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:SwA k{ jB0TwA opRB BJBT1 pA k CA U nj /1. Peter Hudis and Kevin Anderson,"Raya Dunayevskaya's Concept of Dialectic" in

The Power of Negativity: selected Writings on the Dialectic in Hegel and Marx by Raya

Dunayevskaya, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2002

2. Ellen Mieksins Wood, Democracy against Capitalism: Renewing Historical

Materialism, Cambrige University Press, May 1995

3. Raya Dunayevskaya, Marxism & Freedom, Humanities books, 2000

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ji kp M Te B vjs ,unB nB zkA BR kB o6 BR oT@A nBL ,nB@R6Bd Tv]oM wBw AjjB~T'A ,oTP{ Zpr /SwA k{ kMBp nj An BQnA nB' v o@A :jo BM a po6 AvB) BM An vjs@ji pASwA \A bnJBUpBM kB) yT4U jo B Sz kB) yT4UunB nB6A JBUpBM n{ v kk)T jAj Bz An Bv nBT6n

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{ B] M M SwA vBww ` )dU n{ BR knAj jB)TA BUZk kTv ]A M)A Tj BM Tj nAjBow B\UnA UAonM

/SwA B] J)A C4v6 BjBM Swj joqnj AnunB BzkA AU Bp BUB{C Lo)U Rn M Te BjBM A BM kA nBvM jAkU BA /wBzM An TwAn TiB{ qB] An nB{ ] ka SBe oTM nj kTvhw A B M BC ,SwA a unB AoQ Sp Be /kAjo@,vUoU , kB Bv ,knAj BTwA pA oUFUMB' BjA kjp A qnj M jBp q BC ?oUnBw a Te B B

31@@@. @@@BCNBaoM nBTzQ

RAoR BM KwBT k{ T{ jp A nBMnj `C oTzM yhM ;kAjo/SwA AnAkLB] CS wBw

BM B{C BAi jAo6A poA kB\A o@\T A M BA BUkwn nj ,jAj nAo' ji oYBUSdU An B] pA nqM yhM kTv BnU

/koMn AAo6 BnA{j BM Swnj o~U MA jo oQ AoM p TvB{ AnAj BXTwA A M BBv4Bj BAnA BAU SiB{ pA BU TvB{ A /SwA B SiB{ nj ZB{

omQBi S pA Te M pe A nj @BTM BA njB uM Bs@oUnjB M /jo zaow k{BM kBM B Sv sQyAj o ~hz A

wBw xo BM yi j] nj An S A SwA S'A A pA SwA )o8 xBT{A n{ A Be B nj ThCnj n{oQSwA jp A M kv gwAn jB)TA BB ,B oU kB{ BA /BL~Tok kM knAj Rke omQB4U dM jApC vBww @SwA k)T H) BjAn SwA nBMBvA A /k{BM T{Aj j] kAUpA kM kk] nBMBvA `oH pA kAU BBvA BU jLM B6n

/kMB `)dU jo6 jApC jAj SwjBA] yL] ,'o{ BQnA Bxn{ ,B)o6C BJ)A nBMnjWdM

/SwA kzhM oTzM B8 JBT A M Bp jApCyL] Bo M Gk] U Bv BU M K' pA An JBT A

/kTv k' kC Be jo o6j B jAj { nB nkA Swj

1973 k'

BU nj ,SwA TBj qo jp S'A oj B\C pA,kwn Ao6 kk] hnBU Sgg) nBM o ,nAm AodM BAnjkk] BT]A R AoM jBM SwU o)Tv B] BBQ Bnj S'A A /kMB RBekk\U pA nBMj 4v6 ,j{ BQoMnBzTA A nBYC ]oU nBMnj RB))dU pA oza nB{ 197 BwkB{ ,k{ \U Zv6 A M pA Bp BQoM Bo S6BkU joBw k kU joBw Tvj Bw C :k{BM d xB4UABAodM :zi SwA T'A B] o@Ao6 AodM , A BM /jM pA ,kp pA AL] _ /BT]A 4v6 ,{pC ,jAs ,wBw ,jB~T'Ai o zkA nj C `g kp BAodM A nBM op Sv ,BAkp ]/SwA jo An6 Bn 4v6 M MBTwj AoM omQBow zg /k{BM jo

AoLn pA /SwA yAkp BB B{ 1 (1971@@191) v] Zn]JBT1 B #M Akp nj /k{ d Akp M CqMOQ pA jpj o] M AkTMA 1 jM BBw yL]AoM o Jm] B BBw BjAn yL] AoLn pA M ko vv1nBAo M AoM jBp S9o Akp BB nBzTA /k{ kLU Bw BQ BpBwnj ,kk{ Akp BBL pA T M T yAkM pA CU j C pAuQ S{Aj/kk{ TiB{ o (v] Zn] Akp B) jAkw AnjAoM M o A1@BdBo0B1 CT1Bw TBA Akp RBB BjA M BM 1971 RA 21 nj v] Zn]

/@@kk{ oLU oj T j BkM /k{ Tz1 nAo9 B

Bw nj #Soledad Brother kv BM 4v6 kUBwA pA ka U Y)6 kB{

33@@@. @@@1973k

nAjzn H) `C BA /k{BM jAj Bz TvL tBveA ,k{ Tz 1971M BU nj ,(Absolute Negativity) "`g S4" nj BBw jApC kM ,SwAj{ WBM SwA BM (syllogistic) < wB'> 6n `oH pA kk] pB8CAkp ,ipj B C nj v] Zn] YwU jApC TBj Sz@BQ w pA 4v6 )U B wBw vB nB{ M #BwTwBM ohvU :jM jokp B] gnBU nj4gg) nj q ji /SvAjM /jz An kk] `6A jo jApC nj a zkA nj a vAo6 oL J)A

/kAkB An TBj TvBM TvB{ jnj a) M AjoTv ' a SwA Swnj ,unB nAkA (B] Bo{ nj a BnB { oUjBT6Anj SwA Swnj ` /SwA Boz' pA ZnBi AonB ,]kp BA] ,Bp BBw jApC nAk6oH ByL]@ kzhM Rke BM An J)A 4v6 k{ BjBdUA oLn@jo jApC An jC S'i koM zn pA An AU C kM UkeAi GkM Ba , A BM /SwA unB nBMBvA jM poA BSep jp B]nj Bov4U A BM k' S] A jnAk S))e ,kj

