CHNG I : TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN SI QUANG

Li ni u

Cng ngh SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierachy) ra i nh du mt bc pht trin mi trong lnh vc truyn dn ca cc mng Vin thng trn th gii. SDH v ang mang li cho cc nh khai thc mng mt gii php mng tng lai vi nhng u th trong vic ghp knh n gin, bng tn truyn dn rng, tng thch vi cc giao din PDH hin cto ra kh nng qun l mng mt cch tp trung.

Trn c s k tha nhng c im ca SDH, cng ngh NG-SDH (Next Generation - SDH) ra i khc phc c nhng hn ch ca mng truyn dn SDH. p ng nhu cu s dng ngy cng cao ca khch hng, cc hng cung cp thit b Vin thng, cc nh khai thc Vin thng cng v ang xy dng mng li truyn dn ca mnh da trn cng ngh NG-SDH.

Xut pht t nhng l do trn, chng ti chn ti cho n tt nghip ca mnh l: Nghin cu h thng truyn dn SDH Alcatel Lucent STM-16 VNPT Tha Thin Hu c mt ci nhn tng qut nht v cng ngh NG-SDH c trin khai v khai thc VNTP Tha Thin Hu.

ti gm c hai phn chnh:

Phn I: Nghin cu cu trc ca h thng truyn dn quang, cng ngh SDH v NG-SDH (Next Generation - SDH).

Phn II: Tm hiu thit b OMSN (Optinex Multi Service Node) da trn cng ngh NG-SDH ca Alcatel Lucent ang c s dng trn mng Vin thng ca VNPT Tha Thin Hu, nghin cu su vo thit b 1660SM vi dung lng STM-16.

Do thi gian v trnh cn hn ch nn n khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Knh mong s ch dn v gp ca tt c cc thy c v qu bn c.

CC THUT NG VIT TTADM

Add/Drop Multiplexer

ATM

Asychronous Transfer Mode

AU

Administrative Unit

AUG

Administrative Unit Group

COADMCoarse Optical Add/Drop MultiplexerCONGIControl & General Interface

CWDMCoarse WDM

DCC

Data Communication Channel

DCN

Data Communication NetworkECC

Embeded Control Chanel

ECT

Equipment Craft TerminalEML

Element Management LayerEOW

Engineering Order Wire Extension

ESCON Enterprise Systems CONnectionFADs

Functional Access Domains

FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceFDM

Frequency Division MultiplexingFEC

Forwarding Equivalent Class

FICONFiber CONnectivityGFP

Generic Framing ProcedureHDLCHigh-level Data Link ControlHOCCHigher Order Cross ConnectionsISA

Integrated Service AdapterISA PRPacket Ring card

ISA PR-EAPacket Ring Edge Aggregator card

ISDN

Intergrated Services Digital NetworkLAPS

Link Access Protocol SDH

LCAS

Link Capacity Adjustment SchemeLER

Label Edge RouterLOCC

Lower Order Cross Connections

LSP

Label Switch Path

LSR

Label Switching Router

MPLS

Multi Protocol Label Switching

NADs

Network Access Domains

NE

Network Element

NES

Network Element Synthesis

NML

Network Management Layer

NMS

Network Management System

OMSNOptinex Multi Service NodePCM

Pulse Code Modulation

PDH

Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy

PRC

Primary Reference Clock

QoS

Quality of ServiceREG

Regeneration

SDH

Synchronous Digital Hierachy

NG SDHNext Generation SDHSEC

Synchronous Equipment Clock

SERGIService General Interface

SETG

Synchronous Equipment Timing GenerationSETS

Synchronous Equipment Timing SourceSLAs

Service Level AgreementsSNCP

SubNetwork Connection ProtectionSONETSynchronous Optical NetworkSPF

Small Form PluggableSSU

Synchronization Supply Unit TDM

Time Division MultiplexingTMNTelecommunication Management NetworkTU

Tributary Unit

TUG

Tributary Unit Group

VC

Virtual Container

VCATVirtual ConcatenationWDM

Wavelength Division MultiplexingMC LCLi ni u

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN SI QUANG11.1. Gii thiu v thng tin quang

11.1.1. Khi qut chung

21.1.2. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh trong tuyn truyn dn quang

31.2. K thut ghp bc sng quang (WDM)

31.2.1. Nguyn l c bn ca ghp bc sng quang (WDM)

41.2.2. u im ca cng ngh WDM

41.3. Cc cu trc mng quang

41.3.1. Cu hnh im ni im

51.3.2. Cu hnh a im

51.3.3. Cu hnh r nhnh

51.3.4. Cu hnh vng

61.3.5. Cu hnh a vng

Chng 2. CNG NGH SDH

82.1. Lch s pht trin ca cc h thng truyn dn

92.2. K thut phn cp s cn ng b PDH

92.2.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca PDH

102.2.2. Hn ch ca phn cp s cn ng b

112.3. Cng ngh SDH

112.3.1. Cc khi nim v SDH

122.3.2. Cc c im ca SDH

142.3.3. Phn cp h thng SDH

142.3.4. Cu trc ghp knh SDH

152.3.5. Cc khi chc nng ca b ghp knh SDH

182.3.6. Cu trc khung STM-1

202.3.7. Cu trc khung STM-N (N = 4, 16)

212.4. Cng ngh NG - SDH

212.4.1. Hn ch ca cng ngh truyn dn SDH truyn thng

232.4.2. u im ca SDH th h mi NG-SDH

252.4.3. Cc cng ngh ca mng NG-SDH

312.4.4. Mt s hn ch ca cng ngh NG-SDH

Chng 3. TNG QUAN V THIT B OMSN

343.1. Gii thiu chung

383.2. Cc chc nng ca thit b OMSN

393.3. Cc ng dng dch v trn thit b OMSN

393.3.1. Dch v Ethernet

413.3.2. Dch v truyn d liu

423.3.3. Dch v ATM

423.3.4. Dch v MPLS

443.3.5. Dch v CWDM

453.4. H thng qun l trong mng s dng OMSN

463.4.1. Cu trc ca h thng qun l

483.4.2. Phn mm khai bo u cui 1320CT

513.4.3. H iu hnh

Chng 4. CU TRC PHN CNG V NGUYN L HOT NG CA THIT B 1660SM STM 16

574.1. Cu trc chc nng ca thit b 1660SM STM-16

594.1.1. Common Card

614.1.2. Cc Card LS v HS

654.1.3. Cc b khuch i quang

674.1.4. Card ISA

714.1.5 Card CWDM

734.2. Cc c ch bo v ca thit b 1660SM

734.2.1. EPS (Equipment Protection Switching)

744.2.2 MSP (Multiplexer Section Protection)

754.2.3 SNCP (Subnet connection Protection)

764.3. ng b trong thit b 1660SM

Chng 5: H THNG TRUYN DN SDH ALCATEL LUCENT STM 16 CA VIN THNG THA THIN HU

815.1. Gii thiu chung

825.2. Cu trc mng truyn dn SDH ALCATEL ca Vin thng Tha Thin Hu.

845.3. Cu trc cc Ring STM-16 v dung lng ca cc ADM

86KT LUN V KIN NGH

CHNG I : TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN SI QUANG

1.1. Gii thiu v thng tin quang1.1.1. Khi qut chung

Lu lng thng tin trn Internet ang tng trng vi tc nhanh chng, cc loi hnh dch v ngy cng a dng, c yu cu tc cao, bng thng rng. Cc k thut truyn dn bng cp ng v viba s khng th p ng tt cc yu cu ny.

S ra i ca ca cng ngh truyn dn quang c th xem nh mt bc ngoc trong vic gii quyt cc yu cu v tc v bng thng cho cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin. Si quang c bng thng rng, ln ti hng Tbps nn c th thit lp h thng truyn dn s tc cao, suy hao tn hiu khng ng k (trung bnh khong 0,2dB/km). Cp si quang hon ton cch in, khng chu nh hng ca sm st, khng b can nhiu bi trng in t, xuyn m gia cc si quang khng ng k. Vt liu ch to l SiO2 sn c trong t nhin nn gi thnh thp. Vi cc u im vt tri ny, si quang ang c chn lm phng tin truyn dn hng u trong cc mng ng trc, mng thnh ph, mng vng v mng truy nhp.

Cng vi si quang, cng ngh ch to cc ngun pht quang v thu quang to ra h thng thng tin quang vi nhng u im vt tri hn hn so vi cc h thng thng tin khc, l :

Suy hao truyn dn nh.

Bng tn truyn dn ln.

Khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t.

C tnh bo mt thng tin cao.

Kch thc v trng lng nh.

tin cy cao v linh hot.

1.1.2. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh trong tuyn truyn dn quang

Trong h thng thng tin quang, tn hiu in t cc thit b u cui khc nhau c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang thng qua b chuyn i in quang (E/O). Cc tn hiu quang ny c khuch i vi cng sut ln a vo mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang. Vi khong cch truyn dn ln, cng sut ca tn hiu c th suy gim trn ng truyn. Trong trng hp ny cn phi dng thm cc trm lp b li cng sut b suy gim. u thu, qu trnh thc hin ngc li so vi u pht, ngha l tn hiu thu c l tn hiu quang c a qua b chuyn i quang in (O/E) khi phc li nguyn dng tn hiu in ban u, a n thit b u cui ca bn nhn. Hnh 1.1 di y m t cu trc tng qut ca mt h thng thng tin quang.

Mt c im quan trng ca si quang l rng bng tn, cp si quang c th truyn tn hiu vi tn s cao hn rt nhiu so vi cp kim loi v cp ng trc. c im ny cho php cc nh khai thc thc hin cc dch v truyn thng bng rng hin ang c nhu cu pht trin ln. c bit, vi cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng quang (WDM), nhiu knh tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau c th truyn dn ng thi trn mt si quang. Cng ngh WDM cho php khai thc n mc ti a rng bng tn ca si quang, lm cho dung lng truyn dn trn mi si quang tr nn rt ln.

1.2. K thut ghp bc sng quang (WDM)

1.2.1. Nguyn l c bn ca ghp bc sng quang (WDM)

Trong cc tuyn thng tin quang im ni im thng thng, mi mt si quang s c mt ngun pht quang pha pht v mt tch sng quang pha thu. Cc ngun pht quang khc nhau s cho ra cc lung nh sng mang cc tn hiu khc nhau v pht vo si dn quang xc nh ring bit, b tch sng quang tng ng s nhn tn hiu t si ny. Nh vy mun tng dung lng h thng th phi s dng thm si quang. K thut ghp bc sng quang s cho php ta tng dung lng knh m khng cn tng tc bit ng truyn v cng khng cn dng thm si dn quang, n thc hin truyn cc lung nh sng vi cc bc nh sng khc nhau trn cng mt si. u thu c th thc hin thu cc tn hiu quang ring bit nh qu trnh lc cc bc sng khc nhau ny.

Hnh 1.2. H thng ghp knh quang WDM

Hnh 1.2 minh ha nguyn l chung ca mt h thng thng tin quang WDM. Cc ngun tn hiu in ban u S1, S2, , Sn sau khi qua b chuyn i in/quang c chuyn thnh cc lung tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau ((1, (2, , (n). Cc tn hiu quang ny c ghp li to thnh mt lung quang a bc sng nh thit b ghp knh quang (MUX) truyn trn mt si quang. u thu, lung quang a bc sng c a qua b tch knh (DEMUX) tch thnh cc tn hiu quang vi bc sng khc nhau ban u. Cc tn hiu quang ny c a qua b chuyn i quang/in khi phc li tn hiu gc ban u, a n thit b u cui.

1.2.2. u im ca cng ngh WDM

So vi cng ngh truyn dn n knh truyn thng, cng ngh WDM c u im ni tri nht l tng dung lng truyn dn trn mi si quang ln rt ln nh tng s knh bc sng trn mi si quang. Hin nay, mng ng trc ca Vit Nam do Cng ty Vin thng lin tnh ch tr s dng 8 knh bc sng, dung lng ca mi knh l 10Gbps, nh vy tng dung lng l 80Gbps. Tuy nhin, h thng ny cho php s dng ti a 32 knh bc sng v tc ca mi knh c th ln hn. Ngoi ra, vi cc h thng khc, s knh bc sng c th s dng l 64, 128 hoc ln hn. Cng ngh WDM cng c th trin khai hoc nng cp h thng trn c s mng quang hin c, gim chi ph u t.

1.3. Cc cu trc mng quang

1.3.1. Cu hnh im ni im

Hnh 1.3. Cu hnh mng im ni im

Cu hnh im ni im bao gm hai thit b ghp u cui (TRM) c kt ni trc tip hoc qua cc thit b lp hay cn gi l ti sinh (REG) bng mt cp si quang. V dc theo h thng khng c cc nt trung gian, ch c hai nt u cui nn dung lng tng thp. Hn na, khi cp b t th thng tin b gin on.

1.3.2. Cu hnh a im

Trong cu hnh ny, ngoi hai nt u cui cn c cc nt ADM nh hnh 1.4

Hnh 1.4. Cu hnh mng a im

Cu hnh a im thch hp cho cc h thng ko di qua cc im dn c tp trung, ti mt thu bao cao. Cu hnh ny khng nhng c s dng trn mng quc gia, m c trn mng quc t1.3.3. Cu hnh r nhnh

Cu hnh r nhnh cng l cu hnh a im. Ch khc cu hnh a im ch c thm t nht mt nt r nhnh nh hnh 1.5.

Hnh 1.5. Cu hnh mng r nhnhTi im r nhnh, tn hiu STM-(m< N) c kt ni sang mt hng khc to thnh mt nhnh ca h thng chnh.1.3.4. Cu hnh vng

Cu hnh vng (ring) bao gm ti thiu ba nt ADM kt ni vi nhau bi mt cp si quang to thnh mt vng kn nh hnh 1.6. V vy cu hnh ny cn gi l cu hnh kn phn bit vi cu hnh h trnh by trn y.

Hnh 1.6. Cu hnh mng Ring

Cu hnh vng (Ring) c kt ni vi nhau qua 2 si hoc 4 si quang. Cu hnh vng c kh nng duy tr mng (hay cn gi l t phc hi) khi t cp ti mt im bt k hoc hng mt ADM bt k bng cch chuyn mch bo v.1.3.5. Cu hnh a vng

C th kt ni nhiu vng vi nhau qua cc ADM hoc qua nt ni cho s to thnh mng a vng (hnh 1.7). Cu hnh ny c s dng nhiu trong thc t, bi v p ng c nhu cu pht trin cc dch v vin thng trn mt vng a l rng ln khng ch bao gm mt quc gia m nhiu quc gia.

Hnh 1.7. Cu hnh mng a vng

Mng a vng c kh nng t phc hi trong trng hp trn mi vng cp b t ti mt im bt k hoc hng mt nt, tr nt kt ni hai vng.

