1081 h. / 1607-1670 m.) .............................................................................. 276 

Mohtašam-e Kāšāni (f. 996 h. / 1587 m.) ....................................................................................... 276 

Qāāni (1212-1270 h. / 1807-1853 m.) ............................................................................................ 277 

Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 277 

5) Adab-e moāser ................................................................................................................................... 278 

Zabān .................................................................................................................................................. 278 

Še’r ...................................................................................................................................................... 279 

Nasr ..................................................................................................................................................... 281 

Tashih-o tahqiq ................................................................................................................................... 281 

Tarjome-ye matnhā-ye bāstāni ........................................................................................................... 282 

Adab-e āmme ..................................................................................................................................... 282 

Tarjome-ye āsār-e adab-e qarb .......................................................................................................... 282 

Dāstān-e kutāh ................................................................................................................................... 282 

Namāyešnāme .................................................................................................................................... 283 

Romān ................................................................................................................................................. 283 

Manābe’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 283 

Bozorgān-e dāneš, andiše-vo adab ............................................................................................................ 284 

Bozorgān-e dāneš, andiše-vo adab (1) .................................................................................................. 284 

Ebn-e Moqaffa’ (t. 143 h. / 760 m.)..................................................................................................... 284 

Mohammad Zakariyā-ye Rāzi (251-313 h. / 865-925 m.) ................................................................... 285 

Abunasr-e Fārābi (260-339 h. / 873-950 m.) ...................................................................................... 286 

| 11

Rudaki (f. 329 h. / 949 m.) ................................................................................................................... 287 

Ferdowsi-ye Tusi (329-411 h.q. / 940-1020 m.) .................................................................................. 289 

Amir Onsorolmaāli Keykāvus ............................................................................................................... 290 

Abureyhān-e Biruni (362-440 h. / 973-1048 m.) .................................................................................. 291 

Abuali Sinā (370-428 h. / 981-1036 m.) ............................................................................................... 293 

Seyyed Esmāil-e Jorjāni (424-521 h. / 1032-1127 m.) ........................................................................ 294 

Nāser Xosrow (394-481 h. / 1003-1088 m.) ........................................................................................ 295 

Xayyām (430-517 h. / 1038-1123 m.) .................................................................................................. 296 

Rābee ................................................................................................................................................... 297 

Hallāj (245-309 h. / 858-921 m.) .......................................................................................................... 298 

Bāyazid-e Bastāmi (f. 261 yā 264 h. / 874 yā 877 m.) ......................................................................... 299 

Abusaid-e Abolxyer (357-440 h. / 769-1048 m.) ................................................................................. 301 

Abolfazl-e Beyhaqi (385-470 h. / 955-1077 m.) .................................................................................. 302 

Emām Mohammad-e Qazzāli (450-505 h. / 1058-1111 m.) ................................................................ 303 

Abolmaāli Nasrollāh-e Monši (f. beyn-e sālhā-ye 555-583 h. / 1160-1187 m.) .................................. 304 

Bozorgān-e dāneš, andiše-vo adab (2) ................................................................................................... 306 

Šeyx-e Ešrāq Šahābeddin-e Sohrevardi (549-587 h. / 1154-1191 m.) ............................................... 306 

Sanāi .................................................................................................................................................... 307 

Attār-e Neyšāburi (540-618 h. / 1145-1221 m.) .................................................................................. 308 

Xāqāni-ye Šervāni (520-582 h. / 1126-1186 m.) ................................................................................. 310 

Nezāmi-ye Ganjavi (530-614 h. / 1135-1217 m.) ................................................................................ 311 

Mowlānā Jalāleddin Mohammad-e Balxi (604-672 h. / 1207 1273 m.) .............................................. 312 

Sa’di (600-691 h. / 1203-1291 m.) ....................................................................................................... 313 

Hāfez (f. 791 yā 792 h. / 1412 yā 1413 m.) .......................................................................................... 314 

Obeyd-e Zākāni (f. 772 h. / 1370 m.) ................................................................................................... 315 

Amir Ališir-e Navāi (844-906 h. / 1440-1500 m.) ................................................................................. 317 

Šeyx Bahāyi (952-1031 h. / 1546-1622 m.) ......................................................................................... 318 

Mollā Sadrā (980-1050 h. / 1572-1640 m.) ......................................................................................... 319 

Allāme Aliakbar-e Dehxodā (1297 h. – 1334 š. / 1880-1955 m.) ......................................................... 320 

Melkoššoarā-ye Bahār (1266 h. - 1330 š. / 1882-1951 m.) ................................................................ 321 

Parvin-e E’tesāmi (1285-1320 h. / 1907-1941 m.) .............................................................................. 322 

Sādeq-e Hedāyat (1281-1330 š. / 1902-1951 m.)............................................................................... 323 

Nimā Yušij (1276-1338 š. / 1895-1959 m.) .......................................................................................... 324 

Mohammad-e Moin (1297-1350 h. / 1918-1971 m.) ........................................................................... 325 

Manābe’ ................................................................................................................................................... 326 

