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GGrreeeennBBuuiillddiinngg&&HHuummaannEExxppeerriieenncceeTTeessttiinnggGGrreeeennBBuuiillddiinnggSSttrraatteeggiieesswwiitthhVVoolluunntteeeerreeddGGeeooggrraapphhiiccIInnffoorrmmaattiioonn

ChrisPyke1,SeanMcMahon,TomDietsche

U.S.GreenBuildingCouncil

ResearchProgramWhitePaper

June10,

2010

1Correspondingauthor:Dr.ChrisPyke,Director,Research,2101LSt,NW,Suite500,Washington,DC20037.

[email protected].

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UUSSGGBBCCRReesseeaarrcchhPPrrooggrraammTheUSGBCResearchProgramadvancesgreenbuildingpracticethroughappliedresearchandinnovation. It

servicesasabridgebetweenprimaryindustry,academic,andgovernmentandgreenbuildingpractitioners.

RReesseeaarrcchhPPrrooggrraammWWhhiitteePPaappeerrTheResearchProgramperiodicallyproduceswhitepapersaddressingtopicsofinteresttostaff. These

documentsreflectonlytheideasandobservationsoftheauthors. Theydonotnecessarilyreflectpoliciesor

prioritiesof

the

USGBC.

They

are

intended

to

promote

intellectual

discussion

of

specific

issues.

Readers

are

encouragedtocontactthecorrespondingauthorwithquestionsorcomments.

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IInnttrroodduuccttiioonnBuiltenvironmentsoftendefinethefabricofourcommunitiesandplayacentralroleinphysicaland

psychologicalhealth. Today,themajorityofempiricaldatacollectioninbuiltenvironmentsfocusesonphysical

attributesandenvironmentalperformance,suchasenergyorwaterconsumption. Wearebuildingincreasingly

sophisticatedsystemstocollect,analyze,anduseinformationonbuildingenergyconsumption;information

networksthat

soon

will

stretch

from

the

power

plant

to

aSmart

Meter

and,

in

some

cases,

to

aSmart

Phone.

Thiscreatesunprecedentedopportunitiestomanageenergyuseandimproveenergyefficiency. Whilethe

volumeofinformationaboutenergyand,toalesserdegreewater,isgrowingrapidly,informationaboutthe

experienceofpeopleinandaroundbuiltenvironmentslagsfarbehind.

Therelevantdimensionsofhumanexperienceencompasstraditionalnotionsofoccupantproductivity,comfort,

andsatisfaction,aswellasrelatedconceptsofwalkability,wellbeing,connectivity,community,andsocial

capital(Dearry2004). Inanattempttobetterunderstandtheseconcepts,anddevelopaframeworkforthe

sustainedcollectionofdataonactualhumanexperiencewithinthebuiltenvironmentthispaperexploresthe

intersectionbetweenthreeimportantconcepts:

Humanexperience; VolunteeredGeographicInformation(VGI);and Greenbuilding.

Ourgoalistoexploreopportunitiestoteststrategieswithpracticebasedexperiments. Webelievethatthisis

partofalargerefforttoadvancethegreenbuildingcommunitytowardevidencebasedpracticebasedon

practicebasedevidence(Simonsetal.2003).

HHuummaannEExxppeerriieenncceeOurbasisforunderstandingtheseaspectsofhumanexperiencelargelyremainstiedtotraditionalsurvey

methods. Weusepaperorwebpageformstoaskpeoplewhattheythinkandhowtheyfeel. Withskilland

properexperimentdesign,thisapproachyieldsimportantinsights. However,thisapproachrequiressubstantial

investmentineachnewdatapoint,anditoffersfewopportunitiestocreatethekindofpervasive,readily

scalabletypesofdatawewillsoonusetounderstandphenomenasuchasenergyandwateruse. Forexample,

industryandacademicresearchershavebeguntoenvisionanenergyecosystemdrivenbypervasive

informationaboutenergysupplyanddemand(ArnoldandCochrane2009). Majortechnologycompaniesare

rushingtoprovideresidentialandcommercialconsumerswithnewtypesofinformationsystems,manyofwhich

providethefoundationofacominggenerationofenergysavingsapplicationsandproducts(e.g.,Microsoft

Hohm,

Google

PowerMeter,

and

Apples

Smart

Home

Energy

Management

System).

