dobras falhas montanhas 2
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Dobras, Falhas e Montanhas
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Enormes cadeias de montanhas se formam quando placas convergem.
Rochas Contorcidas mostram a força da tectônica de placas.
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Colisão Oceano-Oceano
Island Arc: Japan,Aleutians, Cent. Am.
Colisão Continente-ContinenteBelt:Alps, Himalayans, Appalachians
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Camadas inicialmente horizontais são dobradas, quebradas e deslocadas.
Muitas rochas dobradas são colocadas lado a lado ou uma sobre as outras.
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Source: Martin Bond/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Convergente Divergente Transformante
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Deformação Elástica
Feições Rúpteis
Deformação Plástica
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Tapponnier et al., 1982, 1986
The lateral extrusion modelFor SE Asia
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Intensidade da força aplicado Calor –Temperatura da rocha Tempo da força aplicada Composição da rocha
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Mais efetiva em rochas sedimentares Importância da deformação
Indica o passado do movimento das placas Indica antigos eventos geológicos Localização de recursos naturais
O MAIS IMPORTANTE Mapeamento : Orientação das rochas: direção e mergulho
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http://pangea.stanford.edu/~laurent/english/research/Slickensides.gif
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Dobras definição: Curvaturas em camadas de rochas Tipos: sinclinais e anticlinais Sinclinal (dobrada para baixo) Parte mais interna são
rochas mais jovens Anticlinal (Dobrada para cima) Parte mais interna dado por rochas mais antigas
Partes de uma dobras (Flacos, Plano axial, Eixo)
Nota: Anticlinais e sinclinais são estruturas em rochas e não superfícies da paisagem
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Source: Breck P. Kent
Anticlinais e Sinclinais
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Source: Tom Bean
Lucky we have ways of recognizing right side upWhat are they?
OlderYounger
OverturnedArea
Older
Younger
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Observe o centro da rocha mais jovem
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a) Dobras Abertas ou Simétricas
b) Dobras Assimétricas
c) Dobras Inclinadas
d) Dobras Recumbentes
e) Dobras Reclinadas
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Not a good drawing, axial plane should be horizontal
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Nose of anticline points direction of plunge, syncline nose in opposite direction
UpEnd Down
End
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- Juntas: fraturas SEM movimento relativo- Falhas: fraturas com movimento relativo
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Source: Martin G. Miller/Visuals Unlimited
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1) Termos: Hanging wall (capa) and footwall (lapa)
2) Falha Normal(a) Grabens(b) Horsts
3) Falha Reversa a) Baixo ângulo - chamadas de empurrão
( Thrust faults)
4) Falhas Obliquas
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MERGULHO E MERGULHO E DIREÇÃO DA DIREÇÃO DA FALHAFALHA
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Source: John S. Shelton
FALHA NORMAL: LAPA ABAIXO
Camada chave
Hanging wall overhangs the fault plane
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Falha Normal (Lapa)
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Mais jovem
(Hanging wall Up)
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Normal fault
Footwall moves Up relative toHanging wall
Tension forces
FOOTWALL
HANGING WALL
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a) Deslocamento visivel das rochas
b) Rochas Pulverizadas e “Slickensides”
c) Camadas-chaves cortadas por falhas reaparecem em qualquer lugar
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Falha Normal : mid-ocean ridges e rift continental rifts são a mesma coisa.
Margens Divergentes Superfície da rochas é empurrada Lapa das falhas é puxada para baixo
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Source: Simon Fraser/Science Photo
Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Alternating normal faults lead to a characteristic pattern called aHorst and Graben system. An area under tension will often haveMultiple mountain ranges as a result.
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REVERSE FAULTS: Hanging wall moves up relative to footwallResult of compression: plates collidingTwo types: low-angle or thrust faults, and high-angle reverse faults
Individual layers can move 100’s of kilometersAlps are a great example
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1. Montanhas de Vulcões
2. Montanhas dobras de empurrão
3. (Fold-and-thrust)
4. Montanhas de blocos falhados
5. Montanhas soerguidas
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Thrust faults main cause Of folded mountains
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Supercontinent breaks up, rifts apart.
Another rift starts moving Africa west. The ocean floor breaks and one side subducts, starting a new island arc.
AnotherRift
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The ocean floor breaks again, new subduction adds volcanics to an existing microcontinent
Net westward movement pushes the ridge, subduction zone and fragment into N.AmericaRifting restarts to the East
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Arc and subduction zone collide w/ N.Am., westward subduction starts
The continents collide
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Rifting Restarts
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Source: Peter French/DRK Photo
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Mountain Belts- Folding & Faulting – Fold and Thrust Belts
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High-angle reverse faultsForms “Sawtooth Mtns”
Flatirons classic example
Sawtooth effect result ofDifferential erosion
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Horst and Graben Horst and Graben Landscapes (paisagem)Landscapes (paisagem)
Figure 12.14
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Deformação Dobramento e falhas de empurrão
Metamorfismo Intrusões : batólitos etcAtividade Vulcânica
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Mauna Kea
Shield volcanoHot SpotBasalt
Mauna Loa inBackground
Kilaeua is Behind MaunaLoa
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KilaeuaNewest ground inThe world
Asthenosphere comingTo the surface
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Composite VolcanoMt Rainier
Compressive forcesSubduction zonesAndesitic composition
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Guagua Pichincha, EcuadorQuito in foregroundComposite volcanoes explosive
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Tilted fault-block range: Sierra Nevada from east,Steep side of block fault; Ansel Adams photo
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Tilted Fault-blockSierra Nevada from westSide, low angle
Yosemite valley the result Of glaciation on low-anglerelief
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Wasatch RangeFrom Salt Lake City
Typically fault-Block system
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Grand Tetons: Another fault-block system
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Appalachian Mountains of the US
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Classic folded terrain: well-developed anticline