CHNG 2: CNG NGH SDH

2.1. Lch s pht trin ca cc h thng truyn dn

Nh bit, mng in thoi ngy nay pht trin da trn c ch truyn ting ni gia cc my in thoi, bng vic truyn tn hiu tng t trong cc cp ng xon i v ghp knh phn chia tn s FDM; dng trong cc tuyn ng di kt hp truyn nhiu knh thoi trong mt cp ng trc.

Vo u nhng nm 1970, cc h thng truyn dn s bt u xut hin s dng phng thc iu ch xung m PCM. PCM cho php truyn tn hiu tng t dng nh phn. S dng phng thc ny, tn hiu thoi tng t chun 4 kHz c th truyn di dng lung tn hiu s 64 kbit/s.

Cc nh k thut nhn thy kh nng h gi thnh sn xut cc h thng truyn dn bng cch kt hp mt s knh PCM v truyn chng trong mt i cp ng xon m trc y ch dng truyn mt tn hiu tng t duy nht.

Phng thc ghp nhiu knh 64 kbit/s thnh mt lung bit tc cao duy nht cn c gi l ghp knh phn chia thi gian TDM. Mt cch n gin, mi byte ca mi knh u vo theo th t c a xung knh tc cao u ra. Qu trnh x l ny cn c gi l chn byte tun t.

chu u v sau l rt nhiu ni trn th gii, s TDM chun c s dng ghp 30 knh 64 kbit/s, cng vi 2 knh iu khin kt hp to thnh mt knh c tc 2,048 Mbit/s. Do nhu cu s dng in thoi tng ln, knh chun tc 2 Mbit/s khng cho lu lng ti trn mng trung k. trnh khng phi s dng qu nhiu kt ni 2 Mbit/s th cn to ra mt mc ghp knh cao hn. Chu u a ra chun ghp 4 knh 2 Mbit/s thnh mt knh 8 Mbit/s. Tip do nhu cu s dng ngy cng tng, cc mc ghp knh cao hn na c xy dng thnh chun, to ra mt phn cp y cc tc bit l 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s v 565 Mbit/s.

Cng vi pht trin phn cp truyn dn s chu u, khu vc Bc M cng pht trin phn cp ring ca mnh. S dng nguyn tc chung nh nhau, nhng phn cp Bc M khc phn cp chu u ch tc bit ca n thp hn, l 1,5 Mbit/s, 6 Mbit/s v 45 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, khc bit ny lm cho lin kt hot ng gia 2 phn cp tr nn phc tp v tn km.

2.2 K thut phn cp s cn ng b PDH

2.2.1 Nguyn tc c bn ca PDH

Khi ghp cc knh 2 Mbit/s, tn hiu cc knh c pht ra t cc thit b khc nhau, tc bit khng hon ton nh nhau. Do vy, trc khi ghp knh, tc ca chng c a v mt tc bit duy nht bng cch b sung thm cc bit thng tin gi l cc bit chn. Khi tch knh, cc bit chn c nhn dng v loi b ch cn li tn hiu ban u. Qu trnh x l ny gi l thao tc cn ng b.

Hnh 2.1. Nguyn tc ghp knh PDH

Qu trnh ghp knh t tc thp ln tc cao nh m t trn xy ra mi mc phn cp ghp knh, cc bit b sung c b sung tng mc mt. Vic p dng c ch cn ng b trn ton b phn cp hnh thnh thut ng phn cp s cn ng b, vit tt l PDH.

V tiu chun tc bit PDH, hin nay trn th gii c 3 tiu chun: chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn. Cc tiu chun ny c trnh by di dng phn cp s cn ng b nh hnh 2.2.

Hnh 2.2. Cc mc truyn dn ca PDH

2.2.2 Hn ch ca phn cp s cn ng b

Mng PDH ch yu p ng cc dch v in thoi, i vi cc dch v mi nh: mng ISDN, truyn d liu, dch v in thoi truyn hnh th mng PDH kh c th p ng c.

Mng PDH khng linh hot trong vic kt ni cc lung lin tc. Khi c nhu cu rt lung t mt lung c dung lng ln th phi qua cc cp trung gian h tc t cao xung thp tng ng, cng nh vic ghp lung cng phi tri qua y cc cp t tc thp ln tc cao. iu ny r rng l khng mm do, khng thun tin cho vic kt ni, cn phi c cc cp thit b gii ghp lung do khng tit kim v kh thc hin, ng thi i hi nhiu thit b phc tp.

Cc thng tin v bo tr khng c lin kt trn ton tuyn thng tin m ch i vi tng on truyn dn ring l. Th tc bo tr cho ton tuyn phc tp.

Cha c tiu chun chung cho thit b ng dy, cc nh sn xut mi ch c tiu chun c trng cho ring thit b ca h.

H thng PDH thiu cc phng tin gim st, o th t xa m ch tin hnh ngay ti ch.

2.3 Cng ngh SDH

2.3.1 Cc khi nim v SDH

Song song bn cnh cc dch v v thoi, ngy nay ngi ta pht trin thm nhiu loi hnh dch v mi quan trng nh l telefax, truyn dn data, truyn dn video trong cht lng v kh nng p ng cc yu cu v bng tn hoc cc giao tip tng thch lun lun ng mt vai tr quan trng hng u.

tho mn cc yu cu trn, ngnh vin thng cn phi c cc thay i cn thit p ng kp thi.

Thi gian thit lp lung truyn dn ngn, dung lng tho mn theo mi yu cu.

Tng cng kh nng sn sng phc v cc mng vin thng.

Gi thnh thit lp mng phi thp, chi ph dnh cho cc khong khai thc, bo dng phi gim.

C kh nng quc t ho dch v.

Cc h thng PDH pht trin khng p ng c cc nhu cu trn do phi c mt th h truyn dn mi trn th gii. K thut SDH ra i to mt cuc cch mng trong ngnh vin thng, th hin mt k thut tin tin c th p ng rng ri cc yu cu ca cc thu bao, ngi khai thc cng nh cc nh sn xut tho mn cc yu cu i hi t ra cho ngnh vin thng, khc phc cc nhc im ca th h PDH m chng ta ang s dng hin nay.

Trong tng lai h thng ng b SDH s ngy cng pht trin mnh nh cc u im vt tri so vi PDH v mt im quan trng l SDH c kh nng kt hp vi PDH trong mng li hin ti, n cho php thc hin vic hin i ho dn dn theo tng giai on pht trin.

Thng 11 nm 1988, trn c s tiu chun ca SONET v xt n cc tiu chun khc Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn, ITU-T a ra tiu chun quc t v cng ngh truyn dn theo phn cp s ng b SDH dng cho truyn dn cp quang v vi ba. Cc tiu chun ca SDH c ITU-T ban hnh trong cc khuyn ngh sau y.

G.702 - S lng mc trong phn cp s ng b.

G.707 - Cc tc bit ca SDH.

G.708 - Giao din nt mng SDH.

G.709 - Cu trc ghp ng b.

G.773 - Giao thc ph hp vi giao din Q.

G.774 - M hnh thng tin qun l SDH.

G.782 - Cc kiu v cc c tnh ch yu ca thit b ghp SDH.

G.784 - Qun l SDH.

G.803 - Cu trc mng truyn dn SDH.

G.825 - iu khin rung pha v tri pha trong mng thng tin SDH.

G.957 - Cc giao din quang ca cc thit b v h thng lin quan n SDH.

G.958 - H thng truyn dn SDH s dng cho cp si quang.

2.3.2 Cc c im ca SDH

So vi PDH th SDH c cc u im c bn sau y.

- Trong PDH vic ghp knh c tin hnh ti mi cp, qu trnh ghp phi ln lt qua cc mc trung gian t 2 n 140 Mbit/s. Vic truy cp trc tip n mt lung 2 Mbit/s trong mt lung 140 Mbit/s l khng th thc hin c. i vi SDH th u im ni bt hn l n gin ho mng li, linh hot trong s dng khai thc. Khc vi PDH, trong mng SDH qu trnh ghp knh ch thc hin qua mt giai on, do vic tch mt knh 2 Mbit/s trong mt lung tc cao l n gin. Hn na vic s dng phn mm trong qun l bo dng lm cho vic vn hnh v qun l mng li n gin hn nhiu.

- Trong SDH tc bit ln hn 140 Mbit/s ln u tin c tiu chun ho trn phm vi ton th gii.

- Chun ho: Vi cc chun SDH, thit b truyn dn ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th hot ng trn cng mt tuyn. Vic chun ho cc thit b v giao din SDH cho php cc nh khai thc mng t do la chn thit b ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau m vn m bo l chng s cng hot ng tt. Cc chun SDH cng to ra kh nng hot ng qua li gia cc phn cp truyn dn chu u v Bc M.

- Tc bit v cu trc khung ca cp cao hn c to thnh t tc bit v cu trc khung ca lung c bn cp thp hn do vic tch ghp lung thng tin d dng.

- C cc knh ring cho gim st, qun l, o th hoc iu khin trong phn mng qun l.- Tt c cc tn hiu SDH c tc thp hn 140 Mbit/s u c th ghp c vo cp SDH thp nht l STM-1 c tc l 155 Mbit/s.

Bn cnh , h thng SDH cng c nhng nhc im sau:

K thut phc tp hn.

ng h phi cung cp t ngoi.

Truyn d tha v thiu mc 8 Mbit/s.

2.3.3 Phn cp h thng SDHCc cp

Truyn dnTc

Truyn dnCc lung PDH to thnh

STM-1155.520 Mbit/s63 Lung 2 Mbit/s; 3 lung 34 Mbit/s

3 Lung 45 Mbit/s; 1 lung 140 Mbit/s

STM-4622.080 Mbit/s252 Lung 2 Mbit/s; 12 lung 34 Mbit/s

12 Lung 45 Mbit/s; 4 lung 140 Mbit/s

STM-162.488.320 Mbit/s1088 Lung 2 Mbit/s; 48 lung 34 Mbit/s

48 Lung 45 Mbit/s; 16 lung 140 Mbit/s

STM-649.853.280 Mbit/s4032 Lung 2 Mbit/s; 192 lung 34 Mbit/s

192 Lung 45 Mbit/s; 64 lung 140 Mbit/s

2.3.4 Cu trc ghp knh SDH

Hnh 2.3. Cu trc ghp knh SDH

2.3.5 Cc khi chc nng ca b ghp knh SDH

Cc ngn cha (Container) C-n:

L n v nh nht trong khung truyn dn, cha cc lung tn hiu truyn dn cp thp nh l cc lung PDH, lung s liu C cc loi Container khc nhau c s dng tng thch vi cc tc truyn dn khc nhau.

K hiu

ContainerTc truyn dn

(Mbit/s)

C11

C12

C2

C3

C41.544

2.048

6.312

44.736 & 34.368

139.264

Bng 2.1. Cc loi Container

D liu c ghp vo Container theo nguyn l xen bit hoc xen byte. Cc Container gm c: Cc byte thng tin. Cc bit hoc byte nhi c nh trong khung khng mang ni dung thng tin m ch s dng tng thch tc bit ca tn hiu PDH c ghp vi tc bit Container cp cao hn. Ngoi ra cn c cc byte nhi khng c nh t c s ng chnh mt cch chnh xc. Khi cn thit cc byte ny c th s dng cho cc byte d liu. Trong trng hp ny trong khung cn c cc bit nhi thng bo cho u thu bit cc byte ny c th l byte d liu hoc cc byte nhi.Cc gi o VC-n:Mi gi o l mt cu trc dng trao i thng tin mc truyn dn trong SDH. Mt VC l s kt hp ca Container C vi POH (VC = C + POH) to thnh mt khung hon chnh truyn n u thu. Chc nng ca POH l mang thng tin b tr, gim st v bo tr ng truyn ng thi thng bo v tr m Container s truyn n.

C 2 loi gi o VC c nh ngha nh sau:

Gi o cp thp: Tt c cc Container khi c ghp vo Container ln hn th c gi l Container cp thp tng ng vi gi o cp thp, l VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 v VC-3.

Gi o cp cao: Tt c cc Container c truyn trc tip trong khung STM-1 th c gi l Container cp cao tng ng vi gi o cp cao, l VC-4 v trong trng hp VC-3 c truyn trc tip vo khung STM-1.

K hiucc VCKch thcTn hiu PDH

VC-1125 byte d liu cng vi 1 byte POH1,5 Mbit/s

VC-1234 byte d liu cng vi 1 byte POH2 Mbit/s

VC-2106 byte d liu cng vi 1 byte POH6,312 Mbit/s

VC-3756 byte d liu cng vi 9 byte POH34,368 Mbit/s

44,768 Mbit/s

VC-42340 byte d liu cng vi 9 byte POH139,264 Mbit/s

Bng 2.2. Cc loi VC

n v lung TU-n:

TU = VC + PTR (Pointer)

Trc khi sp xp vo khung STM-1, cc VC cp thp s c ghp vo mt VC cp cao hn. to ra cc pha ca cc VC, ngi ta dng PTR ghp theo vo VC ti mt v tr c nh trong VC v thng bo s bt u ca VC .Cu trc ca cc TU:

TU-11 = VC-11 + PTR

TU-12 = VC-12 + PTR

TU-2 = VC-2 + PTR

TU-3 = VC-3 + 3 byte PTR

Nhm n v lung TUG:

TUG l nhm cc TU c ghp li theo phng thc ghp xen byte to thnh cc tn hiu s c tc cao hn, chuyn n cc VC bc cao hn. C hai loi TUG: l TUG-2 v TUG-3 vi cc thng s nh sau:

Cc loi TUGTUG-2TUG-3

Kch thc108 Byte774 byte

Tc 6,912 Mbit/s45,536 Mbit/s

Bng 2.3. Cc loi TUG Cc n v qun l AU-n:

Cc AU bao gm cc gi o VC cp cao cng vi PTR

AU = VC cp cao + PTR

Trong trng hp ny, cc gi tr ca con tr AU (AU-PTR) c gn trong khung STM-1 ghi nhn mi quan h v pha gia khung truyn dn v cc VC tng ng. Cc byte AU-PTR c gn khng c nh vo trong 9 byte u tin ca hng th t trong khung STM-1 c chc nng nh du cc AU. Tuy nhin cn phi lu rng, cc AU-PTR ca AU-3 v AU-4 l khc nhau.

Nhm n v qun l AUG:

Nhiu AU c ghp vi nhau theo phng thc ghp xen byte to thnh mt AUG. Cu trc AUG gm 9 x 261 + 9 byte, ging nh cu trc khung STM-1 khi cha c SOH.

2.3.6. Cu trc khung STM-1

STM-1 = AUG + SOH

Khung STM-1 c cu trc nh hnh 2.4

Hnh 2.4. Cu trc khung STM-1

Khung STM-1 gm 9 hng x 270 ct (9 x 270 byte) v c truyn theo nguyn tc t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Cu trc khung STM-1 gm 3 phn chnh: Phn mo u SOH: c chia lm 2 phn l phn mo u on lp RSOH chim 3 hng 9 ct v phn mo u on ghp MSOH chim 5 hng 9 ct. Con tr AU-4 PTR ghp vo hng 4, ct 1 n ct 9. Trng tin (Payload): c 9 hng v 261 ct dng truyn tin SDH.