/kAjAk ji M pA An qa Bg,hnBU vBoUB zkA nj kk] HBU nB' S{B ,unBnATwA TBj q BnBToQ uvG@AoQ BM oM An ji Bn 4v6

wAojBww kjBU {BQo6 A B] ] pB8C BM /SiBwnjA ;jotBveA ji nj An TBj M B@B yz ,BC R"}hz 4" T6B AoM \Tv] Be nj Shw jM Beo@ jo S pA 4 ,jM (concrete universal)nAo'oM An kk] ov AB] ow An nAjBow @qj p jo

35@@@. @@@1973k JA v@@@. @@@34

/jpBw

BpB Bkj pA BU SwA T{Aj C oM Ao ,nU AoM yg Snj> q pA unB dU M poA "B`g" A Be nj /oM B`g (in-itselfness) < jMjiBC RAl nj `g S4 B k{ dU A M A M"`g S4" /jnB{oM kk] BBpB8C An BC opBe kv ,Sv"`g kA" ,(Absolute Knowledge) "`g yAj" jQnBU qod BB\C pA /k Bn AoC SwA (Absolute Mind) "`g l" (Absolute Idea )

Bv hnBU tBve RBRd nj M < SzpBM> unB BTwBi @AoM ji nBYC ` BC 4v6 BjnBTwj ,jpBw {n An B Anj

/SwA kU

35@@@. @@@1973k JA v@@@

nj nB{C BJ)A { nj a@ pASoe , M /k Ak] BT njB @Ava unBQ nj ) BJ)A nj a B)o6C ,BM ,'o{ BQnA/jo AnC nU nj Ai nj Ai kz opBe @BoC QAr nj BBvHnj ,B)o6C nj B 'o{ BQnA nj@ S'A> A BM w yhM nd @oM B unBQ nj ,BoC J] BwC

/kj zU An

JA v@@@. @@@36

M yAo WdM AoM An opBe oYA T{Swj pA hv j /jo@ BjBdUA oLn oz' pA ZnBi AonB ,BA] ,fow.Bw s BuAo4@ ji xU ~d pAkA B JA vJBT /jo AnA Bp jApC

/kC nB{M q BC nB \T ,SwABBvBj BAn

1982 k'

kAU BB BU /nAj Swj ,kn ]o{ An BC B B [Q kAU X\AR Y)6 BA k B{ Bnj cgw jqBJow BU ,kwoM Bnj U M kAT A o@A /joM o6 Bnj op oTzM

/@@S{Aj nz Jow jB 1 jp o nj qA SBA nj Galena o{ #

j~) /kBwoM Bnj o' M An A kpBvM An Ap kAU q #BB@B] pB8C B pA An o6 BA8 BU ;Sv woA B'C

/kAkC BM Tvz i M Bza BM T6n o6 xBA M Bo

Ao4{n AoM ,kB nB@ ji ZA nj @1968 unBQ@ J)A S@Bw j BU k{ AqA ,kjB B Anj An 195 j @ ngB BA /kpBw qBT KvaoM BM 196 J{CoQ j pA An 197rkA BBQ Bk jo SMBY 195 j nj 'o{ BQnA BBvHnj An kk] BpB8C M zkA o q 197 j nj ,kAjo BLT{Ar 17 nj pA kk] Soe ngB /jM kB{ S'A zkAB] k{ jAp BM 196 j nj jM k{ pB8C 'o{ BC njxn{ BM 1953BjnBTwj ,S6B xoTv M)A pA pBU v q kk] B wA /kjM unB nBMnj kk] RBBg kAp q nU ka nj 1914 Bw nj 4v6 Svv wnoM M RBBg

39@@@. @@@1982k JA v@@@. @@@38

A BM oT9j j nj}BRn M JBT1 CA Abstract of Hegel's Science of Logic #qoLU ,poM oz ,BLwBLw jA] oT1j k ]oU BMTBj nBMnj BS{AjjB

/@@SwA T9B nBzTA ,139

4v6 BaoT6j> pA ]oU ao@A /SwA T6B YvM ,j{ kj #Bj toTwj nj 1957 Bw nj jM A]oU Tvh

39@@@. @@@1982k JA v@@@

M (scholastic) w nk j M kj nAo' k@FU jn AnS'A ABBTwBi M ,jM pBwAodM wn vvnB AoM A B] ] nC pABQ BLj M j B] ] ,KUoU M /SzpBM nj unBvvnB k{SodU Rn T{Am nB KLw oq@B ,k{ BQoM BTwA@@oT4> (mysticism) < npAn> ,Beo M /k{ wn pA Sv An ji Tj nAjBow pow k{ KLw jL

41@@@. @@@1982k JA v@@@. @@@40

pA A jB)TA /SwA k{ oMn RB4T jB)TA j j BM JA vJBT@Zn] nv6oQ a B))d w pA oj jB)TA ;SwA A] M)A w

/SwA k{ bog AoTvnC ~6 BM JBT jo jo{ B] M Aoa kAkM kTwAi A] M)Anj Swnj An M nMo ~6 @@~6 A kTvAj oUSwnj n C pA An ji jBzQ BC /AjnC C AkTMAuPw kMB An B{C RB C nj Hg' q BC SwA }hzoYA nBTiBw pA p a o@A /k oUBwC BzAoM An BM jo o \Q SwjTBj hnBU BU a@ jB6j k{ pB8C BM opBeBM T6n nB\ A] wBw B6 ka M ZAoTA kBM A BM @SwAM q BC ;kAhM An ~6 AkTMA jo U ,kTvAj nA{j An oTM An A ~6 BU jo BC M ~6 kAi kT4 M ji M TBj njunB ` Bzn kM SwA CS))e BA /k qnj@A `C ,S))e nj /S{Aj j] J)A zkA pA kk] nB' _M pA ByL] A j o SwA oA A kBz ,SwA pB jn

/kTv J)A 4v6 jB\A nBnkASwj M nU pA nUSodU An kjAj Bz z@A B))d ,oj w pA

,BkA gnBU \ nj ,oQj M //k1 u]n ,197 oLBwj@@oLT1@A

oUq] An oR A 4/Ajo jo a unB pA SLU M oU`'j B Ajo@pA zK A BM yMBT nj AoTvnC Zn] nv6oQ pA