Farhang-e āmme .............................................................................................................................................. 327 

Bāvarhā-vo xorāfāt ....................................................................................................................................... 327 

Sa’d-o nahs ............................................................................................................................................. 327 

12 |

 

Fāl-o estexāre ......................................................................................................................................... 328 

Sardi-yo garmi-ye qazāhā ...................................................................................................................... 329 

Cešmzaxm .............................................................................................................................................. 329 

Jenn-o pari .............................................................................................................................................. 330 

Div-o qul.................................................................................................................................................. 332 

Rasmhā-ye zendegi ..................................................................................................................................... 333 

Zāymān-o xatnesurān ............................................................................................................................. 333 

Xāstgāri-yo aqdkonān dar Irān ............................................................................................................... 334 

Arusi ........................................................................................................................................................ 336 

Garmābe ................................................................................................................................................. 337 

Golābgiri-yo araqiyāt .............................................................................................................................. 339 

Marg-o sugvāri ........................................................................................................................................ 339 

Gāhšomāri-yo marāsem-e sālāne ............................................................................................................... 340 

Ayyām-e mazhabi ................................................................................................................................... 341 

Jašnhā-ye irāni ............................................................................................................................................ 343 

Nowruz .................................................................................................................................................... 343 

Jašn-e golesorx ...................................................................................................................................... 345 

Jašn-e ābrizān ........................................................................................................................................ 346 

Jašn-e mehrgān ...................................................................................................................................... 346 

Jašn-e sade ............................................................................................................................................ 347 

Šab-e yaldā-vo jašnhā-ye deymāh ......................................................................................................... 348 

Cāhāršanbesuri-yo jašnhā-ye esfanmāh ................................................................................................ 349 

Bāzi, varzeš-o namāyeš .............................................................................................................................. 350 

Bāzi-yo varzeš ........................................................................................................................................ 350 

Bāzihā-ye kudakāne ........................................................................................................................... 350 

Lili-lili ............................................................................................................................................... 351 

Atal-mata- tutule ............................................................................................................................. 351 

Ussā beduš ..................................................................................................................................... 351 

Hamumak murce dāre .................................................................................................................... 351 

Gorg-o galle .................................................................................................................................... 351 

Amu zanjirbāf .................................................................................................................................. 352 

Āftāb-mahtāb .................................................................................................................................. 352 

Alak-dolak ....................................................................................................................................... 352 

Zurxāne ............................................................................................................................................... 353 

Cowgān ............................................................................................................................................... 355 

Namāyeš-o sargarmi .............................................................................................................................. 355 

Siyāhbāzi ............................................................................................................................................. 356 

Šabihxāni ............................................................................................................................................ 357 

| 13

Mir-e nowruzi ....................................................................................................................................... 358 

Naqqārexāne ....................................................................................................................................... 358 

Naqqāli ................................................................................................................................................. 359 

Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 361 

Bargozidegān-e afsāne .................................................................................................................................... 361 

Kiyumars ....................................................................................................................................................... 362 

Tahmures ...................................................................................................................................................... 363 

Jamšid-e Jam ............................................................................................................................................... 363 

Zahhāk .......................................................................................................................................................... 364 

Kāve-ye Āhangar .......................................................................................................................................... 365 

Garšāsb ........................................................................................................................................................ 365 

Zāl-e Zar ....................................................................................................................................................... 366 

Rostam-e Dastān ......................................................................................................................................... 367 

Afrāsiyāb ....................................................................................................................................................... 368 

Keykāvus ...................................................................................................................................................... 368 

Siyāvoš ......................................................................................................................................................... 369 

Keyxosrow .................................................................................................................................................... 370 

Sohrāb .......................................................................................................................................................... 370 

Esfandyār ...................................................................................................................................................... 371 

Soleymān ...................................................................................................................................................... 371 

Zolqarneyn .................................................................................................................................................... 372 

Eskandar ....................................................................................................................................................... 373 

Xezr ............................................................................................................................................................... 373 

Šahrzād ........................................................................................................................................................ 374 

Puriyā-ye Vali ................................................................................................................................................ 375 

Qolāmrezā Taxti ........................................................................................................................................... 376 

Manābe’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 376 

Honar-o honarmandān ..................................................................................................................................... 376 

Musiqi ........................................................................................................................................................... 378 

Qamarolmoluk-e Vaziri ............................................................................................................................ 380 

Sāzhā ....................................................................................................................................................... 381 

Kamānce .............................................................................................................................................. 381 

Santur .................................................................................................................................................. 381 

Tār ........................................................................................................................................................ 381 

Ney ....................................................................................................................................................... 382 

Qānun .................................................................................................................................................. 382 

Radif-o dastgāh-e musiqi-ye irāni .......................................................................................................... 382 

Naqqāši ........................................................................................................................................................ 383 

14 |

 

Naqqāši-ye irāni piš az Eslām ................................................................................................................ 383 

Naqqāši dar Irān pas az Eslām ............................................................................................................... 384 

Kamāleddin Behzād ............................................................................................................................ 385 

Rezā Abbāsi (f. 1044 h. / 1634 m.) ..................................................................................................... 386 

