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Three key components: EF = ZHL x TAF x DFZHL = ìzero hourî levels -- from new engine test data
TAF = transient adjustment factor -- adjusts the ZHLs that arederived from steady-state lab testing, to account for how engine speedand load variations in the field affect emissions.
DF = deterioration factor -- adjusts for age-related deteriorationand malmaintenance
The model also adjusts the PM EF for differencesbetween test fuel sulfur level and in-use sulfur level
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Max HP Tier 1 HD07 T1 ratio:HD07 Tier 2 HD07 T2 ratio:HD07 Tier 3 HD07 T3 ratio:HD0711 0.4474 0.52 0.9 0.50 0.44 1.1 na na na16 0.2665 0.52 0.5 0.2665 0.36 0.7 na na na25 0.2665 0.36 0.7 0.2665 0.36 0.7 na na na50 0.3389 0.38 0.9 0.3389 0.32 1.1 na na na100 0.4730 0.37 1.3 0.24 0.24 1.0 0.30 0.24 1.3175 0.2799 0.22 1.3 0.18 0.18 1.0 0.22 0.18 1.2300 0.2521 0.19 1.3 0.1316 0.12 1.1 0.15 0.12 1.3600 0.2008 0.12 1.7 0.1316 0.12 1.1 0.15 0.12 1.3750 0.2201 0.14 1.6 0.1316 0.12 1.1 0.15 0.12 1.3>750 0.1934 0.13 1.5 0.1316 0.12 1.1 na na na
PM ZMLs, g/hp-hrTier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
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Cycle TAFs Average
Cycle TAFs Average
Cycle TAFs Average
Agricultural Tractor 0.78 0.83 0.50 0.98Crawler Dozer 0.58 0.88 1.50 0.98Rubber-Tire Loader 0.48 1.07 3.68 0.96Excavator 0.53 1.40 0.44 0.87
Backhoe Loader 0.21 2.23 2.66 1.05Skid-Steer Loader 0.23 1.49 1.83 0.95Arc Welder 0.19 3.16 3.22 1.31
CycleLoad Factor Assignment
1.05 1.53 0.95
2.29 2.57 1.10
NOx
High
Low
HC CO
Cycle TAFs Average
Cycle TAFs Average
Agricultural Tractor 0.78 0.71 0.98Crawler Dozer 0.58 1.29 0.99Rubber-Tire Loader 0.48 2.02 1.04Excavator 0.53 0.89 1.03
Backhoe Loader 0.21 2.07 1.16Skid-Steer Loader 0.23 1.74 1.09Arc Welder 0.19 2.11 1.29
1.18
CycleLoad Factor Assignment
Low
1.23 1.01
1.97
PM BSFC
High
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PM for Tier 3 Engines: TAF increase: 20%ï assume EGR increases transient PMdue to the time lag for clearance of the intake system
NOx for Tier 3 Engines: TAF increase: 10%ï assume EGR increases transient NOxdue to EGR being turned off during transients
Lacking a transient certification test, Tier 3 engine designswith EGR are likely to have higher transient emissions
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The HDD 2007 version uses very low DFs for all pollutantsbased on highway engine data in MOBILE6
HC, CO, and NOx (all tiers):ï no clear trend from new (highway-only) dataï so stick with existing DFs, BUTï now using simple unweighted averages of DFs by hp category
PM (all tiers):ï new approach: use ARB OFFROAD DF: 47% over the median life(DF=1.47)
All DFís still capped at one median life
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Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
HC HD07 0.059 0.014 0.013 0.0072002 0.047 0.036 0.034 0.027
ratio:HD07 0.8 2.6 2.6 3.9
CO HD07 0.190 0.144 0.144 0.1752002 0.185 0.101 0.101 0.151
ratio:HD07 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.9
NOx HD07 0.026 0.026 0.012 0.0072002 0.024 0.024 0.009 0.008
ratio:HD07 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1
PM HD07 0.058 0.058 0.032 0.0352002 0.473 0.473 0.473 0.473
ratio:HD07 8.2 8.2 14.8 13.5
Deterioration Factor (% increase/ % useful life)*
PollutantModel Version
* These are values for A in the equation: DF = 1 + A*(fraction of useful life expended)
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We removed EEAís ìrugged lifeî adjustment:EEA shortened the highway-derived median lives by 15% to account for the moresevere operating conditions of nonroad engines. However, nonroad engine designstypically already account for this (mainly by use of de-rated bigger engines); so weremoved the 15% adjustment.
We adjusted the median life for <16 hp engines to match that for 16-50 hp engines,to avoid median lives shorter than the regulatory useful lives; 2500 hrs at full loadequates to 5000 hrs at a 50% typical average load factor (the regulatory useful lifefor these engines is 3000 hr).
Diesel Engine Scrappage:Median Life
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&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z%9;D"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
SI Diesel
Emissions (thousand tons)
HDD 2007
NR2002
&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z%D;"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
SI Diesel
Emissions (thousand tons)
HDD 2007
NR2002
&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z%";/"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
SI Diesel
Emissions (thousand tons)
HDD 2007
NR2002
&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z%S;/
"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
SI Diesel
Emissions (thousand tons)
HDD 2007
NR2002
&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z%@EQ?
"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
SI Diesel
Emissions (thousand tons)
HDD 2007
NR2002
&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z)3'&'1$CK'1$D#7&K20+3#7
02468101214161820
HDD 2007 NR2002
Fuel Consumption
(billion gal)"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z%6&%p%7+(0(-
"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
VOC CO NOx
Emissions (thousand tons)
HDD 2007
NR2002
&'1('#,)2%3,/;*)+0,'Z%6&%p%7+(0(-"*+3#7*1$B&+32*+'&$6#($QRRR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM10 SOx
Emissions (thousand tons)
HDD 2007
NR2002
7/1(8&;(8(-%([>3(1&*/&'/0,/-1&;=8(2-U30G
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a=31-0B([':';:#+&30&T4"%
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E 7)*4#%UIUSI:7%5*'%V(%G0(F%+'%,44+5+*-%6&D0GV/+00+,'0%#,%.D:A
E 6#*#(0%'((F%#,%V(%*J*)(%#$*#%7)*4#%UIUSI:7+0%-+g(-2%#,%G'F()8,%4G)#$()%)(1+0+,'0%V(4,)(%+#%+04+'*-+h(F%'(T#%2(*)A