Kz AjA nj iAj nj k{ o1@l RBd0 ,1978 ,TvoQ BzAj RAnBzTA //jnAj nB{A NBa CA M

SwBw ,o6 k`Q kQ AoM BBv4Bj Bi> :SwA jo BM 5tAbog An ThvB TBj qB] ,"`g kA" uoUB nj 4v6{n ,kj kUv8 (Absolute Method ) "`g xn" B BM AoC kB] AodM SBU pA nU AoM B yg Aop ///SwA qAww Shw" @xnRnBL kAj nv6oQ nAj ) (239 /|)

41@@@. @@@1982k JA v@@@

BnB{A BM B{C jn nj BM /SwA C pA M TiBw ACjM A xj~) HUkB' ,AoMBM /SwA oUoLi pA ,RnBL A M )Tvj S4 A M Sv qa B @, A BM /(jAj B "`g xn" C M @) S{Aj oR nj ji (second negativity)B BM Sv qa `g S4 kB 'BM ji R' M S'A A A /jo a jM A M /{BM jAj "`g xn"

j M H)'j S{Am SzA oM unB /jM J)A @ 4v6 o6 pA M SwBw jB~T'A pA BU xA` qnjyhM A oM ,A B] ] nBM A ,B] AodM Anj nj oj nBM

/SvAj AoC S{Am SzA kj nAo' k@FU jn An RnBL A nv6oQ Be nj,

BU SwA k{ T{Am nj B~TiA BrA pA nBvM oxBe ]oU nj #AoM /jpBw qBT kAjAj SLv BrA C M B9v9 oBw 1 AB pA An C 0 B BM kAo9 1 B M 0v9 nj "lz" B "kA" rA BXB 1 SwA qa C B]S{AkQ 1 1nBM kB 9v9 vCkA ioM /k{BMo9 )nj M njB AAo9 xU BM BvA 1 jM CA vCkA pA yM ,zkAoj An SA k{ oUU a o S )nj BM Sl /SwA B] BkkQ k9 / /Z T{ ,jk\ wnoM : M k1 u]n) /SwBTAM kAo9 CA /jpBw

/@@(Aoj unB ]oU , BzAj

S'A BM xAgMAn j M #"kA" pA yBTw nj RnBL A M An ]U : K]M Bjon poA ow oM B `6AUk , M /(1 /| ,e v)/j{ kLU J)A 4v6 M oB B] nj SwA J)A 4v6'A B M o@A> :j{ S'A A M ]U BAi ji nv6oQ

nB\4A Be nj BBG B qTw ] nj onj Bo{ Bow nj @/|)

43@@@. @@@1982k JA v@@@. @@@42

jM oM Aj A M An ji RnBL A kB{ nv6oQnj , A BM /k{BM jo BM 198 B 197 Bj nj J)A 4v6unB nBMnj AnrkA BWdM pABj aJA v F{ nj M)A BoR , ,j yhM nj /AjoM nB M cgw j nj An oUnBw vBvBTvq@A q B vUoU B)TBj jB~T'A S'A> ,w yhM nj /jAj nAo' dU jn ,ykB

/@@jnAj B yhM CA oxBe JBT1 CT nj #

n{ Bo q jB~T'A S' BM gMAn nj An 4BM J)A ,# C nj ji Aop kwn oRM jBw AkLo6 poH M

SwoQjAs AB] nj jM Bw Mo\U ,BBv0Bj o M Black Dimension ##CA M kM B~9 nj /SwA jq9A o0U M kk] kM BvA jApCAoM BBw pnBL

/@@k{ kAi TiAjoQ oTzM ux

Bn yL] M BT ] kp yL] ##Bw kM BU ) ApnBL ,kAhM B)o6C BAijApC

43@@@. @@@1982k JA v@@@

S{Aj A SvAj kAi kJB\ An BpA nj pnB8 v S))e nj /{ Swj M nB] oj nBM kB{ ,

JA v@@@. @@@44

jopoA M kBL ][ M ,MBM An 198 j oYA jnAi o@A

C nj 1 k1 u]n ,u$nB J+A &v( ,Bp jApC ,nLA q$ Apn ,kk] oYA M /8/AjAj :vM xAkp j CoiCnju1nB TiB{B HMBw nBYC BL oM An zkA CA

BA SwA nop jBM oYA jnA T6B 8/k{ jkd unB vvnB ZooM kBM An unB vvnB ,Bo~ Rw M TiAjoQ AoM /Sv 6B@pA SiB{ kk] eo opBe Anj nj 4BM BAhjApCRApnBL BQ nU kk] gMAn a BM "`g kA" An kk] pB8C a /jAj { BroA kAU Sl S kk] Rke Y)6 SwA A T ,

/jpBw Bn An oM B'i ke nj oj kk] )LHM B] BnC B Y)6 nBXTwA RBLwB koM zn pA@ j{ kLU BT]A M kB 'BMgMAn pA AkTMA BvA B YMAn jB\A Bq nB Bow BvAo8 4v6 nj a An ji o~yBa B M AU @j{ pB8C jo pAjA An ji w An A njJ/A v( nAkA /ATiBw jnCoM J)A nj a

/k{BM jo@Bz ,SoTjBBvBj BAn1981 oLT@A 1

AyhM

?@A Aoa?Aoa

JA v@@@. @@@46

1kk]BpB,C AM/1S

gnBU BkA M Soe

/[SwA] kAp kL] TBjA ,S4 TBj k ,uGnB

C nj SiBw Bi p n SzM pAyUC jMn BM ToQ ngBB] BM S4Bh M B] M yi xoTv BM q 4v6 ,kq v

/SwA 4v6 SM @A /SiAjoQ oBKnQA v ,uGnB

yi BSjkd BM k BnAjA [B o~] B] BU//////Tv q6BT Bkv B M AU , jnioMMo\U BM nBLUnAM AqTA B4 nBMnj oTw XdM q6BT Aop/CSBU T6ooM njAoM BvA YAo{ nj pA kpSwA {U ;Sv?Sva RBMjA ,oUnBw

] gnBU /SwA 4v6 k] BnB o{n yi |Bi { M gnBUwAojBww) wn vvnB {BQo6 KLw w pA @ A B]Bg M SvBoUB oUpnBL BU k{ WBM oj w pA (BCBM /jnAj oM nj B nBpn AoM jBp Btnj @jpAjoPM vCkA kk]