Kamālolmolk ....................................................................................................................................... 386 

Xošnevisi ...................................................................................................................................................... 387 

Alirezā Abbāsi-ye Tabrizi ........................................................................................................................ 389 

Me’māri ........................................................................................................................................................ 389 

Sinamā ......................................................................................................................................................... 391 

Sanāye-e dasti ............................................................................................................................................. 391 

Qālibāfi .................................................................................................................................................... 392 

Qalamzani ............................................................................................................................................... 392 

Minākāri .................................................................................................................................................. 393 

Monabbatkāri .......................................................................................................................................... 393 

Xātamsāzi................................................................................................................................................ 394 

Sofālgari .................................................................................................................................................. 394 

Kāšikāri ................................................................................................................................................... 394 

Qalamkār ................................................................................................................................................. 395 

Manābe’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 396 

 

 

PIŠGOFTĀR Ba’z-i melal-e āsiyāyi hastand, ke kešvar-ešān be ellat-e afzāyeš-e jam’iyat yā nadāštan-e manābe-e

kešāvarzi-yo ma’dani-ye kāfi dar tul-e tārix, yā dastekam dar tey-e qorun-e axir, hamvāre mohājerxiz-o

"sāderkonande-ye mohājerān" be šekl-e goruhhā-ye anbuh bude-and. Mardom-e Hend, be sarzaminhā-ye

qarb-o šarq-e xiš, az Afqānestān gerefte tā sarāsar-e qārre-ye Āfriqā, va tamām-e kešvarhā-ye Āsiyā-ye jonub-

e šarqi, mohājer ferestāde-and. Tamām-e kešvarhā-ye Arab-e havāli-ye Xalij-e Fārs-o Arabestān-e Soudi-yo

kešvarhā-ye naftxiz-e Āfriqā-ye Šomāli por az kārgarān-e pākestāni-st, ke be sowdā-ye yāftan-e darāmad-i

moxtasar ke betavān bā ān šekam-e kudakān-e moteadded rā sir kard, be zendegi dar qorbat tan dar dāde-

and. Kešvarhā-ye Cin, Filipin, Viyetnām, Kāmboj-o Tāyland-o Kore niz hamin hāl rā dārand. Dar haqiqat

avāmel-i bumi-yo rišedār dar in kešvarhā mowjeb-e ijād-e mowj-i dāem az mohājerān mišavad.

Ingune aqvām (va niz qowm-e Yahud be elal-i kāmelan motefāvet) sābeqe-ye tulāni-yo gāh yeki-do-hezārsāle

dar mohājerat dārand-o be ellat-e in sābeqe rāhorasm-e pā gereftan dar kešvar-e mizbān-o "jā oftādan" dar ān

rā nik midānand. Dar besyār-i az šahrhā-ye Eyālāt-e Mottahed-e Āmrikā yek mahalle-vo gāh-i yek "šahr-e

ciniyān" hast ke gu-yā bozorgtarin-o porsābeqetarin-e ānhā "šahr-e cin" dar Sānferānsisko bāšad.

Ammā kešvar-e mā dar tul-e tārix kamtar sābeqe-ye mohājerathā-ye dastejam’i dāšte-ast-o avāmel-i mānand-

e enfejār-e jam’iyat (ke emruz dard-e tāze-i bar dardhā-ye jāmee-ye irāni afzude) va kambud-e manābe-e

ma’dani yā kešāvarzi mowjeb-e ān nemišode-ast, ke jamāat-i tark-e vatan-e xod guyand-o dar qorbat soknā

gozinand. Az hamin ruy mohājerathā-ye dastejam’i angoštšomār-ast-o šegeft-ā ke tamām-e ānhā mowjeb-i

dini yā mazhabi dāšte-ast. Pas az oftādan-e Irān be dast-e jangjuyān-e mosalmān-o soqut-e Šāhanšāhi-ye Irān

dar sāl-e 653-ye milādi goruh-i az zartoštiyān az qabul-e Eslām emtenā’ varzidand-o az sarzamin-e pedarān-e

xod mohājerat kardand. Ettelāāt-i ke az ānān dar dowrān-e miyān-e sāl-e 652-vo sāl-e 785, ke sāl-e vorud-

ešān be Hend-ast, dar dast dārim, besyār moxtasar-o bar asās-e qesse-i-st be nām-e Qesse-ye Sanjān (1600

m.) va qesse-ye zartoštiyān-e Hendustān (avāxer-e qarn-e hejdahom). Bar tebq-e in madārek noxostin daste-

ye zartoštiyān az Xorāsān be jonub-e Irān raftand-o dar sāl-e 751 m. be jazire-ye Hormoz residand-o az ānjā

be Div dar kenār-e Xalij-e Kambi-yo sepas dar sāl-e 766 be taraf-e jonub be sāhel-e Kāthyāvār-o pas az 19 sāl

eqāmat dar ānjā safar-e xod rā be su-ye jonub edāme dādand-o dar sāl-e 785 be Sanjān residand-o ātaš-e

moqaddas rā da