A

similar

vision

has

yet

to

emergeforunderstandingtheexperienceofhumansinandaroundbuiltenvironments.

Asymmetriesbetweenourunderstandingofhumanexperienceandissuessuchasenergyarenottheresultof

chanceorintrinsicvalue. Theyreflectlongstandingpatternsofattentionandinvestmentinresearchand

development. Areviewoffederalresearchanddevelopmentfundingrelatedtogreenbuildingfortheperiod

20022005foundthatenergyrelatedresearchreceived72%ofavailablefunding,whileindoorenvironmental

qualityrelatedresearchreceivedonly2%offunding(Baum2007). Thisallocationofresourcesbeliestheactual

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driversofoperationalcostsandbusinessvalueassociatedwithbuildings. Studiesrepeatedlyfindthathuman

resourcescomprisethemajorityoftotalexpensesassociatedwithofficebuildings. Forexample,Romm(1994)

foundthatpersonnelconstitute92%ofoperatingexpenses,whileCalifornasDepartmentofGeneralServices

(2002)estimated89%. Aslowlygrowingbodyofcasestudiesoverthepast20yearsillustratesthepotential

benefitstoourhumanresources(individualandsocietal,financialandotherwise)frombetterbuildingsand

communities(e.g.Kaplan1989,Browning1994,Milton2000,Fisk2000,Kats2003,Kats2010,CarnegieMellon

University).Even

modest

improvements

in

productivity,

absenteeism,

and/or

employee

retention

can

substantiallyoutweighthetraditionallysoughtafterefficiencybenefitssuchasenergysavings. Theseare

mirroredbysignificantpotentialhealthandwellnessbenefits,suchasreductionsinexposuretotoxic

substancesandimprovementsinphysicalactivitylevels.

Thesepersistenttrendscontributetoasituationwhereinformationonenergyandenvironmentalperformance

dwarfrelevantinformationaboutfactorsrelatedtooccupantexperienceandhealthoutcomes. Thisimbalance

undermineseffortstoestablishevidencebasedfeedbackstoimprovegreenbuildingguidelinesand,ultimately,

advancegreenbuildingpractice. Recognizingthisimbalancedoesnotquestionthecriticalimportanceof

energyandwater;however,itdoescallforaconsciousefforttoestablishamorebalancedfoundationof

informationonbuildingperformancethatreflectsbothpeopleandtheenvironment.

Thebottomlineonhumanexperienceisthatwearesystematicallyunderinvestinginthemostvaluableaspect

ofbuildings,occupantexperience. Asaresult,weknowlessthanweshouldabouthumanexperienceinand

aroundbuiltenvironments. Inturn,wehavelessevidencetodemonstratethatgreenbuildingpractices

enhancehumanexperience. Thisfeedsacyclewhereweunderinvestinhighperformanceprojects,because

welackdataontheperformanceofhighperformanceprojects(Nelson2010).

ImportanceofHumanExperienceHuman

experience

is

one

of

the

most

critical

barometers

of

the

success

of

a

built

environment.

Traditionally,

humanexperienceinandaroundbuiltenvironmentshasbeenevaluatedthroughsurveys,interviews,and,in

somecases,directobservations. Thesetriedandtruemethodsyieldimportantinsights,buttheyarenotreadily

scalableorspatiallyextensible. Everyobservationrequiressubstantialinvestmentsintimeandenergyandis

difficulttogeneralizeanditerate. Weneednew,scalablesourcesofinformationandsystematicfeedback

processestohelpadvanceconsiderationforoccupantexperienceasapartofevidencebasedgreenbuilding

practice.