JA v@@@. @@@48

M j vBoUB pA k{ vCkA> :kwn \T A M Bg A/SwA oUjq k{ vBoUB

,q6BT@@j B] M ;TBj vCkA@@k{ vCkA B] M

pA B\A nj /jo1 ]oU nBYC pA An C 0v9 Bov0U 1 jM v1 CTvh C /1,MBT1 NBa CTvh nj x A M 1 1 jB0TwA ji ]oUM C` /jM k{ kB\ ,3 /| ,(198 ,Bookman :)n) jApC vv$nB uQ CA pA) C nBYC \ ,jAj nBzTA 191 nj v 1 C ]oU

/jo1 Ai u]n q ,27 /| ,38 k] ,(jo1 Ai nB{A BC k] nB{ M :9

1

49@@@. @@@kk]BpB0CA@M34S JA v@@@

2. The Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences

unB A k k@FU ,2BT]A BzAj AoM nBMnjxAB)HwBwA C SB M TBj oM M)A ov4U jL jp o' AA ABzAj l oUZnr BM ,BwkM /SwA vAo6 nj , TBj xn M An vAo6 oL J)A yL] kpow Bp C pAuQ , A BM /jM TiB{B B nqM jn Anj BU UnBj

/@@BBTA o v9 ,(192@@18) Benedetto Croce #

,197 BBTA nj #ao UkM jM LH SP Ar oR M /SwA B6 kp qa a v nj) jo{ S8 AoM An Bp

3. What Is Living and What Is Dead in the Philosophy of Hegel

Bo] BM k{ YLUo K\ 'BU A> [BA ] ,(3?SwA jo qa a

]oU BM u$nB nBMnj UBB A BM xoYA oM SP Ar nBT0yQ M //k1 u]n /| ,(199 ,Basic Books ,)n) A B]

4/jM omQBMyQ :k BM ,k{ T4 "`g"

,George Braziller ,)n ,SAnP1@) ovC BTM ]oU ,BS ,oUnBw Q Ar /7/31 /| ,(19

vBvBTvq@A kwn oR M a oBK nj 7

JA v@@@. @@@50

Kerr ,199 ,SAn P1 ,w j k] ,19 SAn P1 ,A k]) Bow ,u1nB /8/9 /| ,w k] ,(@B{ ,Charles H / and Company

8/

51@@@. @@@kk]BpB0CA@M34S JA v@@@

(/jnAj nB{A NBa CA M B BU) 8 /| ,j k] ,(191

nB{C j Tvh BU An "B`g" 6 Aoa ? xn C MBU An UM M An "`g yAj" AjooM K) M 2l wB{nAkkQ njxAkU "`g kA" , nj T4 ` g Aoa ?nAm yBpCpC M "`g l" yBR qnBU nj AoC (self-liberation) "Bnji"

?nAmAnoR nBMjAj ,wBw nB@R6Bd@ ji kB) pA oRZo`i> oM jM k Te "`g S4" S{B o@A @( speculative theodicy)JBT BBQ M y' kwn BM Y)6 SvAU a ,SwA B@C

JA v@@@. @@@52

"`g S4" (self-transcending ) T6n Ao6 ji pA (self-active) {ji/SwA

]oU bn wB{nAkkQ M l wB{nAkkQ M vA BMp M JBT1 CA #/@@SwA k{

B@C JnB\U B #lwB{nAkkQ (A nA k' R pA jC bn /nAm nj SwA yAp Bp B o~

///SwA Tvv o4U k' B{ pA q jM Yv @BU2l wB{nAkkQ ,

AqTA R) ` g @ 2l wB{nAkkQ

(1931 ,George Allen & Unwin ,k) M /M /] ]oU ,l wB{nAkkQ /10k] , M C` /13 /|,(1 jB wB{nAkkQ B M C pA kM M CA pA)nj xpC nj 1 kk] bn pA oYA _ "lz" nj> :k1 u]n 3 /| ,A

k{BM nBpn yBa hwBQ Bkp Be B nj

w /^A uvAo9 CkB /tA /A ]oU ,&v( gnBU nBMnj Btnj /11/83 /| ,w k] ,(19 ,Humanities Press ,)n)

concretion of) k'B6 Be nj BA 11 M kM 1 Bp ,kM JBMnAM MoyhM pAuQlwB{nAkkQ nj ###

,"`g" hnBU@ A ;###(Unhappy Consciousness )Jm

53@@@. @@@kk]BpB0CA@M34S JA v@@@

nTh eAo pA B@Cji /kwn "Jm B@C" M ,kMB Swj ,wB{nAkkQ Bw 166 RBe

/117 /| ,wB{nAkkQ /12

8{B ,unB /SwA jo ndv Bv M An AoQ Ak=T 12 /13M ;k1 )nj [Anschauung] j{ B sMA { M BU An ,tvd oA ,SA ,sMABM MBU nj 1 SwA C /l oA Rn M ;uv@AoQ ,BvA tvd SB AfBMo9 ///SwA T9B BU vCkA :wU AqTA Rn M B L] ,vBoUBSB9 ji A BA ;k{BM qBT zkA BsMA pA A M tvd BsMA kAi///k1 )nj [gegenstndliche Ttigkeit] BsMA M SB9 A M An BvAt ]oU C SA CAoMBMCA C oj j BA AjAj nAo jB0TwA jn Anu1nB fBMo( nBMnj BqU pA qTM

:kj BU An 13 vCkA BU k{ KLw /jo jB=TA ##SF

JA v@@@. @@@54

nj ) kw pA k B{ C` |Bi~9 CA 1 SwA t M k1 u]n /SwA u1nB &v(@@jB~TA BT{Swj ux 1 jnBzAj RAnBzTA ,AjoT) u$nB BU wnA pA & gnBU , nU ,qTM

/2 ,23 ,9 /} ,(197 ,AjoT

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77@@@. @@@kk]BpB0CA@M34S JA v@@@

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/ /| ,L B /9

o@A /Sv Ao]B BU A /joM jBwU pA oUAo6 kAU Ak` 69

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AoM qnAkU ,k{BL S'A ji oj qA o@A Te ,SwA bog A nAn (Synthetic Cognition)"LoU SiB{" B /SwA oj a:S{ a ,S6o nB M (Analytic Cognition) "dU SiB{" kp oMoM An "nAj" pA dU LoU Bv M eo A Twnj M AU>,k U ji " oj" A M yi pA An ji ,A 4 C tBwA

/73 /| ,L B /72

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/8 /| ,L B /79

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83@@@. @@@kk]BpB0CA@M34S JA v@@@