Tng s byte trong khung STM-1: 270 9 = 2430 byte

Khung STM-1 c truyn dn 8000 ln/s l tc bit s dng cho tn hiu PCM. Chiu di mi khung l 125s do c tc bit l:

8000 Khung /s 2340 byte/khung 8 bit/byte = 155,520 Mbit/s.

y chnh l tc bit mc 1 ca SDH.

Mun to thnh khung STM-1 c th s dng mt trong s cc phng php sau y:

(1) Ghp 1 lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s.

(2) Ghp 3 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s.

(3) Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s.

(4) Ghp 1 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 42 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s.

(5) Ghp 2 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 21 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s.

2.3.6.1. Sp xp cc lung nhnh 140 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1

Qu trnh sp xp lung tn hiu PDH 140 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1 c cho hnh 2.5.

Hnh 2.5. Sp xp lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1

2.3.6.2. Sp xp lung nhnh 34 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1

Qu trnh sp xp lung tn hiu PDH 34 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1 c cho hnh 2.6.

Hnh 2.6. Sp xp lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1

2.3.6.3. Sp xp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1Qu trnh sp xp lung tn hiu PDH 2 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1 c cho hnh 2.7.

Hnh 2.7. Qu trnh ghp 63 lung 2,048 Mbit/s vo STM-1

2.3.7 Cu trc khung STM-N (N = 4, 16)

Cu trc khung STM-N (vi N = 4 hoc N = 16) ging nh cu trc khung STM-1, l mc truyn dn cp cao ca SDH, t c bng cch ghp STM-1 theo nguyn l ghp xen byte to thnh cc mc sau:

STM-4 c tc truyn dn l 155,520 4 = 622,08 Mbit/s.

STM-16 c tc truyn dn l 155,520 16 = 2.448,32 Mbit/s.

To khung STM-16 t STM-1

Hnh 2.8. To khung STM-16 t 16 STM-1.

Ngoi ra c c STM-16 ta cng c th ghp 4 STM-4 vi nhau theo phng thc ghp tng byte mt.(hnh 2.9)

Hnh 2.9. To khung STM-16 t STM-4.

2.4. Cng ngh NG-SDH

2.4.1. Hn ch ca cng ngh truyn dn SDH truyn thng

SDH truyn thng l cng ngh TDM c ti u ho truyn ti cc lu lng dch v thoi. Khi truyn ti cc lu lng da trn nn IP, cc mng s dng cng ngh SDH truyn thng gp phi mt s hn ch sau:

- Lin kt cng: Do cc tuyn kt ni gia hai im kt ni c xc lp c nh, c bng tn khng i, thm ch khng c lu lng i qua hai im ny th bng thng ny cng khng th c ti s dng truyn ti lu lng ca kt ni khc dn ti khng s dng hiu qu bng thng ca mng. Cch xc lp kt ni cng nh vy lm gii hn bng thng ti a khi truyn d liu i qua hai im kt ni, y l mt hn ch c bn ca mng SDH truyn thng khi truyn ti dch v IP, do cc dch v ny c c im thng c s bng n v nhu cu lu lng mt cch ngu nhin.

- Lng ph bng thng khi s dng cu hnh Mesh (mt li): Khi mng SDH thit lp cc lin kt logic to ra cu trc mesh, bng thng ca vng (ring) buc phi chia cho cc lin kt logic. Vic nh tuyn phn chia lu lng nh vy khng nhng rt phc tp m cn lm lng ph rt ln bng thng ca mng. Khi nhu cu lu lng truyn trong ni b mng MAN tng ln, vic thit lp thm cc node, duy tr v nng cp mng tr nn ht sc phc tp.

- Cc lu lng truyn d liu qung b: Trong cc Ring SDH, vic truyn ti cc d liu qung b ch c th thc hin c khi pha pht v tt c cc im thu u c xc lp kt ni logic. Cc gi tin qung b c sao chp li thnh nhiu bn v gi n tng im ch dn ti vic phi truyn nhiu ln cng mt gi tin trn vng ring. iu ny gy lng ph ln i vi bng thng ca mng.

- Lng ph bng thng cho vic bo v mng: Thng thng i vi cc mng SDH, 50% bng thng ca mng c dnh cho vic d phng cho mng. Mc d vic d phng ny l ht sc cn thit nhng cc cng ngh SDH truyn thng khng cung cp kh nng cho php nh cung cp dch v la chn bng thng s dng cho vic d phng cc s c.

Ngoi ra, khi s dng mng SDH truyn thng truyn cc lu lng Ethernet, ngoi cc hn ch trn th cn mt yu t na l tc ca Ethernet khng tng ng vi SDH. iu ny dn n phi thit lp cc tuyn kt ni ca mng SDH c tc cao hn so vi ca dch v Ethernet, iu ny li l nguyn nhn lm gim hiu qu s dng bng thng ca mng li. Bng 2.4 m t hiu sut s dng bng thng khi truyn dch v Ethernet qua mng.Bng 2.4. Hiu sut s dng bng thng khi truyn dch v Ethernet qua mng

EthernetSONETSDHTc truynHiu sut s dng bng thng

10 MbpsSTS-1VC-348,4 Mbps21%

100MbpsSTS-3cVC-4150 Mbps67%

1 GbpsSTS-28cVC-4 - 16C2,4 Gbps42%

2.4.2. SDH th h mi: NG-SDH

SDH th h mi l thut ng m t tnh k tha v pht trin da trn nhng tiu chun hnh thnh t mng SDH sn c, c cc nh cung cp dch v ng di s dng u tin nh mt cch h tr cc dch v mi nh Ethernet, Fibre Channel, ESCON v DVB (Bng 2.5), SDH th h mi cho php truyn d liu bng thng rng vi tc cao hn trong iu kin ti chnh gii hn.Bng 2.5. Bng so snh gia GE v FCGigabit EthernetFiber Channel

ng dngMng s liuSAN, Audio/Video, s liu

Tc truyn1.25Gbit/s1.06Git/s, 2.12Gbit/s, 10Gbit/s

Kch thc khungThay i, 0 1.5kBThay i, 1 2 kB

Cc kt ni nh hngKhngC

S bng n ca Ethernet trong cc mng LAN do tnh n gin v hiu qu ca n. Cc tc truyn Ethernet chun nh 10/100/1000 Mbit/s v 10Gbit/s hin din trong mng MAN. Do Ethernet hot ng da trn nguyn tc ti u, d gy ra vic truyn ti s liu khng c m bo, nn to ra lo lng rng Ethernet khng p ng y cc yu cu v cht lng dch v, tnh bo mt, tnh d tha v kh nng khi phc cho c lu lng thoi v s liu.

Mc d Ethernet Gigabit cung cp mt khung chun chung t ngi dng ti ng trc, nhng cng cn c thm mt cng ngh thc hin chc nng nh mt dch v truyn dn lu tr, truyn ti dch v d liu th, m thanh, hnh nh c lp v giao thc. Fiber Channel c thit k loi b nhiu tr ngi v hot ng trc y tn ti trong cc mng LAN truyn thng. Cc knh ang cung cp ph hp vi cng ngh Gigabit cho iu khin, t qun l v tin cy ti khong cch ln ti 10km.

Hnh 2.10. S truyn dn lu lng Ethernet qua mng SDH

Tuy nhin, khi Fiber Channel ri b mng SAN v tng tc vi SDH, vic mt gi v cc li s xy ra. Mc d c ch TCP h tr sa cc li ny, nhng s tr v gim bng thng li gy ra cc vn v hiu nng.

Mng SDH th h mi nng cao tnh hu dng trong mng SDH hin c bi vic tn dng c ch mng lp 1 hin c cng vi vic b sung cc cng ngh nh: kt chui o VC (Virtual Concatenation), th tc to khung chung GFP (Generic Framing Procedure) v s iu chnh dung lng lin kt LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme). M hnh cu trc SDH th h mi nh m t trn hnh 2.11.

Hnh 2.11. Khi qut v m hnh cu trc SONET/SDH2.4.3. Cc cng ngh ca mng NG-SDH

2.4.3.1. Kt chui o VCAT

Phng php ghp ni truyn thng c nh ngha trong G.707 l thut ng k nhau (contiguous). Ngha l cc container k cn c kt hp li v truyn qua mng SDH nh l mt container tng. Hn ch ca ghp ni k nhau l tt c cc node mng l thnh phn ca ng truyn phi c kh nng nhn ra v x l container c ghp ni v thiu tnh mm do ca vic s dng bng thng lm cho truyn d liu khng c hiu qu.

VCAT sp xp cc container c lp vo trong mt lin kt ghp ni o. Bt k cc s container c th nhm li c vi nhau cung cp linh hot ca bng thng tt hn so vi cch ghp ni truyn thng. Hn na VCAT cn cho php cc nh khai thc mng iu chnh c dung lng truyn theo dch v ca khch hng yu cu t c hiu qu s dng tt hn. Bi v cc node mng trung gian x l mi container trong tuyn bng mt chun - container dng ghp ni, do vy ch cn cc thit b ti im gc v kt cui ca ng dn nhn ra v x l cc cc cu trc tn hiu VCAT. iu ny c ngha l mi tuyn c th thc hin ng dn ring ca n qua mng do s dn n s khc nhau v pha gia cc container n ti thit b kt cui ca ng dn nn yu cu thit b c b m cho tr.

Ngy nay cc ti trng truyn dn i vi SDH l STM-0/1/4/16 v STM-64. V d dch v 1 Gbit/s hin thi c truyn dn qua knh STM-16. Trong trng hp ny, hiu qu ca dung lng ng truyn l 42%. Bng 2.6 a ra so snh hiu qu s dng cc dch v khi c v khng dng VCAT. Nhm VC-4-7v l mt nhm ghp ni o VCATG (VCAT Group), trong VC-4 l c nh ngha trong SDH v 7v l s phn t trong nhm, s tng ln hiu qu s dng bng thng l 85%.

Dch vHiu qu s dng

Khng dng VCATHiu qu s dng

Dng VCAT

Ethernet (10 Mbit)VC-3 --> 20%VC-12-5v --> 92%

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit)VC-4 --> 67%VC-12-47v --> 100%

ESCON (200 MByte)VC-4-4c --> 33%VC-3-4v --> 100%

Fibre Channel (1 Gbit)VC-4-16c --> 33%VC-4-6v --> 89%

Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbit)VC-4-16c --> 42%VC-4-7v --> 85%

Bng 2.6. So snh hiu qu s dng cc dch v khi c v khng dng VCATCc tham s yu cu i vi VCAT l b ch th a khung MFI (Multi-Frame Indicator) v s th t SQ (Sequence Number). Bi v cc phn t ca VCATG c th i qua mng vi nhiu ng dn khc nhau, chng khng n cng ch cng mt lc nn gy ra tr gia cc container. loi b tr khc nhau ny v m bo vic tch hp cc container trong nhm, s th t SQ c gn vi mi phn t. MFI c th pht hin cc tr khc nhau gia cc phn t ca VCATG.

u im khi s dng VCAT:

- Hiu qu: Cc knh VCAT c nh tuyn c lp thng qua mng SDH v sau c nhm li ti node ch, do vy loi tr c vic tc nghn v s dng hiu qu bng thng.

- C kh nng m rng: Phng php ghp ni lin k truyn thng theo cc bc c nh, trong khi VCAT cho php bng thng thay i ph hp vi s tng gim nh ca nhu cu. Da trn tc d liu mong mun, cc knh VCAT c th thay i ph hp vi bng thng s dng v trnh c s lng ph bng thng.

- Tnh tng tch: Ch c cc node ngun v ch cn nhn ra VCAT, cc node cn li ca mng SDH trong mng khng cn bit v cc nhm ghp ni o ny. Do VCAT c truyn thng trong mng SDH v lm vic trn cc mng c sn.

- Duy tr dch v: Trong cc nhm VCAT, mi knh c th c nh tuyn khc nhau trn mng, nu mt knh c s c, cc knh khc vn lm vic bnh thng. Do nu mt lin kt b s c th ch c mt knh nhnh trong nhm VCAT b mt nhng lin kt d liu vn tip tc cung cp dch v vi bng thng b gim xung

2.4.3.2 Th tc to khung chung GFP

Th tc to khung chung (GFP) l mt c ch to khung cc tn hiu client v sp xp cc tn hiu dng khung ny vo trong mt lung s ca mng truyn dn SDH. GFP l mt giao thc thch ng cung cp mt c ch sp xp cc kiu lung bit khc nhau mt cch linh hot vo trong knh SDH. C ch thch ng da trn vic to khung v cho php a phn on ca knh vt l vo trong cc khung c kch thc c nh hoc thay i c. Cc tn hiu ca client c th l theo kiu gi (nh l IP/PPP hoc Ethernet) hoc theo kiu cc khi m ho (nh l FC).

K thut ng gi nh GFP phi c s dng tng thch vi d liu khng ng b, thay i nhanh v kch thc cc khung thay i trc khi lu lng d liu nh IP/PPP, Ethernet MAC, FC, ESCON v FICON c truyn i qua cc mng SDH. GFP lm thch ng mt lung d liu trn nn mt khung n lung d liu nh hng byte bng cch sp xp cc dch v khc nhau vo mt khung mc ch chung sau khung ny c sp xp vo trong cc khung SDH bit. Cu trc khung ny c u im hn vic pht hin v sa li v cung cp hiu qu s dng bng thng ln hn so vi cc th tc ng gi truyn thng.

Hnh 2.12. Cu trc khung GFP

Bn thnh phn trong khung GFP l: mo u (core header), mo u ti tin (payload header), thng tin ca ti tin (payload information) v trng tu chn pht hin li (FCS).

Core header nh ngha chiu di khung v pht hin li CRC.

Payload header nh ngha kiu thng tin c truyn, cc khung qun l hoc cc khung khch hng cng nh ni dung ti tin.

Client payload information nh ngha ti tin thc t c chuyn i.

Tu chn FCS pht hin li.

Hin nay c hai kiu tng thch client c nh ngha i vi GFP:

GFP c ng khung (framed) GFP-F: mt khung d liu c c thu v sp xp vo trong mt khung GFP m khng c overhead kt hp.

GFP trong sut (transparent) GFP-T: Cc m khi tn hiu d liu c sp xp vo trong cc khung tun hon c chiu di c xc nh trc v c pht tc thi m khng i ton b khung d liu.Bng 2.6 a ra so snh GFP-F v GFP-T.

Kiu giao thcM tng dng

GFP-FDch v c sp xp theo kiu khung khung vo trong khung GFP.

Mo u ti thiu.

