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PAGE 101
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3.
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2008
38.53
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1. .................6
2. ...................102.1. ...102.2. ..........102.3. ..103. ..113.1. , ........113.2. ............12
3.2.1 ...13
3.2.2 ...133.2.3 ( )......................193.2.4 ( )..203.2.5 ( )233.3 ( ) ..................253.3.1. ....263.4 ............273.4.1. ....................283.5 ..................29
3.5.1. .................294 .314.1 ..314.1.1. ...314.1.2. ....324.1.3. ..344.2. ..354.2.1. .......354.2.2. .374.2.3. 394.2.4. , ...394.2.5. ....424.2.5.1. . .424.2.5.2. ...............434.2.5.3. .......................444.2.5.4. ( , ).....454.2.5.5. .475. ..495.1 , .....495.2 ..505.2.1. ..505.2.2. .525.2.3. .......................555.2.4. .565.3 ......585.3.1. .....585.3.2. (
)....595.3.3. ...605.3.4. .....615.4 ...............645.4.1. ..645.4.2. ..746. ...74..77..94
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1.1 1.1 1.2
35; 5,5; 8;-I, -III; 1248,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6
W=2.47
=2217
:35 , ;
5,5 V , /2;
8 ;
-I, -III (-III) (-I);
, ;1248 , ;
; , ;2,8; 6,0;3,6 , , ; ;W=2.47 , %;=2217 , /3.
. [19].
1.1
1234567890
120; 2,0; 3;
A-I, A-III;
1236 20; 3,5; 4;
A-I, A-III;
124235; 5,0; 5;
A-I, A-III;
124835; 8,0; 6;
A-I, A-III;
125435; 7,5; 7;
-, -;
126020; 2,5; 8;
-, -;
123620; 4,0; 9;
-, -;
124225; 5,5; 3;
-, -;
124820; 3,0; 4;
-, -;
125425; 5,5; 3;
-I, -;
1248
225;4,5; 5;
-I, -;
126030;6,0; 6;
-I, -;
123635;7,0; 7;
-I, -;
124235;7,0; 8;
-I, -;
124830;5,5; 9;
-I, -;
125420;2,5; 3;
-I, -;
126025;4,0; 4;
-I, -;
123620;1,5; 5;
-I, -;
124225;3,0; 6;
-I, -;
124820; 3,0; 4;
-I, -;
1254
335;8,0; 7;
-I, -;
126030;4,0; 8;
-I, -;
123625; 2,0; 9;
-I, -;
124235; 8,0; 3;
-I, -;
124830; 4,5; 4;
-I, -;
125430; 5,5; 5;
-I, -III;
126020; 2,5; 6;
-I, -III;
123620; 3,5; 7;
-I, -III;
124235; 5,5; 8;
-I, -III;
124820; 3,0; 5;
-I, -;
1260
435;7,5; 9;
-I; -
125435; 8,0; 3;
-I, -III;
126035; 6,5; 4;
-I, -III;
123630; 4,0; 5;
-I, -II;
124225; 3,0; 6;
-I, -II;
124835; 7,0; 7;
-I, -III;
125435; 6,0; 8;
-I, -III;
126025; 5,0; 9;
-I, -III;
123625; 3,5; 3;
-I, -III;
124220; 1,0; 6;
-I, -;
1236
525;4,0; 4;
-I; -
124830; 6,0; 5;
-I, -III;
125435; 2,5; 6;
-I, -II;
126035; 8,0; 7;
-I, -III;
123635; 4,5; 8;
-, -;
124235; 6,5; 9;
-I, -III;
124835; 8,0; 3;
-I, -III;
125420; 3,5; 4;
-I, -II;
126020; 2,0; 5;
-I, -II;
123630; 6,5; 7;
-I, -;
1242
630;4,0; 6;
-I; -
124235; 6,0; 7;
-I, -;
124835; 8,0; 8;
-I, -;
125435; 8,0; 9;
-I, -;
126035; 6,0; 3;
-I, -;
123625; 4,0; 4;
-, -;
124220; 2,0; 5;
-, -;
124830; 7,5; 6;
-I, -III;
125425; 5,5; 7;
-I, -III;
126020; 3,5; 8;
-I, -II;
1248
720;3,5; 8;
-I; -
123620; 1,5; 9;
-I, -II;
124220; 1,5; 3;
-I, -II;
124835; 7,5; 4;
-I, -III;
125425; 5,5; 5;
-I, -III;
126020; 3,5; 6;
-I, -;
123620; 3,0; 7;
-I, -;
124220; 1,5; 8;
-I, -II;
124835; 7,5; 9;
-I, -III;
125435; 8,0; 9;
-I, -;
1254
825;5,5; 3;
-I; -
126025; 5,0; 4;
-I, -III;
123620; 3,0; 5;
-I, -;
124220; 1,0; 6;
-I, -II;
124835; 7,5; 7;
-I, -;
125435; 8,0; 8;
-I, -;
126035; 7,0; 9;
-I, -;
123630; 5,0; 3;
-I, -III;
124230; 2,5; 4;
-I, -;
124830; 5,5; 3;
-I, -;
1260
925;2,5; 5;
-I; -
1254 30; 8,0; 6;
-I, -;
126030; 7,0; 7;
-I, -;
123620; 5,0; 8;
-I, -III;
124235; 5,0; 9;
-I, -III;
124835; 2,5; 3;
-, -;
125435; 8,0; 4;
-I, -;
126025;7,0; 5;
-I, -;
123625; 7,0; 6;
-I, -;
124220; 3,0; 4;
-I, -;
1236
025;5,0; 7;
-I; -
124825; 2,5; 8;
-I, -;
125435; 8,0; 9;
-I, -;
126035; 6,0; 3;
-I, -;
123630; 4,5; 4;
-I, -III;
124220; 3,0; 5;
-I, -;
124820; 1,0; 6;
-, -;
125435; 1,0; 7;
-, -;
126035; 6,5; 8;
-I, -;
123620; 1,0; 5;
-I, -II;
1242
1.1
1234567890
1,
,
3,0; 4,8;3,6,
3,0; 4,8; 4,8,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6,
