DO NOW

Take out lab write up… finish last part (conclusion)

DO NOW: What’s the difference?

1. Plant vs. Animal cells

2. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells

3. Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic organisms

Classification and Taxonomy Vocabulary:– Taxonomy – Binomial Nomenclature– Kingdom – Genus – Species– Eukaryote– Prokaryote – Heterotroph– Autotroph

Organisms are OrganizedClassification: grouping organisms

Taxonomy – the branch of science that deals with naming and classification organisms

Taxonomists – scientists who name and classify organisms

Classification

1.How are organisms classified?– Organisms (living things) are classified based upon

physical (anatomical) and genetic (DNA) similarities

Classification

2. Why are organisms classified?– Classification of life is necessary to enable biologists to

more easily study living things (organisms)– Reduces confusion

• Look up a word in the dictionary. It would be very hard if all the pages were ripped out and put in a random pile.

• Instead, words are arranged or classified for us in alphabetical order making it easier to locate words.

– About 1.5 million different organisms living on Earth and more being discovered each year!

Categories for Classification

• Every known organism is placed into 5 large groupings known as KINGDOMS

• Organisms within a kingdom share many broad characteristics in common

• Taxon: – One of the 7 taxonomic groupings – Example: Kingdom, Phylum, Class

Do Now… on a separate sheet of paper

1. How would you classify these organisms?

2. Why did you classify them the way you did, explain.

5 KingdomsLets explore each kingdom and see how organisms are classified

Animal Plant Fungi Protista Monera

Prokaryotic orEukaryotic

Autotroph or Heterotroph

Unicellular orMulticellular

Cell structures

No cell wall or

chloroplasts

Cell wall (cellulose)

and chloroplasts

Cell wall (chitin)

Cell wall (cellulose) in some, some

have chloroplasts

Certain structures on

cell walls

Why are organisms divided up like this?Can we make any other groups broader, or larger, than Kingdom?

5 Kingdoms

1. Monera Unicellular (single cell) Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Example: Bacteria Some can survive in extreme

conditions Very acidic Very hot Toxic fumes (toxic to most life)

E. Coli

Streptococcus

5 Kingdoms

2. Protists Unicellular (single cell) Eukaryotic (has nucleus) Example: Ameba,

Paramecium

5 Kingdoms

3. Fungi Multicellular (has many cells) Eukaryotic (has nucleus) Heterotrophic

Have cell walls but CANNOT make own food!

Examples: Yeast, mold, lichens, mushrooms

5 Kingdoms4. Plant

Multicellular (has many cells) Eukaryotic (has nucleus) Autotrophic

Have cell walls Make on food by photosynthesis

Non-motile

5 Kingdoms5. Animal

Multicellular (has many cells) Eukaryotic (has nucleus) Heterotrophic

Obtain food by ingestion Motile

Categories of ClassificationMethod to MemorizeKing Philip CameOverFromGreat Spain

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Organisms grouped into 5 Kingdoms… but there still are differences!

KINGDOMAll organisms in animal kingdom are animals: -_____________,____________,____________

Still differences among animals. Want to get more specific!

PHYLUMGroup similar animals together based on a common characteristic. In this case, all animals with backbonesThese animals will go into a smaller group, called a Phylum!Not as many animals in a phylum!

Big to SmallPhyla are then divided into even more narrow, specific, groupings of organisms called

– Class– Order– Family – Genus– Species

Species:•Organisms in the same species are so similar they can reproduce•Most specific/similar organisms

Wait a minuteAnnotate, write what is going on, in the picture.

•From species to kingdom:– Increase or decrease in number of organisms– Increase or decrease in similarity

•From species to kingdom:– Increase / decrease in number of organisms– Increase / decrease in similarity

Humans Classified..

• Kingdom- Animalia• Phylum- Chordata• Class- Mammalia• Order- Primates• Family- Hominidae• Genus- Homo• Species- sapiens

Classification WorksheetMatch the correct Taxon with the correct amount of organisms:

1.Genus _________

2.Species _________

3.Kingdom _________

4.Order _________

5.Class _________

6.Family _________

7.Phylum _________

A. 2 million (organisms)

B. 1 (organism)

C. 100

D. 500,000

E. 750,000

F. 75,000

G. 10,000

Classification Worksheet1. Family

2. Order

3. Class

4. Species

5. Phylum

6. Kingdom

7. Genus

Do Now

1. How are organisms classified?

2. Explain the difference between:– Kingdom vs. Phylum – Kingdom vs. Species

3. What are fungi?

4. Do organisms get more or less similar going from Kingdom to Species?

1. How is classification similar to how food items are organized at a supermarket so you can find them?

Icepack, napkins, red apple, green apple, pineapple, Ribeye steak, Ice cream, celery, lettuce, gummy bears

2. Create your own classification of these objects in a supermarket.

How do we write Scientific Names?

Thank you Carolus Linnaeus! Linneaus came up with binomial nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature:Name of an organism uses Genus and SpeciesGenus is always capitalizedSpecies is always lowercase Both names ALWAYS written in italics

Human: Homo sapiens

Humans Classified..

• Kingdom- Animalia• Phylum- Chordata• Class- Mammalia• Order- Primates• Family- Hominidae• Genus- Homo• Species- sapiens

1. Scientific name for a wolf? How do you write it?

2. What are properties shared by the wolf family and cat family?

3. Members of which taxon share the most properties?

What is the scientific name for a “Killer Whale”?

Classification ToolsDichotomous Key – an organized set of couplets (pairs of descriptions) of different characteristics of biological organisms.

Simplifies the identification of biological organisms

Compare the characteristics of an unknown organism to an appropriate dichotomous key.

The key will begin general and lead to pairs of descriptions that get more specific

Follow the key, like a treasure hunt, and you will find the correct organism based on it’s features!

Dichotomous Key Practice

Bird W-

Bird X -

Bird Y -

Bird Z -

Numeric key with couplets presented together. The major advantage of this method of presentation is that both characteristics in a couple can be evaluated and compared very easily.

1a. Bean round Garbanzo bean 1b. Bean elliptical or oblong Go to 2

2a. Bean white White northern 2b. Bean has dark pigments Go to 3

3a. Bean evenly pigmented Go to 43b. Bean pigmentation mottled Pinto bean

4a. Bean black Black bean 4b. Bean reddish-brown Kidney bean

WX Y Z

Notes

• Using a Dichotomous Key:– If you have 2 organisms that are the same

scientific name, then you made a mistake– Be very careful in your observations and following

the key

Dichotomous Key Lab on SHARKS

As you work on the lab, think about what your Aim, or goal, of the lab is!