Chiu di khung GFP thay i.Fast Ethernet, Giga Ethernet, IP

GFP-TDch v c sp xp theo kiu bye byte vo trong khung GFP

Ti u ho tr truyn dn.Chiu di khung khng i.FC,FICON, ESCON, Ethernet

Bng 2.7. So snh GFP-F v GFP-T

Tu vo dch v c truyn i th s s dng theo kiu GFP no, tuy nhin ngy nay Ehernet l tn hiu c nh ngha trong GFP-F. GFP-T sp xp bt k d liu no bao gm Ethernet, FC v ESCON. Cc dch v c sp xp qua GFP-F dng s lng overhead t nht m bo hiu qu s dng bng thng tt nht, trong khi u tin ca cc dch v ny c sp xp qua GFP-T l nhanh, truyn ti hiu qu d liu.

Hn na GFP l mt c ch thch ng, cn c cc phng php khc: Giao thc truy cp lin kt LAPS (the Link Access Protocol) v iu khin lin kt d liu mc cao HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) l hai c ch to khung c u th hn. Tuy nhin GFP h tr a dch v v c tnh mm do v vy n c th dng trong vic t hp vi u cui mng truyn dn quang.2.4.3.3. S iu chnh dung lng lin kt LCAS

Gn y ngi ta a ra s iu chnh dung lng lin kt LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) dng gia hai phn t mng c kt ni n giao din khch hng n mng SDH truyn thng. LCAS l mt phn m rng ca VCAT nh c nh ngha trong chun G.704/Y.1305 ca ITU, LCAS cho php thay i ng cc knh trong s cc knh ca SDH trong mt nhm VCAT. Mi byte H4/K4 truyn i mt gi iu khin bao gm thng tin lin quan n VCAT v cc tham s ca giao thc LCAS.

Bng vic xc nh thnh phn no ca mt VCATG c kch hot v chng c s dng nh th no, LCAS cho php thit b pha xut pht thay i linh hot s cc container trong mt nhm c ghp ni p ng vi s thay i thi gian thc trong yu cu s dng bng thng. S tng gim bng thng truyn c th t c m khng nh hng n dch v. Cc bn tin bo hiu ca LCAS c trao i gia cc node u cui thng qua overhead ca SDH thay i s cc lung nhnh hoc cc cc phn t ca mt nhm VCAT. S cc phn t ca mt nhm VCAT c th c tng ln v gim xung m khng b mt khung. Khi mt s c c pht hin mt knh thnh phn, thng lng s thp hn m khng xy ra vic mt hon ton lu lng. iu ny t c bng cch m bo rng cc knh b s c ca mt nhm VCAT b loi b trong khi cc knh ca nhm VCAT cn li tip tc mang lu lng. Do vy cc knh c pht hin v loi b t ng t nhm VCAT.

Cc tham s sau trong gi iu khin c lin quan i vi giao thc LCAS:

Lnh iu khin CTRL (Control) ng b ngun v ch v cc thng tin truyn ti lu n trng thi ca cc thnh phn c lp trong mt VCATG.

Nhn dng ngun GID (Source Identifier) bo cho u thu VCATG no c phn t thc t no thuc v n.

Nhn bit s sp xp li RS-Ack (Resequence Acknowledgement) thng bo cho pha ngun bit u thu nhn s thay i bt u.

Trng thi thnh vin MST (Member Status) chuyn i trng thi ca lin kt t thit b nhn n ngun i vi mi thnh phn c lp ca VCATG (OK=0, FAIL=1).

Bo v li CRC pht hin li v b cc gi iu khin b li i vi mi thnh phn ca VCATG.

Hnh 2.13. Khun dng trng iu khin LCAS/VCAT

2.4.4. Mt s hn ch ca cng ngh NG-SDH

2.4.4.1. Hn ch ca VCAT

V mt l thuyt, c hai hn ch: th nht l c s gii hn s ti a ca cc knh thnh phn trong mt nhm VCAT c xc nh bi SQ nm trong byte H4 ca POH ca SDH. i vi ng dn bc cao (VC-3, VC-4) SQ c 8 bit xc nh c ti a l 256 phn t ca mt nhm VCAT, i vi ng dn bc thp (VC-12) SQ c 6 bit xc nh c ti a 64 phn t trong mt nhm VCAT. Vn th hai l gii hn ca tr do ng dn khc nhau cc i do MFI xc nh cng nm trong byte a khung H4 ca POH cho c hai ng dn bc cao v ng dn bc thp cho php tr khc nhau ti a ca cc phn t ca mt nhm VCAT l 256ms.

Hn ch v mt thc t: Do kh khn k thut ca vic tch hp nhiu b m trn mt vi mch VCAT, tr ng dn khc nhau cung cp bi vi mch ny l rt nh, in hnh khong (25ms hoc nh hn . Do cc nh cung cp thit b phi dng b nh ngoi v tc truyn ca b nh ngoi nhanh ch c th s dng SRAM. So snh vi vi DRAM v SDRAM, SRAM c dung lng t hn v t hn, do gi thnh thit b do s cao.

2.4.4.2. Hn ch ca GFP

Trong khung GFP, c tu chn header m rng l trng 1byte gi l nhn dng knh CID (Channel Indentifier), node mng pha thu c th dng CID nhn dng giao din Ethernet ch, do vy c th nhiu giao din Ethernet ti node pha ngun chia s cng mt knh VCAT.

Ghp knh GFP c hn ch: Lu lng t cc giao din ti node ngun m chia s cng mt knh VCAT phi n chung mt node pha thu. Ngha l ch khi nhiu khch hng cng mt ni v lu lng ca h n cng mt ch th vic s dng GFP mi c hiu qu.

Hin nay trn th gii cng ngh NG-SDH v ang c trin khai, cho php cc nh khai thc cung cp nhiu hn na cc dch v truyn ti v ng thi tng hiu sut ca h tng mng SDH c. u im ca NG-SDH l khng cn phi lp t mt mng truyn dn mi hay thay i tt c cc thit b nt mng hay cc tuyn cp quang, nh vy s gim c chi ph v thu ht c cc khch hng mi trong khi vn duy tr c cc dch v c. NG-SDH to ra phng thc truyn ti cc dch v khch hng c tc c nh (nh PDH) v cc dch v c tc bin i nh Ethernet, VPN, DVB, SAN... qua cc thit b v mng SDH hin c bng cch b sung mt s thit b phn cng v cc th tc cng nh giao thc mi. Cc th tc v giao thc ny c phn thnh cc lp l: th tc nh dng khung GFP, kt ni o VCAT v giao thc iu chnh dung lng tuyn LCAS...Chng 3: TNG QUAN V THIT B OMSN

3.1. Gii thiu chung

Trc y, cng ngh SDH c thit k ti u cho mc ch truyn ti cc tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Tuy nhin hin nay yu cu t ra i vi mng hon ton thay i khi cc dch v truyn ti d liu ngy cng tng. iu c ngha l trong tng lai, h thng SDH truyn thng khng th p ng c nhu cu gia tng ca cc dch v s liu na. SDH th h tip theo (NG-SDH) l mt c ch truyn ti cho php tn ti ng thi cc dch v truyn thng v cc dch v mi trn cng mt mng m khng lm nh hng ln nhau.

Cng vi s pht trin ca mng NG SDH, cc thit b SDH cng pht trin theo p ng c nhu cu ca nh cung cp dch v. Cc thit b OMSN ca Alcatel Lucent cung cp cc nn tng a dch v trn nn quang xy dng cc mng truyn ti NG SDH a dch v. Cc thit b OMSN ny tch hp cc chc nng truyn dn tt nht trong mt lp (bestinclass), cc chc nng tch ghp CWDM, kt ni cho SDH cng vi lp truyn thng (carrierclass) v cc chc nng chuyn mch gi/t bo lp 2 bao gm: Ethernet, chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS v ATM. Chia s cc c tnh v cc module chung, cc thit b Alcatel Lucent OMSN m bo trin khai linh hot v h tr cc c tnh cho mng NG SDH.

Ngy nay, cc hng truyn thng v cc nh cung cp dch v i hi cc gii php trn nn quang cho cc mng vng v mng metro m c kh nng cung cp dung lng cao, c tin cy, tnh linh hot v tnh kh chuyn hng n cc dng thc truyn thng mi c hiu qu. Cng vi cc chc nng da trn TDM truyn thng, cng ngh truyn dn h tr nhng ngun li nhun ng k cho cc hng truyn thng, cc dch v mi cho cc ng dng bng rng trn nn gi (basedpacket) ang c m rng v cn s phn phi hiu qu trn mt c s h tng tp hp bng rng mang li hiu qu li nhun cho cc hng truyn thng. Cc thit b OMSN tch hp cc cng ngh truyn dn v chuyn mch gi, chuyn giao cc gii php mng metro h tr phn phi dch v bng rng mi. Vi kh nng ny, cc thit b OMSN hng n cc ng dng mng vng v metro, cung cp mt nn tng truyn dn a dch v mang li li nhun t nhiu dch v bng rng nh: tripleplay (d liu, thoi, hnh nh), cc dch v Ethernet

Cc c tnh ca OMSN

Truyn dn v qun l hiu qu cc ng dng d liu trn nn gi vi c s h tng quang c.

Tng cng kt ni trong cc Topo mng: ring, hnh sao, mt li (mesh).

tin cy cao cho cc chc nng truyn dn v mc ch xy dng mng.

Theo di, x l s c, cung cp dch v.

H tr cc dch v tc cao, trong di t 2 Mbit/s v Ethernet ln n Gigabit Ethernet GE v 10 Gbit/s.

Tin ti hp nht cc dch v Internet, thoi v video trong cng mt mi trng ng nht.

Qun l cht lng dch v v hiu nng h tr cc yu cu SLA (Service Level Agrement) kh khn nht.

Cc u im ca OMSN

Cc thit b OMSN da trn mt cu trc truyn dn SDH cng, cha linh hot, mang li cho cc nh cung cp dch v mt vi li ch sau:

Mang li tnh sn sng ti a cho dch v, h tr cc dch v tim nng t vic truy nhp n mng ng trc vi bt k lung lu lng no. Hp l ha cc thao tc v ci thin mt cch ng k vn xy dng c bn v chi ph kinh doanh m khng nh hng n cc dch v hin c. To ra nhng li nhun mi t cc dch v hin ti v cc dch v cnh tranh trong tng lai. Ci thin bng thng s dng, cung cp khng gian cho cc dch v mi pht sinh li nhun nhiu hn.Cc thit b OMSN ca Alcatel Lucent

Cc thit b OMSN ca Alcatel Lucent gm c: 1642EMC, 1640FOX, 1642EMUX, 1650SM-C, 1662SM-C, 1660SM v 1670SM.

1642EMC, 1640FOX, 1642EMUX, 1650SM-C, 1662SM-C v 1660SM c d nh cho cc ng dng mng metro, trong khi , 1670SM l OMSN cho mng truyn dn li.1640FOX, 1650SM-C, 1662SM-C, 1660SM, v 1670SM chia s nhiu thit b c xc nh bi lu lng c h tr (PDH, SDH, ATM, Ethernet). Hu ht cc cng lu lng c b x l khng nm trn bn mch v c th c ti s dng t mt OMSN n mt OMSN khc hoc c khi phc t nhng kho d tr m khng phi lo lng v cc phin bn phn mm SW.

1660SM v 1662SMC tch hp cc c tnh CWDM m rng dung lng truyn dn ca mng bi vic ngh cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng:

Tng bng thng cho cc ng dng mng vng v mng metro.

Pht trin cc dch v t bc sng n n nhiu bc sng trong cng mt node.

Gii php CWDM hiu qu cho c s h tng mng quang th.

Chuyn mch gi

Cc thit b OMSN chia s b chuyn i dch v tch hp ISA (Integrated Service Adapter) chung, cung cp cc chc nng chuyn mch gi lp 2, thch nghi vi c s h tng truyn dn SDH yu cu cho cc dch v bng rng trn nn gi ngy cng tng:

Cung cp cc chc nng chuyn mch MPLS, Ethernet v kh nng chuyn mch ATM, vi cc giao din ESCON, FICON, FC ci thin s kt ni cc lung d liu v phn phi cc dch v bng rng mi trn nn IP nh l cc mng ring o Ethernet, mng lu tr v tp hp di ng 3G.

Qun l c hiu qu v truyn dn cc ng dng d liu trn nn gi trong gii hn c s h tng quang c, trnh s chng cho cc mng d liu tp hp mng metro bng rng.

To ra cc li nhun mi t cc dch v hin ti v tng lai bng vic bt buc v xc nhn s tha thun mc dch v SLA da vo cht lng dch v QoS c h tr.

Hnh 3.1. Cc dch v bng rng c cung cp bi OMSN

Nhng kh nng ny lm cho cc thit b OMSN tr thnh cc node a cng ngh hiu qu hng n cc mng metro quang m dung lng, gi thnh, c s h tng, tin cy v cc dch v trn nn gi ng vai tr cha kha trong mt kin trc bng rng hng n ngi dng.

Cc ng dng a dch v

Ngy nay, tnh linh hot cng c ngha l c kh nng h tr cc dch v d liu bng rng v cc ng dng a phng tin trong mng. Cc thit b OMSN mang li cho cc nh cung cp dch v kh nng phn phi mt vi loi dch v a giao thc khc nhau mang li s cn bng tt nht gia cc dch v d liu bng rng mi v cc dch v cho thu ng dy v dch v thoi truyn thng. Cc thit b OMSN c trang b cc khe cm ISA thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch Ethernet, ATM hoc video, cho php cc ng dng mi. Phm vi rng ln ca k thut ISA trn nn gi cho php cc nh iu hnh v cc nh cung cp dch v i ph vi lu lng bng rng hin ti v tng lai cn truyn qua mng bng cch cho php quy t nhiu lp trong mt node n.

3.2. Cc chc nng ca thit b OMSN

Node a dch v trn nn quang OMSN tng thch vi nhng h thng PDH c cng nh nhng mng SDH c lp t, do thit b OMSN cung cp cc chc nng c mng SDH v b sung thm mt s cc chc nng mi cho cc ng dng mi. Cc chc nng l:

OMSN c th c cu hnh nh l mt b ghp u cui a ng (Multi Line Terminal Multiplexer) hoc l mt b tch ghp a knh (Multi Add/Drop Multiplexer) hoc l mt b ni cho (Cross Connect).

OMSN tch hp kh nng chuyn mch ATM, c th s dng c trong mt card chuyn mch ty chn.

OMSN c th c trang b vi nhng thit b Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet cho php kt ni LAN to LAN v chuyn mch Ethernet.

OMSN c th s dng cho chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS), ngha l n thc hin phn loi, nh tuyn, tp hp cc gi d liu theo k thut MPLS.

OMSN c th truy nhp v truyn cc loi lu lng n FICON (1.0625Gbit/s), knh quang (1.0625Gbit/s), Digital Video (270Mbit/s), ESCON(200Mbit/s), FDDI(125Mbit/s), OC-3 (155Mbit/s.