VVoolluunntteeeerreeddGGeeooggrraapphhiiccIInnffoorrmmaattiioonnVolunteeredGeographicInformation(VGI)isatermpopularizedinthegeographicinformationscience

community2

.It

encompasses

concepts,

methods,

and

technologies

that

allow

individuals

to

collect

and

convey

dataaboutspatiallyandtemporallydistributedphenomena. Ithasbeenenabledbyongoingadvancesinboth

mobilecomputinghardware,suchassensorsandhandhelddevices,andsoftware,suchcommunications

protocols,middleware,andadvancedservertechnology. Itisnowpossibletouseofftheshelftechnologyto

createmobiledevicesthattracklocation,measurephysicalactivity,monitorphysiologicalconditions(e.g.,heart

rate),andallowforsynchronousandasynchronouscommunication.

2http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/vgi/

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SuccessfulexamplesofVGIincludecitizenscienceprogramssuchasthelongrunningChristmasBirdCount3or

theschoolbased,environmentalscienceprogramProjectGLOBE4. Inbothexamples,volunteersfollowexplicit

protocolstomakerepeatedmeasuresofenvironmentalorecologicalconditions. Thesespatiallyandtemporally

specificdataarecombinedincentralrepositoriesandusedforawidevarietyofscientificresearch. Both

programshaveyieldedsignificantscientificfindings. Advancesinsensors,informationtechnology,andsocial

networkinghave

led

some

to

suggest

that

we

are

ready

for

abreakthrough

in

the

scale

and

impact

of

such

efforts(Goodchild2007).

VGIisparticularlycompellingforthebuildingsectorwherelongrunningdebatesaboutdataconfidentialityhave

stifledprogresstowardscreatinglarge,accessibledatasets. Aswehavediscussedintheprecedingsection,this

contributestoapervasivelackofinformation,particularlyabouthumanexperience. VGIillustratesitispossible

tomakesignificantscientificprogressbyfocusingonactionsthatwillingindividualscantaketocontributedata

thataddressesimportantscientificquestions. Themostsuccessfulapplicationsbringtogetheraccessibleand

robusttechnology,effectiveformsofinterpersonalengagementandreward,andthoughtfulexperimentdesign.

VGIoffersthepotentialto,atleasttemporarily,putasidelongrunningargumentsaboutdatadisclosure

mandates(McNeillandWilkie1979)andmakesignificantprogressthroughsystematicallyorganizednetworks

ofselfmotivateddataproviders. Inconcept,asimilarprincipleunderliesUSGBCsongoingBuilding

PerformancePartnership5. IntheBPPprogram,projectteamsvolunteertoprovideinformationonenergyand

waterperformanceforLEEDcertifiedfacilities. Thisfurtherdemonstratestheirleadershipandcommitmentto

greenbuilding,whilecontributingasmallpieceofdatathatadvancesthevisionofeffectivemarket

transformation. AswithmostVGIbasedefforts,theBPPprogramcombinesaccessibleinformationtechnology

(USEPAsPortfolioManager),socialnetworkingandpeerrecognition,withasystematicstrategytocollect

relevantdataacrossatargetpopulation. Thereisanuntappedopportunitytocomplementthisworkwitha

focusonhumanexperience,includingoutcomeslinkedtohealth,comfort,andsatisfaction.

ImportanceofVolunteeredGeographicInformationInthepast,geographicinformationwasscarceandexpensive. Itrequiredinvestmentsbygovernmentsand

otherlargeinstitutionstocollect,compile,anddistributeinformationsuchasmapsand,later,imagery. Over

thepastdecade,wehavewitnessedtheemergenceofnewtechnologiesthatempowerindividualsacting

togethertoreadilycreatevaluableinformationabouttheworld. Thisrepresentsadramaticshiftinhow

informationisproducedand,ultimately,howitinformspractice.