,
3,2; 4,8; 3,2,
,
3,0; 4,8;3,2,
,
3,0; 7,2; 4,8,
,
2,8; 7,2; 4,8,
,
2,8; 7,2; 3,6,
,
2,8; 7,2; 3,8,
,
3,0; 6,0; 4,8
2,
,
3,0; 3,6; 6,0,
,
2,8; 3,6; 6,0,
,
2,8; 3,0; 3,2,
,
2,8; 3,6; 6,0,
,
3,2; 3,6; 3,6,
,
3,0; 3,0; 3,2,
,
3,0; 6,0; 3,2,
,
2,8; 4,8; 4,8,
,
2,8; 3,0; 4,8,
,
3,8; 4,8; 6,0
3,
,
3,0; 4,8; 6,0,
. ,
3,2; 6,0; 4,8,
,
3,2; 6,0; 3,2,
,
2,8; 3,6; 3,2,
,
2,8; 3,6; 4,8,
,
3,0; 3,2; 3,6, ,
3,0; 4,8; 4,8,
,
3,0; 4,8;3,6,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6
4,
,
3,0; 4,8;3,2,
,
3,0; 7,2; 4,8,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6,
2,8; 6,0;3,6,
,
3,0; 4,8;3,6,
,
3,0; 4,8; 4,8,-,
2,8; 7,2; 3,6,
,
2,8; 7,2; 4,8,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6,-, 2,8; 7,2; 3,8
5,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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3,0; 4,8;3,6,
2,8; 7,2; 3,6,
,
2,8; 7,2; 3,8
6,-,
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,
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,
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,
3,0; 4,8; 4,8, - , 2,8; 3,6; 6,0,
,
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,
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,
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,
3,0; 6,0; 4,8
7,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
3,8; 4,8; 6,0,
,
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,
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,
3,0; 3,6; 6,0,
,
2,8; 3,6; 3,2
8,
,
3,0; 6,0; 3,2,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
3,8; 4,8; 6,0
,
3,2; 6,0; 4,8,
,
2,8; 7,2; 4,8
9,
,
3,8; 4,8; 6,0,
,
2,8; 4,8; 4,8,
,
2,8; 3,6; 3,2,
,
2,8; 3,0; 4,8,
,
3,0; 6,0; 3,2,
,
3,2; 3,6; 3,6,
,
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,
2,8; 3,6; 4,8,
,
2,8; 3,6; 3,2,
,
2,8; 3,6; 4,8
0,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6,
,
2,8; 7,2; 3,8,
,
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,
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,
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2,8; 7,2; 3,8,
,
2,8; 6,0;3,6,
,
3,0; 4,8;3,2
1.2
1234567890
1
W=1.40
=2000
W=1.85
=2025
W=2.40
=2030
W=1.56
=2140
W=1.76
=2270
W=1.96
=2390
W=2.16
=2500
W=2.36
=2497
W=2.27
=2197
W=2.17
=2500
2
W=1.45
=2050
W=1.90
=2075
W=2.45
=2040
W=1.58
=2160
W=1.78
=2280
W=1.98
=2410
W=2.18
=2490
W=2.38
=2487
W=2.37
=2207
W=2.17
=2490
3
W=1.50
=2100
W=1.95
=2125
W=2.50
=2060
W=1.60
=2170
W=1.82
=2290
W=2.00
=2420
W=2.22
=2480
W=2.40
=2477
W=2.47
=2217
W=2.17
=2480
4
W=1.55
=2150
W=2.00
=2175
W=1.42
=2070
W=1.62
=2180
W=1.80
=2310
W=2.02
=2430
W=2.20
=2470
W=2.42
=2467
W=2.19
=2227
W=2.07
=2470
5
W=1.60
=2200
W=2.05
=2225
W=1.44
=2080
W=1.64
=2190
W=1.84
=2320
W=2.04
=2440
W=2.24
=2460
W=2.44
=2457
W=2.09
=2237
W=1.97
=2460
6
W=1.65
=2250
W=2.10
=2275
W=1.46
=2090
W=1.66
=2210
W=1.86
=2330
W=2.06
=2493
W=2.26
=2495
W=2.46
=2447
W=1.99
=2247
W=1.87
=2495
7
W=1.70
=2300
W=2.15
=2325
W=1.48
=2110
W=1.68
=2220
W=1.88
=2340
W=2.08
=2483
W=2.28
=2485
W=2.48
=2437
W=1.89
=2257
W=1.77
=2485
8
W =1.75
=2350
W=2.20
=2375
W=1.50
=2115
W=1.72
=2230
W=1.90
=2360
W=2.12
=2473
W=2.32
=2475
W=2.0
=2427
W=1.79
=2267
W=1.67
=2475
9
W=1.80
=2400
W=2.25
=2425
W=1.52
=2120
W=1.70
=2240
W=1.92
=2370
W=2.10
=2463
W=2.30
=2465
W=2.50
=2417
W=1.69
=2377
W=1.57
=2465
0
W=2.30
=2450
W=2.35
=2010
W=1.54
=2130
W=1.74
=2260
W=1.94
=2380
W=2.14
=2453
W=2.34
=2455
W=1.49
=2397
W=1.59
=2387
W=1.47
=2455
: ; , /3; W , %..
2.1
, , . . , , .
2.2
( 1 1 (594841 ), 1:20, 1:25), :) ( 1:200, 1:300);
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2;
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, ():
1. (6 10 ). .
2. n ( ).
3. :
Asw=Asw1n, (3.17)
;
Asw1 .
4. :
(3.18)
= 2 ; 1.7; , :
.(3.19)
5. :
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( 3, 4); .