OMSN h tr nhng tnh nng ca CWDM (Coarse WDM) c cung cp bi b tch sng, b gii ghp knh (Multiplexer/Demultiplexer) v nhng thit b COADM (Coarse Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer).

3.3. Cc ng dng dch v trn thit b OMSN

3.3.1. Dch v Ethernet

p ng cc dch v bng thng rng ca khch hng, cc nh cung cp dch v pht trin dch v Ethernet trong cc mng LAN. Dch v Ethernet mang li mt s li ch nh: tnh d s dng, hiu qu v chi ph, tnh linh hot.

Tnh d s dng.

Dch v Ethernet da trn mt giao din Ethernet (Ethernet interface) chun, ph bin, c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng mng cc b (LAN). Hu nh tt c cc thit b v my ch trong LAN u kt ni dng Ethernet, v vy vic s dng Ethernet kt ni vi nhau s n gin ha qu trnh hot ng v cc chc nng qun tr, qun l v cung cp (OAM&P).

Hiu qu v chi ph

Dch v Ethernet lm gim chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh. Mt l, do s ph bin ca Ethernet trong hu ht tt c cc sn phm mng nn giao din Ethernet khng c chi ph lp t. Hai l, gi thnh thit b thp, chi ph vn hnh v qun tr thp hn. Ba l, nhiu nh cung cp dch v Ethernet cho php nhng thu bao tng thm bng thng mt cch kh mm do. iu ny cho php thu bao thm bng thng khi cn thit v h ch tr cho nhng g h cn.

Tnh linh hot

Dch v Ethernet cho php nhng thu bao thit lp mng ca h theo nhng cch hoc l phc tp hn hoc l khng th thc hin vi cc dch v truyn thng khc. Vi dch v Ethenet, cc thu bao cng c th thm vo hoc thay i bng thng trong vi pht thay v trong vi ngy ngy hoc thm ch vi tun khi s dng nhng dch v mng truy nhp khc (Frame relay, ATM,). Ngoi ra, nhng thay i ny khng i hi thu bao phi mua thit b mi hay nh cung cp dch v c cn b k thut n kim tra, h tr ti ch.

Cc thit b OMSN c trang b cc card Ethernet cho php kt ni LAN to LAN gia hai b nh tuyn hoc chuyn mch qua mt mng SDH. Cc card Ethernet c th qun l c 3 loi lu lng Ethernet l: Ethernet (10 Mbit/s), Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s) v Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbit/s). Cc khung Ethernet s c sp xp trong SDH VC s dng th tc ng khung chung GFP v c truyn trn mng SDH.

Cc module Ethernet c cm vo thit b OMSN s cung cp cc dch v Ethernet. i vi thit b 1660SM, c cc module: ISA-ETH module v ISA-GBE module. Module ISA-ETH cung cp cc giao din 10/100 baseT, Module ISA-GBE cung cp cc giao din 1000BaseSX/1000BaseLX cho php s kt ni ca 2 mng LAN trong mt cu hnh point to point. Cc card ny ng vai tr nh l mt gateway i vi mng SDH. Cc module ny cho php thit b OMSN cung cp mt s dch v nh: ng dy ring (Private Line), ng dy ring o (Virtual Private Line), mng LAN ring (Private LAN), mng LAN ring o (Virtual Private LAN), tp hp (Aggregation), tp hp o (Virtual Aggregation).

Hnh 3.2. Cc dch v Ethernet trn OMSN

3.3.2. Dch v truyn d liu

Mt s dch v d liu c th c sp xp thnh nhng tn hiu STM-N nh card SDH matrix c cm vo thit b OMSN. Card 4ANY cung cp 4 truy nhp vt l v kt chui o cho tn hiu d liu. Thng lng ca n bng 16 VC-4.

Hnh 3.3. ng dng dch v d liu

Bng 3.1 cho thy cc dch v d liu c cung cp bi OMSN.

Tn hiu d liuTc bitS lng VC-4

Gigabit Ethernet 1,25 Gbit/s8

FICON1,0625 Gbit/s8

Fiber Channel1,0625 Gbit/s8

Digital Video270 Mbit/s2

ESCON200 Mbit/s2

Fast Ethernet 125 Mbit/s1

FDDI125 Mbit/s1

Bng 3.1. Cc loi dch v d liu c cung cp bi OMSN

3.3.3. Dch v ATMMetro OMSN c tch hp kh nng chuyn mch knh o VC v ng dn o VP ATM nh card chuyn mch ty chn cha ma trn ATM. cung cp dch v ATM, card ISA-ATM c cm vo thit b 1660SM l gii php ti u truyn dn v tp hp lu lng ATM. V mt chc nng, ATM c bit hu ch trong truy nhp cu hnh Ring cc b v metro hp nht lu lng d liu t nhng ngi s dng khc nhau ln trn cng SDH VC, do ti u bng thng truyn.

3.3.4. Dch v MPLS

MPLS l c ch truyn ti d liu dng chuyn gi (packet-switched). Trong m hnh OSI, MPLS c th xem nh nm gia lp 2 v lp 3V vy MPLS c th c xem nh l giao thc thuc lp 2.5. MPLS c thit k thng nht cc loi dch v truyn ti d liu cho c mng chuyn gi v chuyn mch, h tr c IP, ATM, SONET, EthernetDo s dng MPLS s tit kim c chi ph rt nhiu. MPLS cho php xy dng mt h thng mng s dng mt loi c s h tng c th qun l c d liu, m thanh thoi, video conference

u vo, b nh tuyn bin nhn LER (Label Edge Router) s kim tra gi tin c a ti v quyt nh c nh nhn gi tin hay khng.Vic nh nhn s da vo mt c s d liu c bit c lu trong LER. Sau , mt header MPLS s c chn vo. Gi d liu c chuyn i. Gi d liu truyn i s ln lt i qua cc LSR (Label Switching Router), cc LSR s khng thm vo hay bt i nhn no, n ch thay i cc nhn v chuyn gi tin n LSR tip theo, cc LSR xc nh vic i nhn hay LSR tip theo da vo mt bng d liu trong router. Nu d liu khng cha nhn no, n s hot ng nh mt router bnh thng. Do vy, cc ng dn s c thit lp gia cc LER v LSR. Nhng ng dn ny c gi l Label switch paths (LSPs). u ra, LER s tch header MPLS ra v gi d liu s c truyn i mt cch bnh thng. Ngoi ra MPLS cho php xc nh ch u tin cho d liu, thut ng mng l FEC (Forward Equivalence Class - Lp chuyn tip tng ng). Thc cht, vic xc nh mc u tin cho d liu l rt quan trng. Do c nhng d liu quan trng cn cht lng mng cao hn. MPLS cho php chn mc u tin cung cp cht lng mng hp l cho cc loi d liu ny. Sau , da vo mc FEC ca gi thng tin c nh nhn m cc loi ng truyn khc nhau c th c thc hin. C th l gi tin s c truyn qua ATM, frame-relay. Nu gi tin khng c nhn, n s c coi c mc u tin thp nht v c truyn i nh mt gi tin IP bnh thng.

K thut MPLS c s dng trong nhng h thng truyn ti Alcatel phn phi v nh tuyn cc gi d liu c to ra bi dch v gi ha bt k (packetized service) ang hot ng ti lp mng v c ng gi thnh khung Ethernet. Mt hoc nhiu nhn c gn vo mi gi Ethernet v c s dng chuyn gi. S phn loi cc gi d liu n ch c thc hin mt ln ti cnh ca mng MPLS, nhng b nh tuyn MPLS bn trong ch phi chn bc truyn k tip bng cch tm v hon i nhn trn cng. Nhng gi Ethernet cng ch v cng cht lng dch v c gn n cng mt FEC ngay c khi chng thuc mt lung khc. Theo cch ny, nhng lung gi ring bit c tp hp n mt ng dn chung.

Hnh 3.4. ng dng dch v MPLS

thit b OMSN, cc card ISA PR-EA v ISA PR s qun l giao thc MPLS.

Card ISA PR-EA c s dng tp hp nhng lung lu lng Ethernet khc nhau, c bo m bng cht lng dch v lung QoS.

ISA PR l mt h thng con Ethernet ADM v cung cp mt lp sng mang c chia s trong Ethernet Packet Ring.3.3.5. Dch v CWDM

CWDM l mt nhnh chi ph thp ca cc cng ngh DWDM (dense WDM) hiu sut cao phc v cho nghnh cng nghip mng truyn ti xa.

S tch hp cng ngh SDH v WDM trong 1660SM to ra c hi tng thm dung lng mng m khng nh hng ln phng tin vt l ban u (v d nh si quang). S hin din ca mt li bc sng cho php ngi dng s dng nhiu dung lng vi gi thnh gii hn. Nhng thit b quang CWDM c th ln n 8 knh truyn lu lng theo nh khuyn ngh ITUT G694.2, li bc sng l: 1470-1490-1510-1530-1550-1570-1590-1610 nm. H tr c ng dng tuyn tnh v vng. nhng node u cui, n c th tch ghp ln n 8 knh. nhng node tc thi, n c th xen r 1 hoc 2 knh v truyn qua 7 hoc 6 knh khc.

Hnh 3.5. ng dng CWDM

3.4. H thng qun l trong mng s dng OMSN

Cc dch v c tho lun trn c lp mt mc no v phi c qun l bi mt h thng qun l mng NMS (Network Management System) m bo chng c th c trin khai v qun l ch ng trong thi gian thc. Nu khng c chin lc NMS r rng, cc dch v v cng ngh ni trn rt kh hay thm ch l khng th p dng c.

3.4.1. Cu trc ca h thng qun l

Hnh 3.6. Cu trc ca h thng qun l mng

S qun l cc thnh phn mng NE c thc hin bi:

Phn mm khai bo u cui 132CT.

H iu hnh OS (1353NM v 1354RM) ca mt hoc nhiu trm lm vic c chc nng qun l mng. Hn na, OS cho php kt ni n cc mng qun l vin thng TMN.

Giao din CT l mt loi EIARS232. CT thc hin mt s chc nng sau:

nh v, kt ni CT vi thit b OMSN qua giao din F.

Qun l t xa, t mt thit b SDH hoc SDH gateway khc ca mng, , mt CT c kt ni (qua giao din F), nh a ch thc ca thit b. Trong trng hp ny, thng tin qun l c truyn bi mng SDH, s dng cc byte DCC hoc c truyn bi mt mng LAN. Khi ty chn CT c s dng, giao din F c th qun l c ti a 32 thit b.

Knh truyn s liu DCC:

Cc byte D1 D3 ca RSOH: cc knh truyn s liu kt ni trm lp vi trm qun l, c tc bit l 192 Kbit/s (64 Kbit/s3).

Cc byte D4 D12 ca MSOH: knh truyn s liu kt ni trm ghp knh vi trm qun l, c tc bit l 576 Kbit/s (64 Kbit/s9).

Giao thc thng tin giao din F: (F1 v F2) c nh ngha nh sau:

Giao din thng tin F1 c c s dng kt ni ti ch hay t xa cc trm vi h iu hnh UNIX. Giao din thng tin F2 c s dng trong cu hnh ni b kt ni cc my tnh PC thng thng. C hai giao din F1 v F2 u c cung cp cho mi phn t mng.

Giao thc thng tin giao din Q3 l kt ni cc phng tin trung gian, cc phn t mng, cc h iu hnh ti cc h iu hnh khc thng qua mng truyn thng s liu DCN. Giao din Q3 cho php thit lp kt ni vi OS, thng tin qun l c th c truyn bi mng quang, s dng cc byte DCC hoc bi mt mng LAN c ch nh.

Hnh 3.7. Kt ni gia thit b OMSN v OS

Kt ni gia NE v OS c thc hin nh sau:

B iu khin thit b EC (Equipment Controller) ca OMSN Gateway truyn thng ip gia Q3 v DCC.

chuyn tip thng ip TMN n nhng NE khc, EC s dng bus QECC bn trong c kt ni vi cc cng STM-N. Giao din QECC nhm kt ni cc phn t mng thng qua knh iu khin gn lin. QECC s dng cc knh thng tin s liu SDH DCC (cc byte D1 D12). Cc thng ip c truyn trn cc byte DCC ca STM-N SOH. NE c kt ni s trch cc thng ip t nhng byte ny v gi chng n EC s hu n.3.4.2. Phn mm khai bo u cui 1320CT

3.4.2.1. Gii thiu

Phn mm khai bo u cui 1320CT tng thch vi cc mi trng Windows ang hot ng: Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP. 1320CT truy nhp t cc CT t xa n giao din Q3 GNE Ethernet qua mng IP. Ni chung, CT l mt my tnh c nhn PC, c kt ni qua giao din F qun l cc b NE. Vi ng dng CT t xa, n c th qun l ln n 32 NEs qua cc knh DCCM/DCCR. CT thc hin mt s chc nng qun l nh: qun l cu hnh, qun l cnh bo

Cc c tnh chnh

1320CT cung cp mt s chc nng sau:

Qun l mt hoc nhiu NE: c th qun l ln n 32 NE vi mt chc nng t hp (ng dng CT t xa).

Tng thch cc giao din m hnh thng tin ITU ti cc phn t mng.

Qun l li bo co cnh bo thi gian thc, nh v v sa cc li tip theo sau.

Qun l cu hnh iu khin hot ng ca cc NE.

Thc hin qun l ci t, tp hp, ng nhp v hin th d liu lin quan n cc NE c qun l theo ITUT G.826.

Nhng nhim v chnh ca h thng

Thao tc v bo tr cc b cc NE c kt ni.

Gim st kch hot/ngng kch hot mt NE.

Thit lp cu hnh truyn dn.

Qun l thi gian thc cc NE c kt ni: cnh bo khi c li v thng bo cc s kin khi NE hot ng bnh thng.

Qun l ni cho ca VC-4, VC-3, VC-2, VC-12 v cc mc bc sng.

Qun l cu hnh

1320CT cung cp cc chc nng ci t, khi to v sa i nhng tham s cu hnh thit b. Nhng dch v ny bao gm:

Qun l cc ng dng v tham s h thng.

Qun l cc tham s hot ng v trng thi ca NE.

Qun l ni cho

Chc nng qun l ni cho cung cp mt tp hp nhng chc nng thit lp cc kt ni cho trong cc NE v theo di cc kt ni c cung cp cho mc ch bo dng. Cu hnh kt ni c cho trong mt danh sch ca ng dng.

Qun l li

Chc nng qun l li gm c mt s chc nng cho php gim st thi gian thc tnh trng ti nguyn ca mng c qun l. Cc li c pht hin ra v cc hot ng hiu chnh c th c thc hin bi thao tc vin. Nhng dch v ny bao gm:

Hin th cc cnh bo hin thi ca NE.

Bt/tt cc cnh bo th cp.

Cnh bo cc thit lp quan trng.

To cc file Alarm History.

