Download - ℓ = 0 (s orbitals)
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= 2 (d orbitals) (Electron Orbitals)
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l012345spdfgh 1357911 2610141822
nlml() 1001 (1s)1s2001 (2s)2s1-1, 0, 13 (2px, 2py, 2pz)2p3001 (3s)3s1-1, 0, 13 (3px, 3py, 3pz)3p2-2, -1, 0, 1, 25 (Figure 7.18)3d40014s1-1, 0, 134p2-2, -1, 0, 1, 254d3-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 374f
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(Crystal): 1) (Single Crystal), 2) (Poly Crystal), 3) (Amorphous) (Lattice) : (Space Lattice) : 3 , (Lattice Point ) : (Lattice Constant) : (Unit Cell) : 3 ,, , 3
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: (Simple Lattice ) (Base centered Lattice ) (Face centered Lattice ) (Body centered Lattice )
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()()()
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Triclinic
Monoclinic
Orthorhombic
Tetragonal
Cubic
Hexagonal
Trigonal
3()
3 .
a ( b ( c ( ( ( ( ( ( 90(
B(OH)3, K2S2O3
Al2SiO5,NaAlSi3O3
()
3 .
a ( b (c ( = ( = 90( ( (
C18H24, KNO3
K2S4O6, As4S4, KClO3
()
3 .
a ( b ( c ( = ( = ( = 90(
I, Ga, Fe2C
FeS2, BaSO4
()
3 .
a = b ( c ( = ( = ( = 90(
In, TiO3, C4H10O4
KlO4
()
3 .
a = b = c ( = ( = ( = 90(
Cu, Ag, Ar, Si
Ni, NaCl, LiF
6()
120( .
a = b ( c ( = ( =90(, ( = 120(
Zn, Cd, Mg, NiAs
3()
3 90( .
a = b = c ( = ( = ( ( 90( ,
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[ u v w ], (u v w ), { u v w }, < u v w >
(cubic) : a=b=c, ( ) acb
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Miller Miller Indices ( ) : (h k l )) pa, qb, sc ( p, q, s ) (1/p, 1/q, 1/s) * (h k l)* : (233) . (3a, 2b, 2c)
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1 8 unit cell
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aaa
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Types of CrystalsCovalent CrystalsLattice points occupied by atomsHeld together by covalent bondsHard, high melting pointPoor conductor of heat and electricitydiamondgraphite
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(Diamond Structure ) : Face centered cubic + (, , ) ) Si, Ge , C , Sn Zinc Blende (, , ), (3/4,, 3/4 ), (3/4,3/4,1/4) (1/4,3/4,3/4) (, GaAs, GaP, ZnS )