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1. :
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2. , :
) 0.9; ) 0.7.
3. : . (3.23)
4. : . (3.24)
5. : . (3.25)
.
6. :
. (3.26)
7. :
. (3.27)
.
8. :
) :
; (3.28)
) : (3.29)
, , .
9. :
(3.30)
.
10. :
Wred = Jred/yo, (3.31)
y0 .
11.:
Wpl = Wred , (3.32)
=1.75 ,
=1.5 .
12. , .
, ;
- , .
13. , (0hf ( 4.2,), :
(4.33 )
xtem :
(4.34)
s,tem :
xtem hf s,tem=, (4.35)
xtem >hf s,tem=. (4.36) s,tem , 13 ts,cr (4.8) . 0,9.
a)
) 4.2
) xtem hf;
) xtem >hf.
4.2.5.4 (, , )
, , ( 4.3). tem , x,tem. Rscu s,tem. x,tem (4.25). btem=b2x,tem .
(4.9) (4.12). 13 s,tem. Rbutembtem(h00,5tem)+Rscu s,temAs (h0a) Mn=0. (4.37)
tem ,:
tem= (4.38)
4.3
(4.39)
(4.40)
13 s,tem ts,cr.
, , . , , : , . (4.16). x, y :
, (4.41)
As,i i- ;
ts,i i- , ;
As .
ts,m ts,cr , , . , . , ( , ).4.2.5.5
, .
( ) , . , .
, , () tb,cr.
:
Np,t,=tem (Rbu+RscuAs,tots,tem), (4.42)
, =b h;
s,tot ;
tem , , .
tem 7 l0/b , l0 .
1 . (4.19),(4.21) b h .
(4.16) , (4.9), (4.12), (4.13). 13 s,tem . s,tem , (4.41).
Np,t=Nn .
. .
V.
5.1 ,
66 . 1248 . ( 1.1, 1.2):
) V = 8.0 /2;
) ;
) N = 9;
) 35 ;
) -, -;
) ( 21 );
) . , I ( 8);
) b2=0.9;
) 35 ( 2 ):
Eb=31103 ;
:
Rb =19.5b2= 19.50.9=17.55 ;
Rbt =1.3 b2= 1.30.9=1.17 ;
:
Rb,ser = 25.5 ;
Rbt,ser = 1.95 ;
) ( 3 ):
-: Es=21104 ;
-: Rs = 225 ;
-: Rsw = 175 ;
-: Rs = 225 ;
-II: Es=20104 ;
-II 10..40 : Rs = 365 ;
-II 10..40 : Rsw = 290 ;
-II 10..40 : Rs = 365 ;
. n=0.95 [2]. f=1.1, - f=1.3 [2] ( 5.1). . . , . . . .
5.2
5.2.1 5.1. 1.56 ( 5.2). . ( 5.3).
d : = 0.9d, (5.1)
= 0.9159 = 143 .
:
bf = bf = 1490 215 = 1460 . :
hf=31+(da)/2=31+(159 143)/2=39 ;
hf=30+ (da)/2=30+(159 143)/2=38 .
:
b = 1460 na =1460 7143 = 459 ,
n=7 .
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.2.2 ( 5.1). 1 2 ( ), ( ), ( n ). /3 , 9,81 ( 1 = 9,81 ). (f ). 50% .
5.1
/ -, /2 f , /2
12345
1 :
) =13 ( =1800 /3)
n g=
=0.01318000.959.81218.081.1239.89
)
=20 ( =2200 /3)
0.0222000.959.81410.061.3533.08
) ( m=2800 )
2800:(1.56.0)0.959.8129001.13190
q :q=3528.14q=3962.95
2 :
) 40001.24800
) V 40001.24800
V:V =8000V=9600
3 q+V :V+q =
11528.14V+q =
13562.95
4 :V +q=
7528.14V+q =
8762.95
.
:
) :
h = (1/101/15)L, (5.2)
L ;
h= (1/10)6000=600 .
) :
b = (0.30.4)h,
(5.3)
b= 0.33600=200 .
( 5.4 ):
L0 = 6000 210 2(100 10)/2 = 5890 .
5.4
(3.1), (3.2) ( 5.1):1) :
= [(q + V)L20bf]/8 = [13562.955.8921.46]/8 = 85871.22 ; (5.4) Q = [(q + V)L0 bf]/2 = [13562.955.891.46]/2 = 58316.62 ; (5.5)
2) :
= [(q + V)L20bf]/8 = [11528.145.8921.46]/8 = 72988.21 ;
Q = [(q + V)L0 bf]/2 = [11528.145.891.46]/2 = 49567.54 ;
3) :
=[(q + V)L20bf]/8 = [(3528.14 + 4000)5.8921.46]/8 = 47662.98 ;
Q =[(q + V)L0 bf]/2 = [(3528.14 + 4000)5.891.46]/2 = 32368.74 .
M Q.
(3.3):
= 19.81463.9(19 0.53.9)= 192223.75 . (5.6)
f = 192223.75 > p = 85871.22 .
, b=bf=146 . ( 5.5 ).
5.5
, =3 ( 5.5 ):
h0=h a=220 30=190 . (5.7)
, , . (3.4):
0 = /[Rbbh20 ]=85871.22 /[19.8146192] = 0.082 = 0.957 =0.086, (5.8)
;
5.
R (3.5):
(5.9)
, ( ) .
, (5.10)
, 0,85. = 0.086 < R = 0.544,
, . (3.7) :
= 85871.22 / 3650.95719 = 12.94 2, (5.11)
Rs , - 10...40 Rs=365 ( 3 ). 8 .
816 - s = 16.08 2 ( 6 ). 88 -.
5.2.3
Q Qb, , , . (3.15):
= 0.6(1 + 0)1.261060.4590.19 = 65930.76 >
> Qpmax = 58316.62 ,
(5.12)
, 0.6, , = 0. . . L0/4 S= h/2 =220/2 =110 100 . L/2 S = 300 .