Qun l hiu nng

Chc nng qun l hiu nng cung cp mt tp hp cc chc nng khi ng v ngng theo di cc hot ng trn cc ti nguyn vt l ca mng, v tp hp, x l v hin th d liu c sn bng th. D liu c cung cp ph thuc vo dung lng ca cc NEs, theo khuyn ngh ITUT G.826 v cc SDH NEs. Chc nng qun l hiu nng cho php thit lp cc ngng ti nguyn, nu vt qu cc ngng ny s lm pht sinh mt cnh bo QoS. iu ny mang li cho nh iu hnh c hi theo di chi tit cc tha thun mc dch v SLA c nhn c nh ca khch hng.

Qun l bo mt

Chc nng qun l bo mt cung cp mt tp hp cc chc nng bo v h thng chng li s truy nhp tri php ca ngi s dng, cc th tc hoc nhng tc ng khc. Quyn truy nhp c da vo FADs v NADs.

Giao din 1320CT

Khi 1320CT c khi ng, mt bn khng tn s xut hin trong ca s NES (Network Element Synthesis Tng hp phn t mng).

Nu din F cha c kt ni, y l mt bn trng.

Nu giao din F c kt ni, bn ny s cha cc NE c kt ni vi a ch c khi phc. Menu Network Element Synthesis

Hnh 3.8. Menu NES ca phn mm 1320CT

3.4.3. H iu hnh

Mt h thng qun l mng SDH phi c kh nng qun l tt c cc phn t mng, k c cc phn t c pht trin trong tng lai. Cc h thng qun l mng ny phi c xy dng hng ti mt mng qun l vin thng chung TMN. TMN l mt mng c cu trc c bit cho cc chc nng qun l cho mt mng vin thng TN. TNM c cu trc gm cc lp:

Hnh 3.9. Cu trc cc lp ca TMN

NE - cc phn t mng: thit b truyn dn PDH hoc SDH. ECT (Equipment Craft Terminal): qun l cc b. TN: y l mng kt ni cc NEs. N cung cp cc phng tin vt l m bo s truyn dn. EML (Element Management Layer): qun l tt c cu hnh NE trn cc c s ring l: phn cng, kt ni cho, ng b, bo v, cnh bo, thc hin Phn mm 1353NM qun l lp ny. NML (Network Management Layer): h thng thuc v lp ny cho php cc thao tc vin qun l kt ni, nh tuyn v cc bo v lin quan. Ngoi ra, NML cn chu trch nhim v cc cnh bo mng v theo di hiu nng h thng. Phn mm 1354RM qun l lp ny.3.4.3.1. Phn mm 1353NM

Phn mm 1353NM thuc lp qun l phn t ca cu trc mng TMN. 1353NM thc hin mt s chc nng qun l sau:

Cc chc nng qun l Topo mng

To Topo mng.

Thm, xa cc k hiu.

Khai bo NEs.

Kim k NE.

Hnh 3.10. Chc nng qun l Topo mng ca 1353NM

Cc chc nng qun l phn mm v qun l phn t mng

Qun l phn t mng

Gim st NEs.

Cu hnh h thng bo v.

Bt/tt cc thng bo cnh bo.

Qun l cc ngun ng b v thi gian ca NE.

Qun l cc kt ni v qun l cc cng.

Cu hnh cc im bn ngoi.

Sao lu v khi phc cc NEs.

Qun l phn mm

Np cc thng tin t phn mm xung NE.

Np phn mm t mt server n mt NE.

Kch hot/ngng kch hot phn mm ca NE.

y nhim phn mm cho NE.

Hnh 3.11. Cc chc nng qun l SW v NE

Cc chc nng cnh bo

Nhn v x l cc cnh bo.

Thit lp b lc tiu chun nhn cc cnh bo.

Qun l cnh bo cc file ng nhp.

Lu tr v x l thng tin cnh bo hin thi.

Hin th giao din ngi dng.

Tm lc cc bo ng lin quan n mt NE.

Hnh 3.12. Cc chc nng qun l Alarm

Cc chc nng qun l theo di hiu nng

Cu hnh ngng ca cc b m li.

Theo di hot ng ca cc b m.

Ghi d liu hiu nng ca h thng.

Tm kim s suy gim cht lng TP (Termination Point).

Cc chc nng qun tr h thng

Qun l h thng (cho ngi qun tr)

Khi ng/dng h thng.

Hin th v qun l tt c cc qu trnh ca 1353NM.

Sao lu/phc hi h thng.

Cc hot ng c tnh chu k.

Qun l bo mt Truy nhp h thng.

Phn phi cc bn .

Cc quyn truy nhp n cc NEs.

3.4.3.2. Phn mm 1354RM

Phn mm 1354RM thuc lp qun l mng NML, 1354RM thc hin mt s chc nng qun l sau:

Hnh 3.13. Cc chc nng ca 1354RM

Np thng tin c sn ca cc cng v NE t 1353NM.

Xy dng phn tnh ca mng c qun l nh:

Lin kt cc kt ni.

Cc Topo c bn: ring, mesh

p dng cc lp lin quan theo ITU-G.803.

Cc ng dn, cc dng LO, HO, cc on hp knh, vt l.

Cu hnh v qun l phn ng ca mng nh:

Cu hnh ti trng (payload).

Cung cp ng dn.

Bo dng v gim st ng dn

Ni/phn chia.

iu khin cc giao din SEN IM v OPTICS IM da trn cc NEs.

Np chc nng v hiu ha qun l.

D tm v khi phc NE.

Qun l cc bo v.

SNCP (SubNetwork Connection Protection Bo v kt ni mng con) l mt c ch bo v c cung cp c th bo v mt phn hoc ton b ng dn (gia hai NE).

Cc quy tc khi phc.

Theo di hiu nng h thng.

Phn tch v to ra cc o lng ty bin.

Qun l cnh bo nghm ngt ASAP.

Theo di cnh bo v qun l cc bn ghi.

Qun l giao din Northbound (IOO)

Chng 4: CU TRC PHN CNG V NGUYN L HOT NG CA THIT B 1660SM STM 16

4.1. Cu trc chc nng ca thit b 1660SM STM-16

S hot ng ca thit b 1660SM

Hnh 4.1. S khi thit b 1660SM

Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b 1660SMy l s hot ng ca ca thit b 1660SM. Cc lung tn hiu t nhng ngun khc nhau nh lung E1, lung dch v Ethernet v ATM c a vo thit b. Cc lung c ng b qua card Service u c tp trung vo card Matrix, y cc lung tn hiu c x l v tp hp li thnh lung STM 16 ri truyn ti n card O16ES, sau cc tn hiu s c x l v chuyn i thnh tn hiu quang ri truyn i trn si quang.

i vi cc lung tn hiu E1, cc lung ny s i vo qua cc Access Card A21E1, ngha l mi card ny c ni vi 21 lung E1, tu vo s lng lung E1 m s dng s lng card A21E1 trnh lng ph. Sau tn hiu c ni n Port card P63E1 tng ng, card ny thc hin giao tip 63 lung tn hiu 2,048Mbit/s vo cc lung SDH cao hn v mi Port Card P63E1 c ni vi 3 Access Card A21E1. Tn hiu tip tc i n card MATRIX, y tn hiu c sp xp vo cc lung STM-N ri i n card O16ES chuyn i thnh tn hiu quang v truyn qua ng trung k n mt tng i khc. pha thu cng c cc thnh phn v chc nng ging pha pht, song qu trnh thu tn hiu c thc hin mt cch ngc li vi pha pht.

Hnh 4.2. Qu trnh ghp cc lung E1 thnh STM N

i vi cc lung tn hiu Ethernet, cc tn hiu Ethernet s c a n card ISA, sau i n card MATRIX. Tng t nh cc lung E1 th cc lung tn hiu cng c sp xp vo nhng lung STM-N ri n card O16-ES c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang ri truyn trn ng trung k n u thu.

Cc lung tn hiu ATM cng c a n MATRIX card v chyn i thnh tn hiu quang.

Cc card ca thit b 1660SM c phn thnh cc loi l Access Card, Port Card v nhm Card chung Common Card. Sau y ta s ln lt tm hiu chc nng ca cc loi card ny.

4.1.1. Common CardCc card chung (Common Card) thc hin cc chc nng: b iu khin, dch v, kt ni hoc ng b ho. Common Card bao gm cc Card sau: MATRIX, CONGI, PQ2/EQC, SERVICE, SYNTH. Sau y l mt s chc nng ca cc Common Card.

4.1.1.1. Card MATRIX

MATRIX Card l thit b tip nhn v tch/ghp cc lung giao din SDH v cao hn l cc lung dch v mi nh ATM, ETHERNET, MPLS. Trong thit b 1660SM c 2 loi MATRIX Card: MATRIXN v MATRIXE.

MATRIXN c mt dung lng ma trn tng ng 96 x 96 STM 1, c th s dng theo cch sau:

Tt c dung lng cho cc kt ni cho mc cao HOCC.

Mt phn dung lng cho cc kt ni cho mc cao v phn cn li cho cc kt ni cho mc thp LOCC. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ti a c th s dng cho mt LOCC l 64 STM-1.

MATRIXE c mt dung lng ma trn tng ng 384 x 384 STM-1, c th s dng theo cch sau:

Tt c dung lng cho cc kt ni cho mc cao HOCC. Mt phn dung lng cho cc kt ni cho mc cao v phn cn li cho cc kt ni cho mc thp LOCC. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ti a c th s dng cho mt LOCC l 256 STM-1.

MATRIXN v MATRIXE thc hin mt s chc nng sau:

Kt ni gia cc cng.

ng b thit b.

B iu khin gi .

Thc hin qun l tp hp.

Kim k t xa.

4.1.1.2. Card CONGI

CONGI card l thit b cung cp ngun DC cho cc card v cc thit b khc trong h thng. Trong 1660SM th ngun u vo l 48/60VDC v u ra c cc mc ngun l 0.8VDC, 1.7VDC, 2.5VDC v 3.3VDC.

Trong 1660SM, c 2 loi Card CONGI: CONGI-A v CONGI-B. Nu CONGI-A c s dng th CONGI-B s l d phng v ngc li.

4.1.1.3. Card SERVICE

Card SERVICE cung cp cc chc nng sau: Qun l knh AUX (Auxiliary): 4x64 Kbit/s G.703, 4xV11, 4xRS-232, 2x2 Mbit/s G.703.

Giao din ng h li vo/li ra:

T3/T6: hai tn hiu ng h tham chiu 2MHz/2Mbps ng b cc phn t mng.

T4/T5: hai tn hiu ng h li ra 2MHz/2Mbps c s dng bi mt phn t mng khc.

Qun l EOW cho php cung cp 3 loi kt ni khc nhau:

Gia 2 trm (la chn cuc gi).

Gia 3 trm (a la chn cuc gi).

Cuc gi bao trm (mt trm kt ni vi tt c cc trm khc, s cuc gi 00).

Ngoi ra c hai knh m rng vi cc b ni khc nhau (RJ11 v RJ45) c th c s dng thit lp mt kt ni vi mt in thoi bn trong.

4.1.1.4. Card EQUICO and PQ2/EQC

EQUICO and PQ2/EQC l card dng cho qun l v iu khin cc thit b, cnh bo khn cp cc s c, cc lnh ch v quan trng na l iu khin cc thit b d phng trong trng hp cc thit b ang hot ng b h hng hoc c s c. EQUICO and PQ2/EQC cung cp chc nng b iu khin thit b EC: Kt ni vi Local Craft Terminal nh mt PC, qua giao din F.

Kt ni vi OS (1353NM, 1354RM) bng giao din Q3 c b ni nm trn bn mch CONGI, hoc bi cc knh DCC ca cc cng STM-N.

Kt ni vi mt CT t xa qua cc knh DCC ca cc cng STM-N.

Kt ni vi OS qua giao din QAUX nm trn SERVICE card.

4.1.1.5. Bus Termination

Ngoi cc Card trn th trong Common Card cn c mt n v khng th thiu l Bus Termination Card. Chc nng chnh ca Bus Termination l gi cc b u cui in n cc Bus c nh tuyn mt sau panel. Cc Card Bus Termination c t bn cnh cc MATRIX Card.4.1.2. Cc Card LS v HSLS (Low Speed) v HS (High Speed) l nhm card giao tip lu lng vo/ra vi tc lung nhnh khc nhau. Card LS c tc lung nhnh l 2,048Mbps. Card HS c tc lung nhnh l 34Mbps, 45Mbps, 140Mbps, 622Mbps Tu theo tc d liu m thit b 1660SM s dng cc loi card khc nhau. Trong thit b 1660SM, cc giao din truy nhp c thc hin thng qua s kt hp ca Port Card v Access Card. Port Card thc hin chc nng x l tn hiu, Access Card bao cha giao din vt l kt ni lung nhnh vi cc thit b u cui. Sau y, chng ti s i xt cc giao din truy nhp ca SDH ang c s dng ph bin trn mng vin thng.

4.1.2.1. Giao din truy nhp 2,048Mbps

thc hin ghp/tch cc giao din lung nhnh PDH 2,048Mbps vo cc lung SDH tc cao hn, thit b 1660SM s dng Port Card l P63E1, P63E1N hoc P63E1N-M4, Access Card l A21E1.

Card P63E1 thc hin giao tip 63 lung tn hiu 2,048Mbps cn ng b song hng v tn hiu STM-4-BPF (Back Panel Format), ng thi x l 63 tn hiu 2,048Mbps t cc card truy nhp nh km.

Card P63E1N v c bn ging nh card P63E1, ngoi ra n c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng sau:

P63E1N cng thc thi chc nng NT (Network Termination) vi tc truy nhp ch yu ca cc dch v ISDN. c trng ny c lp trnh qua SW s dng hoc loi tr chc nng NT cho mi cng n, ng thi card P63E1N c th giao tip vi cc cng ng dng hoc khng ng dng chc nng NT.

P63E1N c th thc thi chc nng ti nh thi, chc nng ny c p dng cho ng h thit b (Equipment Clock) gi i tn hiu 2,048 Mbit/s, do c ng b vi mng SDH.

P21E1N-M4 ging vi P63E1N vi s khc bit l: thay cho ti nh thi trt bit (slip bit), ti nh thi trt khung (frame slip) c cung cp trong trng hp PRA hot ng. Card A21E1 l Access card cho P63E1 v P63E1N. C th s dng ln n 3 card A21E1 cho mi Port card. Card A21E1 kt ni 21 lung tn hiu d liu 2,048Mb/s, cung cp cc kt ni t mt sau panel n cc ng dy bn ngoi v cc mu ni cho 21 tn hiu PDH. Card A21E1 cha cc chuyn mch bo v bo v N+1 EPS.4.1.2.2. Giao din truy nhp 34Mbps/45Mbps

thc hin ghp/tch cc giao din lung nhnh PDH 34Mbps/45Mbps vo cc lung SDH tc cao hn, thit b 1660SM s dng Port Card l P3E3T3 v Access Card l A3E3, A3T3.

Port Card P3E3T3 l mt giao din song hng t/n 3 lung 34Mbps hoc 45Mbps v STM-4-BPF. Tc bit ca Card P3E3T3 ph thuc vo Access card c trang b.