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/73 kM ,L B /91

91 BU

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JA v@@@. @@@88

nj unB BM jB~T'A

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JA v@@@. @@@90

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91@@@. @@@kk]BpB0CA@M34S JA v@@@

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JA v@@@. @@@92

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JA v@@@. @@@94

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97@@@. @@@kk]BpB0CA@M34S JA v@@@

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ywoQ A M ,hnBU vBoUB S{B ,unB nByQ BRk /Sv A/SwA jAj gwBQ hnBU

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101@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

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103@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@102

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103@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

jAk Bz ApAkAM Bji zv0w owTC pA yM u` ,kpAkM ,k ,oTwoM CM ]oU ,19) u$nB pA jB(j nj A BM ji JBT1 nj /SwABdU M ,k{ nAmB u$nB kioM 1 SwA C oUSwnj 1 (199 ,CQA nj BM An xA{j BU j{ wT ABAnL{

B@C BM JBvevU AoM [u1nB] nox qARoe (abreaction ) New Left :k ,TBQ :)n) Bow SAo nj /k1 BM (3 /|)ji An ji LB] dU owTC ,(k{ kB Ah An Bow a kBM 1@) (Books,kp xo0{n BkAi AoM BC nj 1 o9 R\ M vv1nB pAAd0 nBa q] nj Bow SAo w d0 3 /SwA jo jkdAoM 1 k1 U AonB1 M C nj 1 k{ i B M BU1@:kAq9A ,U CA jM k] oM k1@FU AoM /k pBUC A ~9 pA Bow kAiAw uopnj U CA dU H~hz ,kM ,jo9Mo~d nU ,AonBTiBw v9 C nj 1 j{ nB{C:kj U ux M BB1 TwoQnATM nBMnj An u1nB,A ~9 pA BpAo9 nj ,C wB{rA s M ,A k] nj 1 Bi BnA{j>"jpt" 1 kTv A VAo BBM ,knAj j] "TwoQnATM" nU A yhMnj nBzTA )

105@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@104

/SwA ogi nj poA TBj M poj TBj BU ,gnBU TBjSBU nj unB kj /SwA gnBU Soe AkU ,TBj yhMRBe inB{C q An poA S'A M Y)6 xnBYCvBoUB yAp pA An [/@@zkA A]BU nAj oR nj ,AoMBM /SiBw kAixnB BM unB @ 185 j BU 1848@@1844 oToQ J)A hnBUnj Bn TBj odU M

105@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

jo1 Bz An B{nBYC 18 nj u1nB 1 An wBw BAjjB~TA BwA nT /A /10,oQ ,nM ,kvw ,w SvTQBM Ar ,jnBn ,SwA :SwA jo1 Swo9 jM,L B ,qTM /(1 /| ,u$nB Bow ) ///x1 , q] ,MnBwABp nj An wBw jB~TA M Mo nBYC pA d0 1, jkeu1nB 1 SwA jo1 jnCoMnj jo9 Te /SwA kAi tk+ jABi 18 BT{Swj xnBpA jB~TA ov0U yAp Sk> 1 jnAk { ,oTP{ /A pr a ,jB~TA nU\ ,) A M BnBToQ M nBM Tvh AoM Bwn A nj unB ,kAj kM/k nB{A SwA ` )dU M njB'

107@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@106

jo jo{ An oYA n oM nB j{ oMn yBa A BM S6o ~U unBjM nk) 1844 ogi BT{Swj B@ kB AoC @

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107@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

nj `C {n M HLo)U UAnBL nj AoC jM TiAjoQ TiBw An [TvBoUB

/Sv$ Sv&B vA NBa M (1888) uA nBT0yQ /13

13 :SwAS1oe /SwA yi pA k{ U C 0ASdU /S9o nB1@M Entfremdung ]oUrA B pA CT CA nj B

109@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@108

A BM ;k pB8C kU ))e bn A M nB pA wBw jB~T'ASLv ~i SB M An qa kAj nB pA {B An qa _jB)TA ,k hw ~i SB pA BvA B ///kjnB pA B /k jnioM BvA pA ZnBi T'A BM kBM BU jnAjkk] boH A /k jnioM BvA BM H)Tv kBM ,k hw

/jnAj ji nj AoC eAn ,v

w wBw jB~T'A UB)LH RApnBL `oH pA v e , A BMjoL ,jL B6 o A M BkA joL T{Am nB B M ,jo qnjunB 4v6 Svv /kjM jo qnjnBMj{ B BSvBoUB @,onB RApnBL Ai@ RApnBL nj So{ pA yQ BRk fBMo6 pA

/ ~9 M k1 u]n /1

jAj fn AB) B nj Svv A /jM k{ B\A @nB{C J)A B14Bp

pA AjpngwA nj fBMo6 pA yBTw p C nj unBk{BM BvA AqTA { ji [] Zv6> pA RBAqTA'A nj B Bj Tvv A S))e nj /(37 /|) jM jo jB)TA

109@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

/|) :jM TiBU a BC M BU Rk{ BM ,kB Sv@jo6 / nj ,j{ nAkkQ jo6 MB) nj AqTA a AB] nAo)TwA

/(295 /|) k qnj Sv njB' ThQB v < ^nj {B]>: ,4 A M SwA Rnop ~i SB pA T6n Ao6B M v BA /SwA gwAM kC yhMo A nop {

/(33 /|) RB)nj 4> pA fBMo6 k) BM MB)U nj kj Bz B\C nj An ji jp M S]n AoM Zv6 ]U Zo qCpAn AoC [fBMo6] oM jBp k@FU unB ,kAj KmA M> `g S4

111@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@110

\T ~i SB pA T6n Ao6 BM SwA nBMBvA BB v@nop po6yQ A BM ,\B A pA T6n Ao6 BM Y)6 /j{,k pB8C ji pA (positive humanism ) MB\A nBMBvA ,SwA

/(32@@319 /}) j{ nAkkQ

{j A M @A Te wn v SwA qa B H)'j AnAjBow kp oM BU `g S4 :SwA tAo nj C pA ji k`B6 /kAj v An ji SwA Tj nAjBow M ~iunB SwA qa B ,kB `g S4 AoC A kCMB\A nBMBvA> jo )U BvA TwAn M B] jB\A AoM An BU