GGrreeeennBBuuiillddiinnggGreen

building

is

asystematic

effort

to

create,

sustain,

and

accelerate

changes

in

practice,

technology,

and

behaviortoreducebuildingrelatedenvironmentalimpactswhilecreatingplacesthatarehealthierandmore

satisfyingforpeople. IntheUnitedStates,greenbuildinghaslargelyemergedfromcommunitiesof

practitionersworkingtodefinebeneficialprocessesandpracticesandcreatemechanismstorecognizeand

3http://www.audubon.org/bird/cbc/

4www.globe.gov

5http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=2201

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encouragetheiruse. Today,theU.S.GreenBuildingCouncilrealizesthisvisionwithacombinationofprocesses

andtools,includingconsensusbasedratingsystems,rigorousthirdpartyreviewandcertification,and

educationalresources. OneofthemostimportanttoolsistheLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign

(LEED)greenbuildingcertificationprogram. LEEDratingsystemsincludeacombinationofrequiredprerequisitesandelectivecredits. Herewerefertotheseelementscollectivelyasgreenbuildingstrategies.

Eachstrategyhasaclearlydefinedintentthatdescribesthedesiredoutcome. Eachintentiscraftedbyteamsof

volunteersand

subjected

to

multiple

rounds

of

public

review

and

comment.

Each

credit

provides

one

or

more

optionsforspecificstrategiesthatcanachieveitsintent,andeachoptionisassociatedwithspecificrequired

documentation. Duringthecertificationprocess,documentationisprovidedtoanindependentreviewbody

whichultimatelydetermineswhethereachstrategymeetsLEEDrequirements.

RequirementsforLEEDcertificationarenotstatic. Rather,theyreflectanexplicitcommitmenttoraisingthe

bartowardanultimategoalofregenerativebuiltenvironmentsbuildingsandcommunitiesthatactually

improveconditionsforpeopleandtheenvironment. Changeisoftenmanifestedinthedetailsoftherating

systemwithnewdocumentationrequirementsorsocalledalternativecompliancepaths. Creditintents

representthemoststableaspectofthesystem;theyreflectahighlevelaspirationthat,inpractice,maybe

fulfilledinmanydifferentways.

Currentgreenbuildingprocessesandpracticeshavebeensuccessfulinpromotingtheuseofspecificstrategies

duringplanning,design,construction,andoperationofneighborhoods,newconstruction,andexistingbuildings.

Thissuccessisreflectedinover130,000trained,accreditedprofessionalsandnearly5,000certifiedprojects

withanother20,000intheprocessofpursuingcertification. Eachoftheseprojectscontainsadistinct,

sometimesunique,combinationofgreenbuildingstrategies. Eachstrategyachievedbyeverycertifiedprojectis

recordedwithUSGBCandpotentiallyavailableforanalysis. Eachprojectisalsoassociatedwithaprojectteam,

typicallyincludingaLEEDAccreditedProfessional. EachLEEDAPhasdemonstratedafamiliaritywithgreen

buildingconceptsand,atminimum,possessesaworkingvocabularytodescribeimportantaspectsofbuilding

performanceandexperience.

Ultimately,LEEDprovidesanumberofimportantelementstotheconfluenceofhumanexperienceandVGI.

LEEDbringsexplicitaspirationsorintentsforindividualgreenbuildingstrategies,verificationofthe

implementationstrategiesonspecificprojects,andacadreoftrainedprofessionals.

ImportanceofGreenBuildingGreenbuildingisamovementdedicatedtothetransformationofpracticeinthedesign,construction,and

operationofbuiltenvironments. Theobjectiveistoreducethenegativeimpactsofbuiltenvironmentswhile

creatinghealthy,

comfortable,

and

economically

prosperous

places

for

people

to

live,

work,

and

play.