Access Card A3E3, A3T3 l card giao din song hng vo/ra trn 3 knh ring bit. Mi knh cung cp 1 truy nhp lung d liu 34Mbps/45Mbps ca Card P3E3T3. C th l:

A3E3 cung cp cc truy nhp 334Mbps cho P3E3T3. A3T3 cung cp cc truy nhp 345Mbps cho P3E3T3.

Mi Access card cung cp cc kt ni t mt sau panel n cc ng dy bn ngoi v cc mu ni cho cc tn hiu PDH.

A3E3 v A3T3 cha cc chuyn mch bo v bo v N+1 EPS.

4.1.2.3. Giao din truy nhp 140Mbps (STM-1) thc hin ghp/tch cc giao din lung nhnh PDH 140Mbps vo cc lung SDH tc cao hn, thit b 1660SM s dng Port Card l P4ES1N v Access Card l A4ES1.

Card P4ES1N iu khin 4 tn hiu in STM-1, tt c u truy nhp trn cc Access card c lin quan (Card A4ES1). Card P4ES1N l mt trong cc Card c th bo v EPS. Card A4ES1 cung cp truy nhp 4 lung d liu tc 140Mbps cho P4ES1N. Mi Card P4ES1N cn mt Card A4ES1. Mi Access card cung cp cc kt ni t mt sau panel n cc ng dy bn ngoi v cc tn hiu STM-1.

A4ES1 cha cc chuyn mch bo v bo v N+1 EPS.

4.1.2.4. Giao din truy nhp 622Mbps (STM-4) thc hin ghp/tch cc giao din lung nhnh PDH 622Mbps vo cc lung SDH tc cao hn, thit b 1660SM s dng Port Card l S-4.1.N, L-4.1.N, L-4.2.N v P4S4N.

Cc Port Card STM-4 ny qun l mt tn hiu STM-4 ca cc b kt ni trn card, do cc card ny khng cn Access card no. S dng m ng NRZ.

Card P4S4N qun l 4 tn hiu STM-4 v c x l trn 2 knh STM-4 ca n.

Giao din tn hiu vt l l module STM-4 quang.

Card P4S4N khng th cu trc li cc tn hiu STM-4, khng h tr truyn qua v chn gim ti cc mc 2Mbps, 34Mbps v 45Mbps.

4.1.2.5 Giao din truy nhp 2,4Gbps (STM-16)

giao din truy nhp ny, thit b 1660SM thc hin vic tch/ghp qua cc Port Card sau: STM-16 Post Card: S-16.1ND, L-16.1ND, L-16.2ND v I-16.1ND.

Cc card ny c 2 khe cm m rng, qun l mt tn hiu STM-16 kt ni vi card, do nhng card ny khng cn Access card.

STM-16 Host Post Card: CO - 16

Card CO-16 qun l mt tn hiu STM-16 c cm vo jack cm pha trc card.

Port card ny khng cn Access card.

Card CO-16 c 2 khe cm rng v c th cm vo cc khe cm tng cng.

STM-16 slim host Port card: O-16 ES

STM-16 slim card qun l mt tn hiu STM-1 c cung cp bi cc b kt ni trang b mt module quang SFP.

Port card ny khng cn Access card.

STM-16 slim card c mt khe cm rng.

4.1.2.6. High speed protection Access card

Ngoi cc Port Card v Access Card x l tn hiu v kt ni cc truy nhp trn, Card LS v HS cn c mt loi Card c dng bo v cho mt s Card gi l Card truy nhp bo v tc cao (HPROT).

HPROT Access card c s dng cung cp bo v EPS cho cc Port card in HS (P3E3T3, P4ES1N).

HPROT cung cp kt ni gia cc Access card v Port card HS d phng nu yu cu bo v.

Mi Access card c kt ni n card trc v card tip theo, theo cch ny, cung cp s bo v N+1. S dng HPROT card v tr cui cng pha tri ca cc Access card gn lin vi cng nhm cng bo v.

4.1.3. Cc b khuch i quang

K thut khuch i quang l k thut khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang m khng cn phi thng qua qu trnh bin i v in no. K thut khuch i quang va ra i khc phc c nhiu hn ch ca trm lp nh v bng tn, cu trc phc tp, cp ngun, nh hng ca nhiu in Khuch i quang c th c t cc phn khc nhau ca h thng thng tin

Trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu quang th do cc c tnh suy hao ca si quang nn cng sut tn hiu s b gim khi truyn trn khong cch xa. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta s dng cc b khuch i quang m bo cng sut ca tn hiu ti u thu. Vi cc tuyn truyn dn c khong cch ln hn 60 km th phi s dng khuch i quang. C hai loi khuch i quang c s dng l: Booters v Preamplifier.

4.1.3.1. Boosters BST (Khuch i cng sut )

Hnh 4.3. Kt ni Booster vi thit b

L b khuch i quang c t ngay sau thit b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut tn hiu quang n mc cao nht lm cho khong cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b khuch i cng sut l to ra cng sut u ra cc i.

Card Booster c 2 khe cm rng. S khe ca card l s cc khe bn phi.

Thit b Booster c s dng khi truyn trn mt khong cch di, s lng kt ni tng.

S kt ni gia Booster v Port card c thc hin trn cc b ni quang nh mt si quang c cung cp.

C ch bo v: Trong trng hp in th nguy him, ch t ng tt s c cung cp trong cc trng hp sau:

M Cover.

Mt tn hiu vo.

Xung khi ng li (vi khong thi gian khng di hn 400ms) s c thc hin bi b Booster (c iu khin t ng v iu khin bng tay).

Mi quan h gia Booster v cc giao tip quang:

STM-NCc giao tip quangBc sng (nm)B khuch i quang

STM-1L-1.2 JE11530, 1560BST15

STM-4L-4.2 JE1530, 1560BST10, 15, 17

STM-16L-16.2 JE21530, 1560BST10, 15, 17

L-16.2 JE31550, 1560BST10, 15, 17

STM-64L-64.21530, 1565BST10

4.1.3.2. STM-16 PREAMPLIFIER PR16 (Tin khuch i)

L cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc thit b thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tn hiu c a vo thit b. iu ny gip lm gim yu cu nghim ngt v nhy ca thit b thu v cho php h thng truyn dn quang hot ng vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr lp t, cc b tin khuch i hot ng vi tn hiu vo yu v mc nhiu u thu cao. Do vy, yu cu ca mt b tin khuch i l nhy ln, li ln v nhiu thp.

PR16 card c 2 khe cm rng. S khe ca card l s cc khe bn tri.

Thit b PR16 cho giao din 2.5Gbit/s c s dng phi hp vi b optical Booster ci tin di truyn dn ca giao din 2,5Gbit/s cho ng dng knh STM-16 n.

4.1.4. Card ISA

ISA l loi card chuyn i dch v tch hp c th thch ng c vi mt s dch v mng hin c nh: ATM, ETHERNET, MPLS. Card ISA thc hin tp hp cc lu lng khc nhau, sp xp vo khung C4 (140 Mbit/s), ri kt ni vo mng SDH mang li hiu qu cao trong vic s dng bng thng. Sau y chng ta s tm hiu mt s Card ISA c trn thit b 1660SM:

ISA Eth Module

ISA Ethernet Card cung cp cc giao tip 10/100baseT cho php kt ni gia 2 mng LAN trong mt cu hnh point to point. Card ny ng vai tr nh l mt gateway i vi mng SDH.

Hnh 4.4. Cu trc ISAEth module

Cu trc ca ISA-Eth module da trn 2 card:

Access card (ETH-ATX) cung cp 14 giao tip Ethernet 10/100BaseT cho php kt ni LAN to LAN.

Port Card (ETH-MB) cung cp 11 giao tip Ethernet 10/100BaseT.

Lu lng Ethernet s c sp xp thch hp vo nhng cu trc truyn dn SDH, ri c gi n SDH Matrix card vi mt thng lng tng ng 4STM-1. T y, n c th thc hin chuyn i tc bng cch ni cho lung Ethernet 10/100Mbit/s thnh mt SDH VC bt k (VC12, VC3, VC4).

Cch s dng Card ISA-Eth trong thit b 1660SM:

ISA-Eth main board: 1 khe cm pha di (11Ethernet ports). ISA-Eth access board: 1 khe cm pha trn (14Ethernet ports). ISA-Eth c th c cm khe cm Port Card bt k. C th s dng ln n 400 giao tip Ethernet trn mt thit b 1660SM.ISA GbE Module

ISA Ethernet Card cung cp cc giao tip 1000BaseSX/1000baseLX cho php kt ni gia 2 mng LAN trong mt cu hnh point to point. Card ny ng vai tr nh l mt gateway i vi mng SDH.

Hnh 4.5. Cu trc ISA GbE module

Cu trc ISA-GbE module gm 2 card:

Port Card (GETH-MB) cung cp 4 giao tip Ethernet 1000BaseSX/LX.

Access card (GETH-AG) m rng s lng cc cng 1000BaseSX/LX ca main board vi 4 giao tip b sung 1000BaseSX/LX.

Lu lng Gigabit Ethernet s c sp xp c bit trong cc cu trc truyn dn SDH, c truyn t ISA-GbE card cm vo module v pha SDH Matrix Card qua mt sau (vi thng lng tng ng 8VC4), sau cc SDH Matrix ni mi VC4 vi Port Card STM-N thch hp n pha truyn dn mng WAN.

Cch s dng Card ISAGbE trong thit b 1660SM: ISAGbE main board: 1 khe cm pha di (4GE ports). ISAGbE access board: 1 khe cm pha trn (4GE ports). ISAGbE c th c cm khe cm Port Card bt k. C th s dng ln n 96 giao tip GE trn mt thit b 1660SM.Ethernet Switch Port Card: ES48FE

Thit b 1660SM c th cm c 8 Port Card ES48FE.

8 giao tip Ethernet/FE v 1 giao tip GE c t mt trc ca card.

Khi khai bo s c mt ca mt card ES4 8FE bng CT/NM, thao tc vin phi chn 1 trong 2 cu hnh sau:

SMII: 16 cng bn trong c s dng truyn thng vi mt sau panel. Cho php thc hin cc kt chui o (VCAT): VC12-xV (ln n 50), VC3-xV (ln n 2).

GMII: 2 cng bn trong c s dng truyn thng vi mt sau panel. Cho php thc hin cc kt chui o: VC12-xV (ln n 63), VC3-xV (ln n 12), VC4-xV (ln n 4) .

Mapping: s dng th tc ng khung chung (GFP) v th tc truy nhp lin kt SDH (LAPS). Sp xp cc lung Ethernet trong cc SDH VC: VC12, VC3, VC4. S iu chnh dung lng lin kt LCAS cho php thao tc vin thm/xa mt s VC t nhm xu chui v duy tr lu lng d mt VC ca nhm b li.

Chuyn mch c da trn:

Kt ni Ethernet trn cng c s c to ra bi thao tc vin.

Cc Ethernet bridge c kch hot: MAC bridge, VLAN bridge, Stacked VLAN bridge.

Ngoi ra, ES4 8FE cn thc hin mt s chc nng qun l nh: qun l cht lng dch v QoS, qun l iu khin lung

Tng bng thng gii hn t ES48FE chuyn tip n Matrix card tng ng 4STM-1.

ISA ATM plug-in module

Cc module ISA ATM c cm vo thit b 1660SM l gii php ti u truyn dn v tp hp lu lng ATM. Thit b 1660SM c th cm c 4 module ISA ATM. Cc nodule ny thc hin cc chc nng: x l tn hiu SDH, x l tn hiu ATM, chuyn mch ATM. C 2 loi ISA ATM card c s dng l ATM Matrix 44 card v ATM 88 Matrix card.

ATM Matrix 44 card

Card ny cung cp mt Matrix chuyn mch ATM vi tng bng thng l 622 Mbit/s. ATM 44 card thc hin sp xp cc lung ATM thnh cc knh PDH 2 Mbit/s, PDH 34 Mbit/s, VC12, VC3, VC4. C th kt ni ln n 16 knh vi bng thng gii hn l 622 Mbit/s.

ATM 88 Matrix card

Card ny cung cp mt Matrix chuyn mch ATM vi tng bng thng l 1,2 Gbit/s. ATM 88 card thc hin sp xp cc lung ATM thnh cc knh PDH 2 Mbit/s, PDH 34 Mbit/s, VC12, VC3, VC4 hoc VC4-4c. C th kt ni ln n 16 knh vi bng thng gii hn l 622 Mbit/s.

4.1.5 Card CWDM

CWDM l k thut ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng nhng c gii hn s bc sng (ch s dng 4 16 bc sng). Vic gii hn s bc sng tuy lm gim hiu qu s dng bng thng so vi vic s dng WDM hay DWDM, nhng u im ca CWDM l c th p ng c cc ch tiu k thut ca truyn dn trong si quang sao cho khng b nhiu gia cc tn hiu v cc sng mang lin k. Sau ay l cc thnh phn ca CWDM.

B tch sng Transponder (COWLA2)

C hai loi:

Module SPF quang B&W STM16: SS-16.1, SL-16.1, SL-16.2.

Module SPF quang Colered STM16: SS-16.2C, SL-16.2C.

Trong trng hp s dng colored Module, 1 trong s 8 bc sng sn c theo khuyn ngh ca ITUT phi c la chn, mi bc sng c 1 module khc nhau. Cc bc sng l: 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610nm.

COWLA thc hin c 2 chc nng l n nh bc sng (b tch sng) v ti to bc sng (b ti to) trn 2 knh ring bit c h tr. Mi knh c cu thnh t 2 giao din quang. Khi lm vic nh l mt b tch sng th giao din quang ca knh l 1 B&W v 1 mu. Khi lm vic nh b ti to th c 2 giao din quang ca knh l mu.

Card Mux/demux 8 knh (COMDX8)

Card ny c cm cc khe cm 2 8 v 13 20. COMDX8 thc hin ghp/tch cc bc sng ca nhm 8 knh: 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610nm n/t pha ng dy.

Card COADM 1 knh (COADM1)

Card ny c cm cc khe cm 2 8 v 13 20. Card COADM1 thc hin ghp tch cc bc sng cho php xen r 1 trong s 8 knh sng mang trn si quang v cho qua cc knh cn li. C th s dng 8 Card COADM1 khc nhau, mi card xen r 1 bc sng.

Card COADM 2 knh (COADM2)

Card ny c cm cc khe cm 2 8 v 13 20. Card COADM1 thc hin ghp tch cc bc sng cho php xen r 2 trong s 8 knh sng mang trn si quang v cho qua cc knh cn li. C th s dng 4 Card COADM2 khc nhau, mi card xen r 1 cp bc sng.