, . , ( 9).
1) dsw=8 .
2) n=8.
3) (3.17) ( 6 ): Asw=As1n=0.5038=4.02 2. (5.13)
4) (3.18) : == / = 203.61 / . (5.14)
5) (3.20) :
= . (5.15)
. , :
-1 ( 10 ).
5.2.4
( 5.1, 5.2) , =2330 /3. . Rbu R btu Rscu Rsu , [15], b=0,83, s=0,9. Rbu= .
-III : Rsu= .
( 5.8) :
bf= bf=1460 ; L0=5890 ; h=220 ; = 72988.21 ;
a=aL+d/2=22+16/2=30 ; hf=39 ; h0=190 ; s=1608 2.
=37,64 c ( 12). 2000 /3 1=0,5.
, xtem< hf , b= b f (4.31):
xtem= h0-. (5.41)
xtem=7,69 < hf=39 ( 5.8), .
(4.32):
. (5.42) (4.27):
.
(5.43)
13 s,tem =0,563 -III ts,cr=568,790C;
erf =.
(5.44)
11 : =0,54.
5.8
( 12 ):
:
/(0), (5.45)
:
/(0), (5.46)
: 2/c. (5.47)
(4.8) :
c=
=1,78 .
(5.48)
0,9. :
=0,91,78=1,6 =96 (5.49)
5.3
5.3.1
, - . . 6 , . 6 . .
- 1 2 , 6 . ( 5.2).
5.2 / -, / -, f -, /
12345
1 :
) (.5.1)3528.1463962.956
) : bhn9,81=
0.80.225000.959.81372811.14101
q:q =24896.84q = 27878.5
2 .:
) (50%V)400061.228800
) (50%V)V400061.228800
. V:V = 48000V = 57600
3 : q + V72896.8485478.5
: q + V48896.8456678.7
5.3.2 ( )
, . 5050 . , 250 , 125 , 25 ( 5.9 ):
L0 = 6000 (25025)/2 250 25130/2 = 5523 .
5.9
(3.1), (3.2):
1) :
= [(q + V)L20]/8 = [85.4795.5232]/8 = 325.93 ; (5.50)
Q = [(q + V)L0]/2 = [85.4795.523]/2 = 236.05 ; (5.51)
2) :
= [(q + V)L20]/8 = [72.8975.5232]/8 = 277.95 ;
Q = [(q + V)L0]/2 = [72.8975.523]/2 = 201.31 ;
3) :
= [(q + V)L20]/8 = [48.8975.5232]/8 = 186.44 ;
Q = [(q + V)L0]/2 = [48.8975.523]/2 = 135.03 .
.
:
h0 = h a d/2,
(5.52)
, 15, 16, 17, 18 , =50 ;
d , d=20 .
h0 = 80 5 2/2=74 .
, , (3.4):
0 = /[Rbbh20 ]=325.93103 /[17.551060.20.742] = 0.17
= 0.906 = 0.188 ( 5).
R (3.5):
= 0.188 < R = 0.564, , .
(3.7) :
s = 325.93105/[3651020.90674] = 13.32 2.
422 - s = 15.20 2 ( 6).
, 17. 1=50 , 1=50 ; 2=120 , 2=50 .
:
=8.5 , (5.53)
: h0 = 80 8.5=71.5 ,
0 = /[Rbbh20 ]=325.93103 /[17.551060.20.7152] = 0.182
= 0.899 = 0.203 ( 5),
= 0.203 < R = 0.564,
5.3.3
Q Q>Qb, , , . (3.15):
Q = 0.6(1 + 0)1.171060.7070.2= 99262.80 < Qmax = 236050 .
. , . , ( 9).
1) dsw=10 .
2) n=2.
3) (3.17) As=0.7852=1.57 2.
4) (3.18) :
qsw= / = 696.7 / .
5) (3.20) : S= .
, . l0/4 S= h/3 = 800/3 =266 250 . l/2 S= h/3 = 800/3 =266 250 . 50 .
.
1) dsw=10 .
2) n=2.
3) (3.17) As=0.7852=1.57 2.
4) (3.18) :
qsw= / = 774.32 / .
(3.20) : S= .
,
S= h/3 = 650/3 =216 200 , 200 .
5.3.4
35 , =2330 /3. Rbu R btu Rscu Rsu , [15] b=0,83, s=0,9.
Rbu= .
-III : Rsu= .
( 5.12):
b=200 ; L0=5523; h=800 ; = 277.95 ;
a1=50 ; a2=120 ; a=93 ; h0=707 ; s=1610 2;
s1=628 2;
s2=982 2. 12: =37,64 c. 2000 /3 1=0,5.
5.12
: 1=0 ; 2=1 ; 3=2 ; 4=3 .
1=0 (4.28):
(5.54)
;
(5.55)
.
2=1 14 x,tem=15 , btem=b 2 x,tem=200215=170 .
15,17 : t1=t2=3600C; a1=50 ; c1=50 ;t3=t4=273 0C; a2=120 ; c2=50 .
( 13): s,tem1= s,tem2= 1,0; s,tem3= s,tem4= 1,0.
a=atem, h0=h0,tem.
:
.
:
.
3=2 14 x,tem=30 , btem=b 2 x,tem=200230=140 ( 5.12).
15,17 : t1=t2=600 0C; a1=50 ; c1=50 ;
t3=t4=510 0C; a2=120 ; c2=50 .
( 15): s,tem1= s,tem2= 0,46; s,tem3= s,tem4= 0,757.
atem= (5.56)
(5.57)
=447,31 ,
,
h0tem=h atem=800 95.66= 704.34 .
atem =a, h0,tem= h0.
: . (5.58)
:
.
4=3 14 x,tem=35 , btem=b 2 x,tem=200235=130 ( 5.12).