The

populartermgreenbuildingencompassesthecollectionofprocesses,institutions,andindividualsthatserve

toassesscurrentpractice,identifyopportunitiesforimprovement,developanddeploytools,andprovide

independentreviewandrecognitionofresults. Thegreenbuildingcommunityhasdiversifiedfromitsoriginsin

thearchitectureandengineeringprofessionstoencompassthefullrangeofprofessionalsinvolvedinlifecycleof

builtenvironments.

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AAppppllyyiinnggVVGGIIttooEEvvaalluuaatteeGGrreeeennBBuuiillddiinnggSSttrraatteeggiieessrreellaatteeddttooHHuummaannEExxppeerriieenncceeWebelievethatitispossibletoappreciatethecurrentstateofpracticeanddevelopresearchprogramsthat

strivetoaddresstheseissuesandcreaterealandsystematicconnectionsbetweenconcepts,greenbuilding

practice,andevidencebasedevaluation. Thisinvolvescreatingthefoundationofdataneededtocritically

evaluategreenbuildingstrategiesastestablehypotheses. Eachprojecthasthepotentialtocontributeasample

toalargescaleexperimentintheefficacyofgreenbuildingstrategies. Withover5,000certifiedprojectsand

tensofthousandsmoreontheway,thepotentialexistsforpowerful,realworldtests.

Realizingthisvisionrequiresintegratinggreenbuildingratingcertificationprocesseswithsystemstocombine

data,analyzeresults,andultimatelycreateusefulinformationabouttheeffectivenessofdifferentstrategies.

Suchiterativeprocessesofcontinuousimprovementunderliemanysuccessfulenterprises(e.g.,theDeming

Cycleofplan,do,study,act). Inthehealthsciences,suchprocessesmaybedescribedasevidencebased

practice. Intheenvironmentalsciences,theymightbereferredtoasadaptivemanagement. Thegreenbuilding

communityhasbeguntheprocessofcreatingandoperationalizingsuchsystemsforkeyenvironmentalimpacts,

particularlyenergyandwaterconsumption. However,systematicattentiontohumanexperienceandhealth

outcomesasexplicitlytestablephenomenalagsbehind.

Webelievetheconvergenceoffactorsdescribedabovecreatesthepotentialforbuildingoccupantstoliterally

actassensorswiththeirpersonalexperiencesprovidingdatathatcanbeusedtoevaluatethesuccessofgreen

buildingstrategies. Wenowhavetheabilitytoturntheexperienceofspaceintodataontheconsequencesof

thatexperience,suchasphysicalactivity,chemicalexposures,comfort,evenhappiness. Thechallengeisto

developtheconceptsandmethodsneededtoturntheseemerginginformationtechnologiesintosystematic

toolstoinformandimprovegreenbuildingpractice.

IntegrationUnderstanding

human

experience

in

built

environments

is

a

complex

business.

New

sensors

and

information

technologiescreateunprecedentedopportunities,buttheyarenotsufficientinandofthemselves. Thereal

challengeistocreateanddeployascalablehierarchyofmethodsthatincludetimelyandrelevantquestions,

rigorousexperimentaldesign,traditionalsurvey andinterviewbasedmethods,existingandemergingsensors,

andcuttingedgeinformationtechnology. Inthiscontext,thescienceoftechnologyisenabled(orconstrained)

bytheartsofsystemsarchitectureandexperimentaldesign.

GGrreeeennBBuuiillddiinnggSSttrraatteeggiieessRReellaatteeddttooHHuummaannEExxppeerriieenncceeAswebegintoconsidertheopportunitiescreatedbythesenewapproachesandtechnologies,itisimportantto

askwhatkindsofquestionscanbeansweredaboutoccupantexperience. Apreliminaryanalysis6ofthree

widelyused

LEED

rating

systems

suggests

that

from

aquarter

to

almost

half

of

credits

can

potentially

be

evaluatedusinginformationaboutoccupantexperience. Inotherwords,forthesecreditswebelievethatis

possible,andinsomecasesnecessary,touseinformationonhumanexperiencetodeterminewhether

implementationofastrategyfulfillstheintentofthecredit.