1470 1490. 1510 1530. 1550 1570. 1590 1610.4.2. Cc c ch bo v ca thit b 1660SM

4.2.1. EPS (Equipment Protection Switching)EPS l chuyn mch bo v thit b 1660SM trong tng i Alcatel, ESP thc hin chuyn mch bo v cc card khi cc card c s c xy ra hay b h hng trong qu trnh hot ng m bo cho h thng hot ng mt cch lin tc v chnh xc, n c chc nng chuyn mch t ng t card chnh sang card d phng khi card chnh c s c.

Sau y l mt s card c bo v EPS trong thit b 1660SM:

Matrix card

EPS bo v theo nguyn tc 1+1 (gm mt card chnh v mt card d phng). Khi card chnh li th n s c chuyn qua card d phng. Khe cm chnh l 23, khe cm d phng l 40.

LS port card: P63E1, P63E1N, P63E1N-M4

EPS bo v theo nguyn tc N+1 (N = 16). Vi N card chnh P63E1 th c mt card d phng, v card d phng c cm khe cm 32.

HS port card: P3E3T3, P4ES1N

EPS bo v theo nguyn tc N+1. C ch bo v cng ging nh LS Port Card nhng ch dnh cho nhng cng HS in.

Vi card Access HPROT, n cng c bo v tng t nh cc Port card (nh trn hnh). Card bo v c cht bn tri ca card chnh.

Hnh 4.6. Cc khe cm card trn thit b 1660SMNgoi ra bo v EPS c th p dng c cho card traffic PDH/SDH vi cc giao din in. Trong nhng trng hp gn y EPS c ng dng trong giao din traffic card.

4.2.2 MSP (Multiplexer Section Protection)MSP l mt phng php bo v mng tuyn tnh trn tt c cc giao din STM-N. Khi c s c trn mt tuyn i hay v hay c hai tuyn th MSP thc hin chuyn mch thay i ng i cc tuyn b li sang tuyn d phng nh trc bng cc phn mm iu khin bo v.

MSP bo v theo nguyn tc tuyn tnh 1+1 hoc 1:1.

MSP tuyn tnh 1+1 ngha l ch thc hin chuyn mch thay i tuyn theo mt hng, khi c mt tuyn i hoc v b li th n ch chuyn mch sang tuyn d phng vi hng i tng ng (single ended).

MSP tuyn tnh 1:1 ngha l thc hin chuyn mch i tuyn theo hai hng c i v v, khi c mt tuyn i hoc v b li th n chuyn mch sang tuyn d phng vi c hai hng i v v (dual ended ).

Hnh 4.7. S bo v MSP tuyn tnh 1+1 v 1:1Trong trng hp c hai tuyn b li hay c s c iu khin chuyn mch bo v MSP th mng vn b mt kt ni.

4.2.3 SNCP (Subnet connection Protection)

SNCP l phng php bo v ng truyn vt l gia cc giao din SDH, n s dng hai tuyn cp song song nhau trong cu hnh mng Ring vi hai hng truyn ngc nhau. Trong trng hp bnh thng th mng thc hin truyn ti theo mt hng nht nh t hng B n A hay A n B, khi c s c mt hng th n s chy theo hng cn li tuyn d phng. Ta c mt s phng php bo v tuyn ng cp trong cu hnh mng Ring STM-16 l:

2F-MSPRing: l s dng hai cp i v v v c th truyn theo hai hng ngc nhau trong mng Ring, khi c mt hng b li th mng s c truyn theo hng cn li.

4F-MSPRing: cng tng t nh 2F-MPSRing, ch khc im l dng n 4 ng cp, trong 2 ng i v v chnh v hai ng i v v ph. Bo v 4F c tnh an ton hn so vi bo v 2F nhng tn km hn.

Hnh 4.8. Bo v SNCP 2F-MSPRing

4.3. ng b trong thit b 1660SM

Cu trc phn cp ng b:

Hnh 4.9. Cu trc phn cp ng b ha trong mng SDH.

Tn hiu ng h c phn phi trn khp ton b mng li. Mt cc trc phn cp c s dng cho iu ny. Tn hiu c i qua ph thuc vo n v cung cp ng b ha SSU v ng h thit b ng b SECs.

ngn nga nhng li truyn dn trong mng SDH, ng h ca cc phn t mng phi c ng b n mt ng h trung tm c pht ra bi thit b ng h tham kho chnh PRC tun theo khuyn ngh ITU-T G.811. y l mc cao nht ca ng b trong mt mng. Thng c 2 PRC khc nhau trong mt mng, mt chnh v mt d phng.

Mc th hai ca cu trc phn cp c i din bi thit b cung cp ng b ha SSU, thng l mt thit b c lp trong mng. Trong trng hp tham chiu PRC b mt, SSU cung cp cho mng mt tn hiu ng b ha cht lng cao. Mi SSU c th c s dng nh mt s tham kho cho cc SSU khc.

Mc th ba v l mc cui cng ca s ng b ha c i din bi ng h thit b SDH SEC m thng thng c xy dng vo trong nhng phn t mng SDH. SEC lc ra s bin ng t s tham kho thi gian u vo c chn v cung cp phn t mng SDH vi mt kh nng holdover (b lu li) trong t nht 24 gi. Ch hot ng bnh thng ca SEC phc v cho mt SSU.

S ng b

Cht lng nh thi s gim i khi s lng nhng lin kt ng b ha tng. V vy, s lng nhng phn t mng trong mt mng cn phi c ti gin v nhng l do tin cy. Cc gi tr cho chui tham kho ng b ha trng hp xu nht. (ITU G.803):

K (S lng SSU cc i trong mt chui) = 10.

N (S lng SEC cc i gia 2 SSU) = 20, vi tng s cc ng h ca phn t mng SDH gii hn l 60.

Hnh 4.10. S ng b haCc mc cht lng

ITU- T G.811: " Cc yu cu nh thi ti u ra ca nhng ng h tham kho s cp thch hp cho thao tc cn ng b ca nhng lin kt s quc t ".

ITU- T G.812: "Cc yu cu nh thi ti u ra ca nhng ng h t (slave) thch hp cho thao tc cn ng b ca nhng lin kt s quc t ".

ITU- T G.813: "Cc yu cu nh thi ca nhng ng h t thit b SDH (SEC)".

S khi chc nng ng b ha

Hnh 4.11. S khi chc nng ng b ha trong thit b 1660SMSETS Functions

Chc nng SETS (Synchronous Equipment Timing Source) l mt h thng con ca phn t mng SDH v n c cung cp trong Matrix Card ca thit b 1660SM. Thit b SDH chp nhn cc li vo ng b t nhng ngun sau:

T1 l ng h nhn c t tn hiu ng dy STM-N.

T2 l mt ng h nhn c t tn hiu 2 Mbit/s.

T3 l mt tn hiu 2 Mhz.

T6 l mt tn hiu 2 Mbit/s khng cha d liu nhng cha thng tin SSM.

B dao ng bn trong VCO (Voltage Cotrolled Oscillator B dao ng iu khin bng in p).

SETG Functions

SETG (Synchronous Equipment Timing Generation) pht ra nhng tn hiu ng b ha sau y:

s dng bn trong:

Mt ng h h thng T0 (622,08 Mhz) c cht la chn ngun ng b (T1, T2, T3 hoc T6) v phn phi n thit b.

CK38MHz: nhn c t T0 v c phn phi n tt c cc cng, tn s ca n l 38,88MHz.

MFSY: ng b a khung ti tn s 500Hz, thu c t CK38MHz, n cng c phn phi n tt c cc cng.

SY1S: tn hiu ng b th hai trn Matrix card ca 1660SM.

s dng bn ngoi

T4 l mt tn hiu 2MHz.

T5 l mt tn hiu 2 Mbit/s.

T4 v T5 chia s cng mt u ni trn SERVICE card, c la chn bng phn mm.

Chng 5: H THNG TRUYN DN SDH ALCATEL LUCENT STM - 16 CA VNPT THA THIN HU

5.1. Gii thiu chung

VNPT Tha Thin Hu l mt thnh vin ca Tp on Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), c tr s chnh ti s 08 Hong Hoa Thm, TP Hu. VNPT Tha Thin Hu thc hin cc chc nng v nhim v:

T chc, xy dng, qun l, vn hnh, khai thc mng li vin thng kinh doanh v phc v theo quy hoch, k hoch v phng hng pht trin do Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam giao. m bo thng tin lin lc phc v s ch o ca c quan ng, chnh quyn cc cp, phc v cc yu cu thng tin trong i sng kinh t, x hi. Thit k v thi cng mng Vin thng. Kinh doanh vt t thit b thuc lnh vc Vin thng, cng ngh thng tin.

Kinh doanh cc ngnh ngh khc trong phm vi php lut cho php v thc hin cc nhim v do Tp on giao.

Hin nay, p ng v phc v nhu cu s dng dch v ngy cng cao ca khch hng, VNPT Tha Thin Hu xy dng v pht trin mng li truyn dn mi trn nn quang, trong c h thng truyn dn SDH Alcatel Lucent vi dung lng ln n 10Gbps (STM-64). H thng truyn dn SDH Alcatel Lucent l h thng va mi c lp t v a vo s dng VNPT Tha Thin Hu, c s dng theo cu hnh mng Ring. y l mt trong nhng h thng truyn dn trong mng Vin thng ca VNPT Tha Thin Hu. Vi dung lng ca mng truyn dn ln n 10Gbps, VNPT Tha Thin Hu c kh nng cung cp tt c cc loi hnh dch v vin thng m khch hng yu cu, nh dch v thoi truyn thng, truyn s liu knh thu ring, ADSL tc cao, Ethernet, truyn hnh Hi ngh v cc dchv truyn thng a phng tin khc.Trong khun kh n ny, chng ti ch nghin cu cu hnh ca cc Ring truyn dn SDH ALCATEL LUCENT vi dung lng STM-16.5.2. Cu trc mng truyn dn SDH ALCATEL ca VNPT Tha Thin Hu.

Mng truyn dn SDH ALCATEL LUCENT ca VNPT Tha Thin Hu c cu trc nh hnh 5.1. Ta thy rng, ton mng c tt c 32 ADM c t chc thnh 4 Ring, trong c Ring CORE v Ring pha Bc thnh ph (Ring 2) c dung lng STM-64 (10Gbps), 2 Ring cn li c dung lng STM-16 (2,5Gbps). H thng c qun l v khai thc bng mt SERVER t ti Trung tm Truyn dn Hu. Trn SERVER c ci t 2 phn mm qun l h thng l 1353RM v 1354RM nh trnh by chng 3. Ti Trung tm Truyn dn Hu c tt c 06 ADM s dng cc thit b 1660SM v 1662SMC, trong c thit b 1660SM vi tn HUE-R1.1 c dung lng STM-64. 05 thit b cn li c dung lng STM-16. Nh vy, ti Trung tm Truyn dn Hu cung cp dung lng rt ln cc lung E1 v cc giao din truy nhp khc, v y l im tp trung ca tng i HOST ALCATEL1000E10, cc HUB ADSL, tng i VINAPHONE v cc thit b u cui cung cp cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin khc.

VNPT Tha Thin Hu chn cu trc tp Ring lm tp truyn dn. Vi dng tp ny lun c mt hng quang d phng theo c ch bo v SNCP nh trnh by chng 4. V vy, an ton thng tin rt cao trong mi tnh hung. iu ny gip cho VNPT Tha Thin Hu lun m bo tt cht lng dch v cung cp cho khch hng.

Hnh 5.1 - Cu trc mng Truyn dn SDH ALCATEL LUCENT ca VNPT Tha Thin Hu

5.3. Cu trc cc Ring STM-16 v dung lng ca cc ADM

T hnh 5.1 ta thy rng, mng truyn dn SDH ALCATEL ca VNPT Tha Thin Hu c 2 Ring vi dung lng STM-16, mt Ring dng kt ni t Trung tm Truyn dn Hu n khu vc Nam TP Hu (Ring 3), v mt Ring dng kt ni t Trung tm Truyn dn Hu n khu vc pha Nam tnh. Sau y, chng ti s i nghin cu cu hnh c th ca cc node mng trn 02 Ring ny.

Ring Nam TP Hu gm c 09 node nh hnh 5.1, trong c 08 node s dng thit b 1660SM v 01 node s dng thit b 1662SMC. Cu hnh ca node HUE-R3.1 t ti Trung tm Truyn dn Hu nh hnh 5.2.

Ta thy rng, ti node HUE-R3.1, cc Common Cards c s dng l: 01 Card PQ2/EQC, 01 Card SERVICE, 02 Card CONGI v 02 Card MATRIX. Chc nng ca cc card ny c trnh by chi tit chng 4. y chng ti ch mun ch thch l 02 loi card SERVICE v MATRIX c s dng theo c ch bo v EPS vi cu hnh 1+1, ngha l 01 card trng thi hot ng v card kia trng thi d phng (standby), v y l 02 loi card quan trng, iu khin lu lng ca h thng nn cn phi c bo v m bo an ton thng tin. Khi xy ra s c hng card hoc card b li, th h thng s chuyn mch sang card standby m khng gy ra mt lin lc.

V cc card truy nhp, ta thy rng node HUE-R3.1 c lp t 06 Card P63E1, tng ng vi 18 Card A21E1 nh trn hnh 5.2. Nh vy, tng s lung E1 cho php Add/Drop xung node HUE-R3.1 l 18(21 = 378E1, tng ng vi 06 STM-1. Nh vy, dung lng cn li trn Ring ny l 08 STM-1, dung lng ny c tch ra cc ng quang kt ni n thit b 1662SMC c tn HUE-R3.2 Add/Drop thm s E1 nh trn hnh 5.1.

Hnh 5.2 - Cu hnh ca ADM HUE-R3.1

Ngoi ra, thit b 1660SM ca node HUE-R3.1 cn c lp t thm card truy nhp ISA ES4-8FE. y l im khc bit so vi cc thit b SDH truyn thng khc, v thit b 1660SM ca ALCATEL LUCENT c thit k da trn cng ngh SDH th h mi (NG-SDH) nh trnh by chng 2. Ngoi vic cung cp cc dch v SDH truyn thng, thit b 1660SM cn c kh nng cung cp cc chuyn mch gi khc nh: Ethernet, MPLS, ATM Card ES4-8FE ca node HUE-R3.1 thc hin chc nng ny, n cung cp giao din truy nhp Ethernet gm 01 cng GE (Gigabit Ethernet) v 08 cng FE (Fast Ethernet) theo cc giao thc ca NG-SDH. V vy, dng sn phm 16xxSM ca ALCATEL LUCENT c gi l Node truy nhp a dch v trn nn si quang - OMSN.

Cc node mng khc trong 02 Ring STM-16 c cu hnh hon ton tng t, ch khc phn card truy nhp (P63E1 v A21E1). S card ny c lp t ty theo nhu cu s dng ca khch hng ti khu vc . Chi tit v cu hnh ca cc node STM-16 c m t trong bng 5.1 di y:Bng 5.1 - Cu hnh cc node mng ca 02 Ring STM-16

Tn trmTn cardS lngDung lng cung cp

LONG