/

111@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

/k{ BQoM :S{ a Sv SvB M ji 1888 nBT4zQ TiBw An [hnBU vBoUB ] ,jo RB' 1845 nBM nj voM nj

113@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@112

4v6 ,jM bog unB M nMo k] WdM nj `CA @A j A M H6o ,S{Ak nBpBw AoqTw S'A BM jM BnpA /S{Aj Tj SB { ,~i SB { B] M S'A@nA{ BM 4v6 jBM R) jo BLj BM ,B))d

ACM yB RB \ nj ,o`T9 oC o w /20/(AjoT BzAj RAnBzTA :AjoT k) qTM t nBTwAo ,Joq B] u$nB

, oR M BA 20/SwA jAj Bz unB nBYC owAow nj An AkU ,(reification)B] M> B An ji nBMBvA yM qounB kj Bz nkM k{ kAo6 nj ,S{Am nB jM k{ kLU ,4v6 BG B) AM ,jB ZnA An fBMo6 unB S'A A 8nM

:jAj Bz An S'j B fBMo6 4v6 B~)4v6 ,kAj yi BM 4v6 'BU H6o An 4 nj 4 fBMo6 B] BU BA ///SwA jo kFU AoC ,(vBTkvA oU) RBA nBA pAuQqnj ,k{ nj C nj MB\A AgMAn BM `MBg An 4 nj 4 /C ,AqTA BM BM ka o ,An gnBU Soe pAkA B BU ///k

(35 /|) /SwA joSz ,Anom

k@FU n pA /joLnjAngnBU @BM Soe, TBj njunB

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21 SwA jo8z An TBj jo

113@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

ji p , zkA nj MB\A ] M nB{A BM AkTMA B pA unB

1 SwA CA poA M BU (fBMo9 vBoUB ] pA) vBoUB BU A }> /22tvd SB A M ;k1 )nj j{ B sMA { M BU An ,tvd oA ,sMAB9 L] ,vBoUB BM MBU nj 1 SwA C /l oA Rn M ;uv1@AoQ ,BvA

/(fBMo( nBMnj BqU)

115@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@114

zkA BSjkd @ :jo nA Zo j M nAo6 )U AoM An An oq@B AqTA

M Km SiB{ Km pA nAo6 pAuQ ,BX A M ,KUoU A Mnj An ji p A ,(Selbstentuerung ) BMji pA ~d AjAj }hzU BvA ///kj nAo' kFU jn Km A M Kmein entuertes ) ABM kp o8 SwBw ,x)e nj SwAin diesem entuerten ) k{BM kp A nj ,joM yQ An (LebenBLj An ji BvA 'A kp , `'j B M ,(Leben

(317 /|)/k

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115@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

pA nAo6> M B) AkTMA nj fBMo6 kp oM pA jB6j nj ,v pA uQnAo' vnB ,B\A nj /SwA jBAxnBi HT))e ,jM k{ KvT An A B\Aow ,kBM nj zM> j M An ,unB SwA 4v6

117@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@116

x) 187 nC 28 nj ,vAo9 BkAi AoM ji S{AjjB nj u1nB /23)nAk ///1 kwn \T CA M JBT1 opBMd M> :kv (Bow vAo9NBa]oU ///oU oU Aq0M C oM jBTA UAo1mU 1 AnA oTzM nBC B hnBUBC BMp M B{C BkAi Te SwA A CT pA Tv xpnAAnAj ///vAo9

AiAo6 A @jp Au H)'j /SwA jo BM AnyUAoR BU , An jo6 UB)LH hnBU Sv4B A nHB /SwA oRjnov4U pA xAnU @@gnBU> :kz Ak] 4BM kp RApnBL pA Rd Te q gnBU jB~T'AqBU

117@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

@@A Bp C ,vnko :185 j (JSBCM G nCB Sv BT]A RoY BU to{ oj BjU jApB nB@nj /Sv jC l {B] BBAU BU to{ oj ,ukA Ak

kAo( k{BQ o( SwA jBL xpnA oM T G kU { ,wAo{ ABC ///j{ Bn xjBVT { BwnB pA kU jB CwAM/SwA S^Ao( S BL oM M nBG Bp tBwAoM oj RoY y\w

vnko ,uGnB

Rk M 1844 BT{Swj nBzTA oiFU AoM An pA Ak` 1858@@1857 BS{AjjB Boj nBzTA AoM AU ,j{ A o'

Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen) wBw jB~TA k+ BL ,vnko /2k~ BaoT9j M C@@uA@@u1nB vw 1 SwA A (konomie1 An jB~TA M Mo BnBU CA nApBn ao /jM jAj 188@@187 Ad0BU ,jo1 nz1 192 j :wAA nj ,jM T{ ji AoM M nBzTA k~ M u1nBj B] ] uo{ /S9B nBzTA v nj ,BC BMp M :9 C ,19@@1939 njvA BMp M C B1 CT poA C BU /jL C joTv pU AoM LwB BpnBzTA t CUnB :wU 1973 Bw nj vnko vA CT] /SwA T9B nBzTABkMRn AhoU BAnj> nBMnj C pA Tv yhM [/@@/S9BjB~TA BkMRn A BM 19 Bw nj BTvA nj

119@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@118

d M CBTwA poQ C pA yQ BRk ,MA Tv]oM ld ,nApBn /2 BMo ,kB\BM 1938@@193 v zBo9 C BBjAj M omQBJBT]A

/jM k{

NBa Tvh nj BC jM jo A Bp C nj no8 BM ,25SApBn ,Cun @BC ,Be o M /jM kAi Kg oUk uA unB nBYC B@

oYA oUnqM A M AoC B kjM Bow SA M MBT uyQ/kjo `k~U unB

v ;SwA Sv SvB M)A B6 kv ~d ,vnko@, , unB ;jM k{ Bn pA pAnj BBwJBT pBwjBC nj AnxoiBU S ,nkT) q