6Allfiguresarebasedonapreliminarybutthoroughanalysis.InnovationinDesign,InnovationinOperations,Innovation

andDesignProcess,andRegionalPrioritycreditsarenotincludedincalculations.

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Thefractionofcreditintentsthatcanbeaddressedwithinformationonhumanexperiencevariesbetween

ratingsystems. Thisistobeexpectedsincethesystemsfocusondifferentmarketsegmentsanddifferent

periodsinthelifecycleofbuiltenvironments. Surprisingly,thesmallestfractionoftestablecreditswasfoundin

theLEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&Maintenanceratingsystemwithonly25%ofcreditintents

directlyrelatedtohumanexperience. Conversely,42%ofcreditintentsinLEEDforNeighborhood

Developmentcouldbeevaluatedusinginformationonhumanexperience.

Opportunitiestotestcreditintentsalsovarybycreditcategory. InLEEDforNewConstructionandLEEDfor

ExistingBuildings:O&M,themajorityoftestableopportunitiesrelatedtoIndoorEnvironmentalQuality(IEQ).

Thisincludes82%ofIEQcreditsinLEEDforNewConstructionand67%ofIEQcreditsinLEEDforExisting

Buildings:O&M. TheseIEQstrategiesrelatetooccupantcontrol,comfort,andsatisfaction. LEEDfor

NeighborhoodDevelopmentsNeighborhoodPattern&Design(NPD)creditcategoryhadthegreatestfractionof

potentiallytestablestrategiesrepresentingapproximately89%ofcredits. TheseLEEDforNeighborhood

Developmentstrategiesrelatedirectlytoexperienceinandaroundneighborhoods,suchastheprovisionofsafe

andcomfortablestreetsandaccesstoadiverserangeofcommunityservices,includingschools,shops,parks

andpublictransport.

Figure1(a):PreliminaryanalysisofthedistributionoftestingmethodsforLEEDforNewConstruction(NC),LEED

forExistingBuildings:O&M(EB),andLEEDforNeighborhoodDevelopment(ND)credits. Yaxisrepresentsthe

fractionofLEEDcreditintentthatmaybeaddressedbyVolunteeredGeographicInformation(VGI),building

performanceinformation(BPI),nottestablebyeitherVGIorBPI.

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Figure1(b):LEEDforNeighborhoodDevelopment.YaxisrepresentsthefractionofLEEDcreditintentthatmaybe

addressedbyVolunteeredGeographicInformation(darkblue),buildingperformanceinformation(purple),not

testablebyeitherVGIorBPI(green). XaxiscategoriesincludeSmartLocationandLinkage(SLL),Neighborhood

PatternandDesign(NPD),andGreenConstructionandTechnology(GCT).

Figure1(c):LEEDforNewConstruction.YaxisrepresentsthefractionofLEEDcreditintentthatmaybe

addressedbyVolunteeredGeographicInformation(darkblue),buildingperformanceinformation(purple),not

testablebyeitherVGIorBPI(green). XaxiscategoriesincludeSustainableSites(SS),WaterEfficiency(WE),

EnergyandAtmosphere(EA),MaterialsandResources(MR),andIndoorEnvironmentalQuality(IEQ).

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Figure1(d):LEEDforExistingBuildings.YaxisrepresentsthefractionofLEEDcreditintentthatmaybeaddressed

byVolunteeredGeographicInformation(darkblue),buildingperformanceinformation(purple),nottestableby

eitherVGIorBPI(green). XaxiscategoriesincludeSustainableSites(SS),WaterEfficiency(WE),Energyand

Atmosphere(EA),MaterialsandResources(MR),andIndoorEnvironmentalQuality(IEQ).