15,17 : t1=t2=750 0C; a1=50 ; c1=50 ;
t3=t4=670 0C; a2=120 ; c2=50 .
0,09; 0,25
=130,87 ,
,
h0tem=h atem=800 101.5= 698.5699 .
:
0,33 (5.58)
:
.
( 5.13) =2.15 =129 .
5.13
5.4
5.4.1
= 66 = 36 2.
- . [15] , 1/600 1/30 1 . 4040 . :
) 2.8 ;
) 7.2 ;
) 3.8 .
:
L0 = 0.9h = 0.92.8 = 2.52 .
:
q = bhHgf, (5.59)
b h , ;
, ;
, =2500 /3;
g g=9,81, 1=9,81 ;
:
q = 0.40.42.82.59.811.10.95 = 11.48 ;
:
q1 = 0.40.47.22.59.811.10.95 = 29.52 ;
:
q_ = 0.40.43.82.59.811.10.95 = 15.58 .
, :
q = 0.40.42.82.59.810.95 = 10.44 ;
q1 = 0.40.47.22.59.810.95 = 26.84 ;
q_ = 0.40.43.82.59.810.95 = 14.17 .
, .
5.3 /- - , /2 - -, /2
12345
1 :
) 4001.2480
) 3
(1215 )1601.3208
) =20 , =1800 /3
0.029.8118000.953351.2403
)
=120 , =500 /3
0.129.815000.956001.2720
) - 501.365
) 29001.13190
q :Q = 4445q = 5066
2 :
) V5001.2700
) V
V:V = 5001.4V = 700
3 : q + V49455766
: q + V44455066
, ( 5.3):
(): q = 506636 + 372861.1 = 206981 =206.98 ;
: q = 70036 = 25200 = 25.2 ;
: q = 506636 + 372861.1 +70036=232181 =232.18 ;
5066 /2 ;
3728 / ;
700 /2 .
, ( 5.2):
() : q=23777.76+4100.86+288006=340071=340.07 ;
: q = 288006 = 172800 = 172.8 ;
: q=23777.76 + 4100.86+576006=512871 = 512.87 ;
23777.7 / ;
4101/ ;
57600 / .
. [17] .
: Nsn=70036=25200 =25.2 .
: Nsn = 0 .
5.4.
5.4 , , ,
Ndl-
Ncd
N
1345678
9206.9825.515.58222.5625.5247.76
8547.05198.0031.16578.21198.00776.21
7887.12370.8046.74933.86370.801304.66
61227.19543.6062.321289.51543.601833.11
51567.26716.477.901645.16716.402361.56
41907.33889.2093.482000.81889.202890.01
32247.401062.00109.062356.461062.003418.46
22587.471234.80124.642712.111234.803946.91
12927.541407.60154.163081.71407.604489.30
3267.611580.40165.643433.251580.405013.65
( 5.5 ) , .
5.5 , , ,
-
Ndl-
Ncd
N
1345678
9182.3918.014.17196.5618.0214.56
8475.77162.0028.34504.11162.00666.11
7769.15306.8042.51811.66306.801117.66
61062.53450.056.681119.21450.01569.21
51355.91594.070.851426.76594.02020.76
41649.29738.085.021734.31738.02472.31
31942.67882.099.192041.86882.02923.86
22236.051026.0113.362349.411026.03375.41
12529.431170.0140.202669.631170.03839.63
2822.811314.0150.642973.451314.04287.45
, ( 5.3):
() : q = 444536 + 37286 = 182388 =182.39 ;
: q = 50036 = 18000 = 18.0 ;
: q = 444536 + 37286 +50036 =200388 = 200.39 ;
, ( 5.2):
: q = 21168.846 + 37286+240006 = 293381 =293.38 ;
: q = 240006 = 144000 = 144 ;
: q= 21168.846 + 37286+480006=437381.04 = 437.38 ;
:
) = h/30 = 400/30 = 13.33 ;
) = l0/600 = 2520/600 = 4.2 ; l0 ; ) > 1 .
= 13.33 .
:
N [RbA + Rs(As + A's)], (5. 60)
N , N=5013.65 ;
, =1 h>200 .
, ==1, =0.01, :
As + A's = 0.01,
5013.65 1.01.0[17.55(100) + 365(100)0.01] = 2120,
5013.65 = 2120,
= 5013.65 (103) /2120 = 2336.06 2,
.
5050 .
: = l0/h = 2520/500 = 5.04.
: N/N = 3433.05/5013.6 = 0.685.
7 b sb N/N :
b = 0.92; sb = 0.92.
= b + (2(sb b)Rsc(As + A's)/RbA). (5.61)
= 0.92 + 0.0 = 0.92.
:
As + A's = N/[ Rsc] [ARb]/Rsc. (5.62) As + A's = 5013.65(103)/[0.921365(100)] [505017.55]/365 = 27.28 2.
:
= 27.28/[5050 ]= 0.011 < [=0.03].
As + A's = 625 - s=29.45 2. 10 - 500 ( 9) ( 5.14).
5.14
5.4.2
, 5.3.8. 35 , =2330 /3. Rbu R btu Rscu Rsu , [15], b=0,83, s=0,9.
Rbu= .
-III : Rsu= .
( 5.14) : b=h=500 , N=4287.45 .
12: =37,64 c. 2000/3 1=0,5.
( 12 ):
/(0),
/(0),
2/c.
: 1=0 ; 2=1 ; 3=2 ; 4=3 . . .
1=0 (4.42):
Np,t,=0=tem(Rbu+RscuAs,tots,tem)=
0,922=8257,58 ; (5.63)
tem , -, .
tem 7 L0/b, L0 , L0/b=2.52/0.5=5.04, tem=0,922.
2=1 .
(4.11) :
(5.64)
(4.10) : (5.65) x=y=0,5h-al-0,5d=0,50,5-0,03-0,50,025=0,208 .