119@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

Bj BU ,S6B nBzTA 1941@@1931 nj vnko B ,B\Aow nj 1953 Bw BU JBT A /jL o~) C jApjo nj Sv@T6B nBzTA ,kC oM ji rkA Tio pA SvAU p Anj k] ysQ M ' Jo8 nj v 4BM AjU j ka o jM

ovQ nBMj nz1 ,Tvv1nB RBBz> pA o`T9 oC kM] M k1 u]n /27/19 oLBTPw@@r ,Survey , jM B Anj BM nBLUnA nj pA yM zhM

wnB9 M 1379 AoU ,oj RAnBzTA ,BwnBQ ovi ]oU BM A C BM yhM CA #/@@SwA k{ kAjooM

J)A BM nBLUnA nj Aq M B T uPw ,#

121@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@120

unB 4v6 RB) njTe ,B] _ njunB jnAjS))e H)BboH {M Sv xAjB~T'A oUB6j A pA oU ,A]A /kC nj nB pA ,nAjBow Y)6 jC BU pA LB] hnBUnHB ,kj nApC An A6oe Bin SwA ,ob Swnj ,jpBAjjB~T'A nHB /kj nApC An A6oe AjjB~T'A q C jB~T'A @B\A gnBU BM An jniSv{ A)MBv jB~T'A k qnj kTvAUBM tk jABi nj A] unB An `C kAU q Bin ,kj

:kLM ,jM jo@] M Swj> ,Sv R UoY KeB ;kj B\A nB gnBU,k SwA ,kp 4BM BvA ,BvA nj ; pA zhM ApA qnj k M nMo M jnAk BM jBp nBLUnA vnko qnj kAi@ j{ kLU kB' q] M SwA unB vvnB

/wB{B] B 4v6 Ai ,hnBU B jB~T'Ako{ TBj pA )Tv SvvnB B))d Te B4wFTq ,kAj vvnB BU nj An vnko kTvpA ji dU kFU AoM nj kqM Zoe ji BMp pA unB kAT{AmA /kAjAj nAo' jB4TwAjn AoC pA Ak@AoQ B') ,poA S'ASwA o8 ,k{BM jo qnj An vnko v SwA BC k@FU ZioM

121@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

A M An Tj nAjBow rn 1 BSv1 1 SwA CA nj Ao]B qw /29T9ozQ Bnz1 1 k1 uB9j oA CA pA 1 Tv1 AkT kp B] nj RCC{B M Mo yhM M ,k1 li kMU BBvA rU Bd pABT]A RAoYBU :u1nB VAo> M k1 u]n s M) kAjp a vnko@BvA C` BTv Boa BSA nj vP jnAjA oYA

123@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@122

k{BM ~ kBM UAo oQ M k kAi SwA k1SeAnB ,j{ RBLYA

123@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

k) B{ ~6 Tvh /jM oMAoMB w B{ S{ jinj ~6 j /jAj nBzTA 193 Bw nj vUB SwA Ad4 43 BUjB~T$A k oM kCnj JBT pA zhM A M SwA d4 15 jno BLj M , JBT kB yhM A nj /k{ vpBM nBzTA AoM wBwBU) SwA BvnU oBw kpoM Bk] kC ,jpA M Bow BTA M BA k{ JBT nBa B{ Swj A,vnko oiC w /(kk{ jq6A q BboH pA Ba) SwA d4 512 B{ pBwp C pA Zk (kj Bz jp A nBMnj unB RBLUB BU,]nBi RnB\U ,Sj ,jq nB ,pnA SB ,Bow :jM JBT y{ AoMnj ,kj Bz k) ngB /kjL RBp A BU BA /B] nApBMA M M (epiphenomenon ) nAkkQQ A M GkMA yhM ABe RB] nBvM pA ,Bi boH A /SwA k{ dU B o {B]

hnBU Bkj vnko /SwA Bow `'j )g JBT pA oUB S{AjoMBe nj jB Bo ,Tho6 B] C nj kj Bz o' nj An oTwB] BU Bkj A /SvAj Bn j~) SB6 ,no{ An xoTv@Bo oM kj nAo' dU jn An B] pA T{AjoM M j]oTv ,vnko 8nM /SwA nATwA BvA xoTv Be nj

jB A M Bow uAqTA BM BAjjB~TA ///> :SwA Cau1nB kMRnBL B\A nj /33BSvBww Te /k1 AnA kU nox o~ A M An Bow ,nB1 nAqMA BinAkkQ d { a Bow /AnAjBow M ,nAj pB Bow M B k q

125@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@124

'o{ B oM TL ] pnA SB ` jo i jApC pnA

NBa M Mo kC yhM CA nj RBd0 nB{ o1@l BM 1 B /3nB{ kM B C Be ,SwA nAjBowBzQ jB~TA BkMRn

/(~9 CA 3 nB{ S{AjjB M k1 u]n) kTv vnko pA HTv

34(68 /|) /SwA

nAjBowBzQ A] M SwA oYA pA yhM oUZo pB8C kM A|Bi nHM Sv a nHM kk] w B] yAp BM jpAjoQBU> Sv B jC A oMunB k@FU BM ,yhM A nj /SwA T6B Ro{ , jo Ao j M AnArnM BJ)A S{Aj xo{ pA kA

125@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

B] BM B S4Bh nj 185 j nj ,jM jAj nAo' yBTw jn

127@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@126

nB H o~ ,nAjBow yAp B SwA {nnj unB nBYC pA Ak _ nj /SwA xjB C u Swnj H) /j{ )UYwAA B BwC kU { M jon ovU A /jnAk j] kjoU nBM AyQ M n 4BM Soe M ,185 j YwAA 184 j

/SwA jM unB BnU SiB{omQB4U Rke BB BwC gnBU> k k@FU vnko njunBUke> BM \T nj nT@B6B pnBz KoU BM

127@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

xAA RAoR M M An unB ,SwA unB oR MB) g)@@@/k@@T

onBG /2 nU < ThQ> Anj nj ,1858@@1857 jB~T'A oUB6j ,M Banj ,k{BM T6o B6 ,A] ,A] unB nBYC pA C B] M ,unBepistemological) wB{SiB{ Svv pA yQ Anj pAkA B M S))e AipBM ,jo BM unB Ba /SwA kB ,unB (breakBL oM unB B6B{ )g dU BA /jM 6jB~U {M

B\C nj u1nB /SwA Bow JBT1 A k] oM (1873) u1nB j nBT0Q n #[] A|BiBM { BM xpnAo M Mo ~9 nj jnA nj ///> 1 k

/@@

129@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@128

M kTv RB4T A RBp j A M ,kTv vB) MB' BM

J+A &v( p jApC ,nLA q$ Apn A BM ji kM oYA nj BBv0Bj #CA /jpAjoQ nAjBowBzQ A] nBMnj u1nB M ,u$nB jM kwo NBa M 1972 Bw BU ,jM k{ T{ u1nB o oiAA nj 1 BT{Swj