Wealsonotethatinformationbasedonhumanexperiencespecificallyaddressesstrategiesthatarenot

currentlycapturedbymonitoringenergyorwateruse. Asillustratedabove,nearly70%ofEnergy&Atmosphere

(EA)and100%ofWaterEfficiency(WE)creditscanbeevaluatedtosomedegreebyanalyzingutilitybills,or

throughtheuseoftechnologysuchasSmartMeters. ThesamecannotbesaidoftheSustainableSites(SS),

IndoorEnvironmentalQuality(IEQ),orNeighborhoodPattern&Design(NPD)creditcategoriesforwhichno

analogousmethodofscalabledatacollectionandevaluationiscurrentlyinpractice. Whileasteadystreamof

informationonbuildingenergyandwateruseisunquestionablyvaluable,thesestrategiesrepresentonly11%

(LEEDforNeighborhoodDevelopment),19%(LEEDforNewConstruction),and24%(LEEDforExistingBuildings:

O&M)ofavailablecredits. Intotal,thisrepresentsapproximately18%ofthecreditsacrossthethreesurveyed

LEEDratingsystems. Conversely,nearly33%ofcreditsarepotentiallytestableusingVGItocollectinformation

relatingtooccupantexperience(Figure2).

Thisillustratesthatsustainable,scalableflowsofinformationaboutoccupantexperienceareanessential

complementtootherdataonbuildingperformance. TheuseofVGItorecordactualhumanexperiencewithin

thebuiltenvironmentoffersatremendousopportunitytofillthisgap,whilealsoevaluatingtheeffectivenessof

greenbuildingstrategiesinimprovingthehealth,safety,andwellbeingofoccupants.

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Figure2(a):CumulativeTotals LEEDforNewConstruction,LEEDforExistingBuildings,andLEEDfor

NeighborhoodDevelopmentTestableCredits. YaxisrepresentsthefractionofLEEDcreditintentthatmaybe

addressedbyVolunteeredGeographicInformation(blue),buildingperformanceinformation(red),nottestable

byeitherVGIorBPI(green).

NNeexxttSStteeppssThispaperdescribessomeoftheelementsofanewvisionforbroad,spatiallyandtemporallyextensivedataon

humanexperienceinbuiltenvironmentscoupledwithiterativeprocessestodriveimprovementingreen

buildingpractice. Webelievethatwecanmakeimmediateprogressbytargetingspecificgreenbuilding

strategieswhichlendthemselvestodemonstrationoftheseconcepts,suchas:

Walkability.Strategies

in

LEED

for

Neighborhood

Development

include

detailed

prescriptions

for

street

and

sidewalkdesigntopromotewalkability. Theserequirementsarebasedonsignificantscientificliterature;

however,theseformbasedpredictionsessentiallyrepresenttestablehypothesesabouthowpeoplewill

experiencethesestreetscapes.

Question: Dopeopleactuallyexperiencestreetsaswalkable?

Greenbuildingintent: Promotewalkingasamodeoftransportation.

Humanexperiences: Perceivespaceaswalkable;increasewalking;higherlevelsofphysicalactivity

VGIstrategy: Queryoccupantaboutperceptionsandactivitylevelswhiletheyareinand

aroundthearea.

Diverselanduses. EveryLEEDratingsystemhassomeversionofstrategiestorecognizeandrewardstrategies

thatpromotelandusediversity. Theintentistypicallytoencouragepedestrianaccesstoservicesandreduce

useofautomobiles. Forexample,LEEDrewardsprojectsforhavingacertainnumberoflanduseswithina

certaindistanceofaproject.

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Questions: DopeopleactuallyexperienceareasaroundLEEDprojectsthatachievethese

creditsasdiverseandconnected? Dotheyusetheseservices? Dotheywalkto

them?

Greenbuildingintent: Promotedense,connectedcommunities;promotewalkingasamodeof

transportation.

Humanexperiences: Perceivecommunitiesasdiverse,vibrant,andconnected;uselocalservicesto

meettheir

needs.


aroundthearea.