20 : x =y=0,78. (4.13):
tx=0,208= ty=0,208= 1250(1250t) x=1250-(1250-20)0,78=290,6 0C. (5.66)
(4.16):
tx=0,208,y=0,208,=1= t (5.67)
0C , :
t=345lg(8 +1)+t=345lg(83600+1)+20=15590C (4.1). (5.68)
13 s,tem 0,745.
. , =0 (4.14):
tx=0= ty=0=1250(1250t) =1250(125020)1=20 0C, (5.69)
19 :
Fox/4=0,018/4=0,005, =1. tb,cr=650 0C (4.20):
,==
=. (5.70)
20 Fox=0,018 ,=0,488 ,=0,093.
:
b=h=2(0,5h+k)(1- ,)=2(0,50,5+37,64)(1-,093)=0,495 (5.71)
2=1,0 (4.42):
Np,t,=1=0,9197791,19 ;
L0/b=2.52/0.495=5.09, tem=0,92.
3=2 .
(4.11) :
(4.10) :
x=y=0,5h-al-0,5d=0,50,5-0,03-0,50,025=0,208 .
20 x =y=0,573. (4.13):
tx=0,208= ty=0,208= 1250(1250t) x=1250-(1250-20)0,573=544,8 0C.
(4.16):
tx=0,208,y=0,208,=2= 0C ,
t=345lg(8 +1)+t =345lg(823600+1)+20=1663 0C (4.1).
13 s,tem =0.
. , =0 (4.14):
tx=0= ty=0=1250(1250t) =1250(125020)0,9996=20,49 0C,
19 :
Fox/4=0,036/4=0,009, =0,9996 . tb,cr=650 0C (4.20):
,==.
20 Fox=0,036 ,=0,488 ,=0,2.
b=h=2(0,50,5+37,64)(1-0,2)=0,437 .
3=2,0 (4.42):
Np,t,=2=0,925162,6 ;
L0/b=2.52/0.437=5.76, tem=0,92.
4=3 .
(4.11) :
(4.10) :
x=y=0,5h-al-0,5d=0,50,5-0,03-0,50,025=0,208 .
20 x =y=0,453. (4.13):
tx=0,208= ty=0,208= 1250(1250t) x=1250-(1250-20)0,453=693 0C.
(4.16):
tx=0,208,y=0,208,=2= 0C ,
t=345lg(8 +1)+t =345lg(833600+1)+20=1724 0C (4.1).
13 s,tem =0.
. , =0 (4.14):
tx=0= ty=0=1250(1250t) =1250(125020)0,9944=27 0C,
19 :
Fox/4=0,055/4=0,014, =0,9944 . tb,cr=650 0C (4.20):
,==.
20 Fox=0,055 ,=0,49 ,=0,253.
b=h=2(0,50,5+37,64)(1-0,253)=0,408 .
4=3,0 (4.42):
Np,t,=3=0,924387,62 ;
L0/b=2.52/0.408=6.18, tem=0,92.
5=4 .
(4.11) :
(4.10) :
x=y=0,5h-al-0,5d=0,50,5-0,03-0,50,025=0,208 .
20 x =y=0,4. (4.13):
tx=0,208= ty=0,208= 1250(1250t) x=1250-(1250-20)0,4=758 0C.
(4.16):
tx=0,208,y=0,208,=2= 0C ,
t=345lg(8 +1)+t =345lg(843600+1)+20=1767 0C (4.1).
13 s,tem =0.
. , =0 (4.14):
tx=0= ty=0=1250(1250t) =1250(125020)0,9832=41 0C,
19 :
Fox/4=0,073/4=0,018, =0,9832 . tb,cr=650 0C (4.20):
,==.
20 Fox=0,073 ,=0,496 ,=0,32.
b=h=2(0,50,5+37,64)(1-0,32)=0,371 .
5=4,0 (4.42):
Np,t,=4=0,4251797,04 ;
L0/b=7.2/0.389=18.5, tem=0,425.
( 5.15) .
=3,15 =189 .
5.15
VI.
. ( 1), , , .
, , , .
, , , .
, .
.
2 ( 22, 23 ).
" " ().
. .
16 . : ; ; .
, , 1:100; 1:200 ( ), ( 1:20), , , , ( 22 ).
1:20, 1:20, , , , , , , ( 23 ).
, , .
, , , . , , (, , ), , , , ; , . , , 1:10. , . ( ). . .
:
;
;
;
.
.
: :
_____________________ ______________________
________
_______________200_. ______
______________________ ______________________
______________________
2008 1 , ( )
7.51012.515202530354045505560
( )Rb4.56.07.58.511.514.517.019.522.025.027.530.033.0
Rbt0.480.570.660.750.901.051.201.301.401.451.551.601.65
( )Rb,ser5.57.59.511.015.018.522.025.529.032.036.039.543.0
Rbt,ser0.700.851.001.151.401.601.801.952.102.202.302.402.50
, Eb14500160001900020500240002700029000310003250034000350003550036000
2 ,
RS,SER ES
RSC
RS ()RSW
-225175225235210 000
-280225280295210 000
-, :
68355285335390200 000
1040365290365390200 000
-V510405450590190 000
-V680545500785190 000
-V815650500980190 000
-V9807855001175190 000
- :
490390200540180 000
450360200540180 000
3 ,
, RS,SER ES
RSC
RS ()RSW
-3375270375410170 000
4365265365405
5360260360395
-312409904001490200 000
411809404001410
511108904001335
610508354001255
79807854001175
89157304001100
-312159704001460200 000
411459154001370
510458354001255
69807854001175
79157304001100
88506804001020
-7612109654001450180 000
911459154001370
1211108904001335
1510808654001295
-191411759404001410180 00
4 ,
0,010,9950,010,260,870,2260,510,7450,38
0,020,990,020,270,8650,2340,520,740,385
0,030,9850,030,280,860,2410,530,7350,39
0,040,980,0390,290,8550,2480,540,730,394
0,050,9750,0490,30,850,2550,550,7250,399
0,060,970,0580,310,8450,2620,560,720,403
0,070,9650,0680,320,840,2690,570,7150,407
0,080,960,0770,330,8350,2760,580,710,412
0,090,9550,0860,340,830,2820,590,7050,416
0,10,950,0950,350,8250,2890,600,70,42
0,110,9450,1040,360,820,2950,620,690,428
0,120,940,1130,370,8150,3020,640,680,435
0,130,9350,1220,380,810,3080,660,670,442
0,140,930,130,390,8050,3140,680,660,449
0,150,9250,1390,40,80,320,70,650,455
0,160,920,1470,410,7950,3260,720,640,461
0,170,9150,1560,420,790,3320,740,630,466
0,180,910,1640,430,7850,3380,760,620,471
0,190,9050,1720,440,780,3430,780,610,476
0,20,90,180,450,7750,3490,80,60,48
0,210,8950,1880,460,770,3540,850,5750,489
0,220,890,1960,470,7650,360,90,550,495
0,230,8850,2040,480,760,3650,950,5250,499
0,240,880,2110,490,7550,3710,500,5
0,250,8750,2190,50,750,375
5
2
12345678910/-----VI--
30,0710,140,210,280,350,420,490,570,640,710,055++
40,1260,250,380,500,630,760,881,011,131,260,099++
50,1960,390,590,790,981,181,371,571,771,960,154++
60,2830,570,851,131,421,701,982,262,552,830,222++++
80,5031,011,512,012,513,023,524,024,535,030,395++++
100,7851,572,363,143,934,715,506,287,077,850,617+++++
121,1312,263,394,525,656,797,929,0510,1811,310,888+++++
141,5393,084,626,167,699,2310,7712,3113,8515,391,208+++++
162,0114,026,038,0410,0512,0614,0716,0818,1020,111,578+++++
182,5455,097,6310,1812,7215,2717,8120,3622,9025,451,998+++++
203,1426,289,4112,5615,7118,8521,9925,1428,2831,422,466+++++
223,8017,6011,4015,2019,0022,8126,6130,4134,2138,012,984+++++
254,9099,8214,7319,6324,5429,4534,3639,2744,1849,093,84++++
286,15812,3218,4724,6330,7936,9543,1049,2655,4261,584,83++++
328,04216,0824,1332,1740,2148,2556,3064,3472,3880,426,31++++
3610,18020,3630,5440,7250,9061,0871,2681,4491,62101,87,99++
4012,56025,1237,6850,2462,8075,3687,92100,48113,04125,69,865++
6
Nl
N I0 / h
68101214161820
(.) 00.930.910.910.900.890.860.830.80
0.50.920.910.900.880.850.800.730.65
10.920.910.890.860.810.740.630.55
00.930.910.890.850.800.780.740.70
0.50.920.900.880.840.770.720.680.60
10.920.900.870.810.740.670.600.51
= ' < 0,15h sm < As,tot /3
(.) 00.930.920.910.900.890.870.840.81
0.50.920.920.910.900.870.840.800.75
10.920.910.900.880.860.820.770.70
00.930.910.890.850.830.790.750.71
0.50.920.910.890.840.780.760.720.67
10.920.900.880.830.770.740.680.62
0.25h > = ' > 0,15h sm As,tot /3
(.) 00.920.920.910.890.870.840.800.75
0.50.920.910.900.870.830.790.720.65
10.920.910.890.860.800.740.660.58
00.920.910.890.840.790.750.710.66
0.50.920.900.880.830.770.710.680.60
10.920.900.870.810.740.680.610.52
: Nl ; N (, -
).
7 1 2
( /2 )
S0, /2
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , I500
, , , , , , , , , , , , X, , , , II700
, , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , III1000
, , , , , , , , --, , , , , , , IV1500
, V2000
8
, - d1, 34568101214161820222528323640
d2, 333333455668810101212
Umin Vmin, 505050507575757575100100100150150150200200
V1 min , ---3030304040404050505060708080
10
Xerf XXerf XXerf XXerf X
0,000,00000,500,52051,000,84271,500,9661
0,020,02160,520,53791,020,85081,520,9684
0,040,04510,540,55491,040,85861,540,9706
0,060,06760,560,57161,060,86611,560,9726
0,080,09010,580,58791,080,87331,580,9745
0,100,11250,600,60391,100,88021,600,9763
0,120,13480,620,61941,120,88681,620,9780
0,140,15690,640,63461,140,89311,640,9796
0,160,17900,660,64941,160,89911,660,9811
0,180,20090,680,66381,180,90481,680,9825
0,200,22270,700,67781,200,91031,700,9838
0,220,24430,720,69141,220,91551,720,9850
0,240,26570,740,70471,240,92051,740,9861
0,260,28690,760,71751,260,92521,760,9872
0,280,30790,780,73001,280,92971,780,9882
0,300,32860,800,74211,300,93401,800,9891
0,320,34910,820,75381,320,93811,900,9928
0,340,36940,840,76511,340,94192,000,9953
0,360,38930,860,77611,360,94562,100,9970
0,380,40900,880,78671,380,94602,200,9981
0,400,42840,900,79691,400,95232,300,9989
0,420,44750,920,80681,420,95542,400,9993
0,440,46620,940,81631,440,95832,500,9996
0,460,48470,960,82541,460,96112,600,9998
0,480,50270,980,83121,480,96372,700,9999
11
/ , / 3tem=A+Bt, /( )Ctem=C+Dt, /( )
1 23301,2-0,00035t710+0,84t
2 22501,14-0,00055t710+0,84t
313800,383+0,00008t841+0,48t
4 19001,044-0,0006t773+0,63t
5 4800,093+0,00019t924+0,63t
7500,186+0,00008t924+0,63t
1100t=0,31=const924+0,63t
12
, /310001500200023002450
1/20,550,580,600,620,65
1/233,034,836,037,239,0
13
teml0/b810121416182022
tem1,00,980,960,930,890,850,810,77
l0/b24262830323436
tem0,730,680,640,590,540,490,44
14 s,tem ,
s,tem=Rs,tem/Rsn 0
400450500550600650700750800
1234567891011
1 () -I1,00,830,660,510,370,240,150,090,05
2 -II1,01,00,760,520,360,230,160,10,06
3 -III1,00,980,790,6250,460,300,180,090,05
4 -III1,00,910,700,490,330,20,130,070,03
5 -IV0,970,810,640,50,350,210,10,050,02
6 , -V0,970,790,6250,40,230,110,060,030,01
7 -V1,01,00,690,380,150,050,010,00,0
8 -II, 38 .0,530,420,310,220,140,080,050,030,01
x,tem , y,tem
1 a1=30; c2=150 ;
2 a1=40; c2=150 ;
3 a1=60; c2=150 .