OccupantComfort.Greenbuildingincludesanumberofstrategiesthatareintendedtoworktogethertocreate

andsustainhealthy,comfortableindoorenvironments. Aswithneighborhoods,thesegreenbuildingstrategies

aremostoftenprescriptiveorformbasedmetrics,suchasmeasuresofaccesstodaylightorventilationrates.

Thetraditionalmethodofdatacollectionistheoccupantsurvey. Surveyshavebeenusedeffectivelyto

understandoccupantexperience;however,thisdevicetypicallylackstheabilitytoprovidespatialandtemporal

detail.

Questions: Dooccupantsofprojectsthatutilizestrategiestopromoteindoor

environmentalqualityactuallyexperiencethatspaceashealthierandmore

comfortable?

Greenbuildingintent: Providecomfortable,satisfying,andproductivespacesforoccupants.

Humanexperiences: Perceivespacesascomfortableandhealthy;increaseproductivity,reduce

complaints,andimprovehealthoutcomes.


aroundthearea.

CCoonncclluussiioonnWehaveanopportunitytoshiftgreenbuildingfromtheimplementationofBestPracticestowardanevidence

basedpracticebasedonpracticebasedevidence. Thistransitionwillrequireustoidentifyopportunitiesto

adapttechnologytobetterservethepurposeofunderstandinghumanexperienceinwaysthatcreate

systematicinformationthatcanbecombinedwithtraditionallycollecteddataandemergingsensortechnology.

Takentogether,asustained,integrativeapproachtounderstandingpeople,information,analytics,andpractice

canhelpdrivemarkettransformationinwaysthatincreasetheprevalenceofpracticesthatdemonstrably

improvehumanexperienceinbuiltenvironments.

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RReeffeerreenncceessAbbaszadeh,S.,Zagreus,L.,Lehrer,D.,Huizenga,C.2006.Occupantsatisfactionwithindoorenvironmental

qualityingreenbuildings.ProceedingsofHealthyBuildings,Lisbon.VolumeIII:365370.

Arnold,J,Cochrane,L.2009.Futureopportunitiesfortheenergyecosystem.PowerEngineeringJuly2009.2

pages.

Baum,M.2007.GreenBuildingResearchFunding:AnAssessmentofCurrentActivityintheUnitedStates.U.S.

GreenBuildingCouncil.37pages.

Boulos,M.N.K.,Wheeler,S.2007.TheemergingWeb2.0socialsoftware:anenablingsuiteofsociable

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Browning,W.D.,Romm,J.J.1994.GreeningtheBuildingandtheBottomLine.15pages.

CaliforniaDepartmentofGeneralServices.2002.RealEstateServicesDivision.

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Dannenberg,A.L.,Jackson,R.J.,Frumkin,H.,Scieber,R.A.,Pratt,M.Kochtitzky,C.,Tilson,H.H.2003.Theimpact

ofcommunitydesignandlandusechoicesonpublichealth:ascientificresearchagenda.AmericanJournal

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Dearry,A.2004.Impactsofourbuiltenvironmentonpublichealth.EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives

112(11):A600A601.

Ewing,R.,Kreutzer,R.2006.UnderstandingtheRelationshipbetweenPublicHealthandtheBuiltEnvironment.

137pages.

Fisk,W.J.2000.ReviewofHealthandProductivityGainsFromBetterIEQ.14pages.

Goodchild,M.F.2007.CitizensasVoluntarySensors:SpatialdatainfrastructureintheWorldofWeb2.0.

InternationalJournalofSpatialDataInfrastructuresResearch.2:2432.

Green,L.W.2006.Publichealthasksforsystemsscience:toadvanceourevidencebasedpractice,canyouhelp

usgetmorepracticebasedevidence.AmericanJournalofPublicHealth96(3):406409.

Kaplan,R.Kaplan,S.1989.Theexperienceofnature:Apsychologicalperspective.CambridgeUniversityPress.

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