1 a2=120; c1=50;
2 a2=120; c1=60;
3 a2=120; c1=70;
4 a2=120; c1=80;
5 a2=120; c1=100 .
1 a2=45; c2=150 ;
2 a2=50; c2=150 ;
3 a2=60; c2=150 ;
4 a2=100; c2=150 ;
15
Fo/4
Fo/4
Fo/4
0,0011,00000,0450,80880,0880,5340
0,0021,00000,0460,80150,0890,5288
0,0031,00000,0470,79410,0900,5236
0,0041,00000,0480,78680,0910,5185
0,0051,00000,0490,77960,0920,5134
0,0061,00000,0500,77230,0930,5084
0,0071,00000,0510,76510,0940,5034
0,0080,99980,0520,75790,0950,4985
0,0090,99960,0530,75080,0960,4936
0,0100,99920,0540,74370,0970,4887
0,0110,99850,0550,73670,0980,4839
0,0120,99750,0560,72970,0990,4792
0,0130,99610,0570,72270,1000,4745
0,0140,99440,0580,71580,1020,4652
0,0150,99220,0590,70900,1040,4561
0,0160,98960,0600,70220,1060,4472
0,0170,98660,0610,69550,1080,4385
0,0180,98320,0620,68880,1100,4299
0,0190,97940,0630,68210,1120,4215
0,0210,97520,0640,67560,1140,4133
0,0220,97060,0650,66900,1160,4052
0,0230,96570,0660,66260,1180,3973
0,0240,96050,0670,65610,1200,3895
0,0250,95500,0680,64980,1220,3819
0,0260,94930,0690,64350,1240,3745
0,0270,94330,0700,63720,1260,3671
0,0280,93720,0710,63100,1280,3600
0,0290,93080,0720,62490,1300,3529
0,0300,92420,0730,61880,1320,3460
0,0310,91070,0740,61280,1340,3393
0,0320,90380,0750,60880,1360,3326
0,0330,89670,0760,60090,1380,3261
0,0340,88960,0770,59500,1400,3198
0,0350,88240,0780,58920,1420,3135
0,0360,87520,0790,58350,1440,3074
0,0370,86790,0800,57780,1460,3014
0,0380,86050,0810,57210,1480,2955
0,0390,85320,0820,56650,1500,2897
0,0400,84580,0830,56100,1520,2840
0,0410,83840,0840,55550,1540,2785
0,0420,83100,0850,55000,1560,2731
0,0430,82360,0860,554470,1580,2677
0,0440,81620,0870,5393
28 , =550 /3
: 40x80 , =550 /3
( ) 32100 ,
=250 /3
30 , =2400 /3
15 , =800 /3
- 40 , =1800 /3
:
70 , =600 /3
5 , =1100 /3
15 50 , =1200 /3
:
70 , =600 /3
30 , =1450 /3
50 , =2400 /3
1. 2272-93. . . .
2. .1.1-2-97 ( 30402-96 ) . . .
3. .1.1-4-98 . . . .
4. .2.7-19-95 ( 30244-94 ) . - . .
5. .2.7-70-98 ( 30444-97 ) . .
6. .1.1-60-95 . . .
7. 21.501-80. . .
8. 25.192-82. . .
9. 21.503-80. . .
10. 8279-81. . . .
11. 23.279-78. 40 . .
12. 21.502-73. -.
13. ( ). ., 1989.
. .: , 1989.
14. 2.03.01-84*. . . .: , 1989.
15. 2-22-81. . . .: , 1983.
16. 2.01.07-85. . . .: , 1986.
17. 2.02.02-83. . . .: , 1985.
18. II-90-81. -. .: , 1982.
19. 2.01.01-82. . .: , 1983.
20. . ., . . . . .: 1991.
21. . . . . . .: , 1995. 591 .
22. . . . . .: , 1988.
23. . . . . .: , 1990.
24. . . . .: , 1988.
25. . . -. .: , 1987.
26. . . " ". .: , 1989.
27. . ., . . . .: 1974.
28. . . . . .: , 1989.
29. . . . . .: , 1972.
30. . . . . .: , 1988.
31. . . .: , 1986.
32. . . , . . , .. , .. . . .: , 1970.
, ,
,
, ,
3. .
,
- .
15.03.2004 . 60(90 1/16.
Tecnik copir. . . . . 6,75
300 . 29.
. .
18034, . , . , 8.
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EMBED AutoCAD.Drawing.15
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EMBED PBrush
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EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
L
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
3.3
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED AutoCAD 14
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EMBED Equation.3
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Np,t ( Mp,t )
Np,t ( Mp,t )
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3
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5
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7
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EMBED Equation.3 0,25d1
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d20,25d1
d1
d2
d2
d1
d1
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U
U
U
V
V
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19
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EMBED Excel.Sheet.8
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EMBED AutoCAD.Drawing.15
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2,15
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,
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Np,tem,
N=4287,45
3,15
,
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