/@@jL B{C C BMJ+A &v( xnB B M kv \T nj

pA BA #/jo MpBM An nAjBowBzQ A] gnBU unB oHBi A MC vpBM 1858@@1857 oUB6j oodU B j njRC{B yhM MpBMSwj 1875@@1872 nj Gjk\ 1867 nj Bow nBzTA uPw 1863@@1861 njxnB Be nj p q ykp Bpn vQA nj S))e nj ;kz

/jM jn A nj BS{AjjB"BS'A" nCjo AoM A pA Ak` ,A oM nj /jM zkA kk] AoM oT C pA Te oTzM (Facts)w BM jM nMo 186 j nj AonBRBAk'A M BvpBM A ,jp nBMnj oiC ,KUoU A M /S{Aj RoBv 185 j Sv A j~) /j{ S6B Bow nj M vnko nj RC{B}hz 6B pAkA M p M ,SwA vnko nj unB dU"rw" TBj S~i M SwA }hz z S))e BU /SvRApnBL HLH SwA A ` jBw S))e /SwA omQB)U [BnBToQ ]

/kT{Aj An Rk{ oUBM 186 j HUoQ BBw nj 4BM UB)LHAonB A M RC{B oM [Bow ] k@FU Zi oM ,BwkMM RC{B oM ke pA jBp k@FU p vnko nj ,k{ kAi oa C oMkU Yi nB AonB ,Bow dpA AoM jB BQ knCAo6 ApA Bow B bo{ ZioM ,AoMBM /k{ )U C avnko nj ,kU ji kAo6 nj Bow nBLwA R oMAoM nj AonBSB)BU ,KUoU A M /j{ k@FU jBwU yz v AoM jB YAo{ oM p jBwU ,Akk za M An kU d nj UB)LH 4BM pnBL T' nj kB q] Rn M jw fo n)w Bow

129@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

,no{ An jB Bo xoTv Bp _ nj unB ao /j{ kB\@zhM vnko nj SwA A jBw S))e ,SvAj jApC Zk SB6nBTiBw pA C pA uQ jnC j]M A `C pA An unB vnko dU B@B SvvnB B6v6 pA/kjAj ovU ,jM kB

131@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@130

o SBij ,Bo BM nBLUnA nj ,AoMBM> :kwoQ oj nBM

131@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

An kk] B yhM joM ~U unB BU k{ K] 4 M q B ,kj |B~TiA Apn nB RBBw yB AoM pnBL M

:kB\A rU pA kk]BU 183 pAuQ S{ ~4 `hnBU RBAoTiA JBM nj AU

/7 /| ,L B /38

38/jM onB)LH Bxn{ kp oM Bow bw FU B{Zk

M nB jqM RBBw ZAohTwA AoM Apn nB RBBw yAq6A pA nAjBowBU /jnC SwjM Apn nB B k An jApB A SvAU jM kwn B\Cy{ {B Sow BM k{ B k B] M AonB nBL]A BM RC{BBU oA A BA /kwn jnBTwj A M ,j{ kLU {B kAp M BvA A AoMMqU BM An AonB RBMB~TA BU unB /kzhM Rk{ An AonB SB)xn i oA A BB@ }hz ,}hz ,}hz /jo BLjpA AoC jo BLj An AonByz unB CtBwA oM SwA AB6B{omQBAk] RC{B BU Bow @AoU qoU xjAkpAC nj k{ kLU UC{B T6BBpBw BR M nBji BTwj /SvAjpA Bow ;k{ )T qo nBji BTwj pA B)TA nBpBw BM Soe oj] yQ pAYAo{ Zo kAp M onB@> C Be ,k{ nmnA

/21 /| ,L B /39

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133@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@132

A nj H/j ,g) A nj /jnC oM ow BU Be nj rw pA x]ji,BwkM /jAj fn jo 4e Be nj TwAn T(n Ao( jM ,g)BU , A BM /jo 4e AoC S6n Ao6 TBj pA TvvnB TBjjM jq M Swj 186 j BnBToQ "rw" BpdU @Bw kM ,kdT RBA nj iAj ] ,BQnA nj BBvH RBMB~TA@nj jM BnBToQ pA nj M kB 'BM Ao4{n HUnop TBjB nj qa ,j M H)'j /S{Aj nAo' AjU BA nB\4A BTwCAn Bow BU S6o ~U tBwA oM jM RB4T 186 j nj unB

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nj wBw jB~TA jBTwA CTvh vA AjjB~TA (18@@179) Nassau Senior #/@@jn0v1@C BzAj

:k j]n M ,jo ohvU M #nw wB oR BM jBwU BM k TeAn tBveA ^Q BjBwU BM nk'B A>

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41

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(85@@84 /}) ?SwA k{ AoM `g Soe

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135@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@134

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135@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

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137@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@136

BS{AjjB ,oYA CA /1 C pA ~0U M BU k{1 j C M SwA B. I. Grundlegung, 2,) wBw jB~TA nU B Bwnj M A{BeTwAo , nB{JBT1 ,u$nB B{nC pA B\A nj /SwA o@A /A oYA (Auglage, 1879

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!!kAjo qnj AnunB T{m o' BSvvnB(1914) B ,

ji nj T4 B w C ,T6BU )g BM xn BM unBnj BU A RBAqTA ,\T nj /jo oM nj An B{RBLwB Bqa///SwA T4 Bqa nj oTzQ k BM An w )g {nj BkU pA uQ B kU pA yQ ~d BM nB gMAn

/j{ BM xpnA{1884 oLBTPw 2 ,vUBG M uA

M M opBM pA {B RApBTA j M H6o ,SwA T{m An Aoa BeRAoR ,BwkM /k nAoU An ji vjs Un M gnBU j A

AoM 1 AB C BQ nj A kv B CBTwA B /3,(vv$nB aoQ op) Pod Zenamenem Marxizma wn nU \ nj nBM CTvhov0U M jM k{ B C nj 1 okk\U /jM kB ,S9B nBzTA 193 ,8@@7 nB{oj ov0U qo 1 A M ,CA oM /k{ kLU 1@Bej{ T{ wnj MBT1 BU kz1 w B1 j CA BM /SwA T{Ak j] wn BSv1 jn nj BU Bkj CA 1@A /(19 ,Politicheski Uchebnik)nU pA C wnoM M k1 u]n) /SwA tjB q BSvvUoU jn nj M a

/(197 r@@Cr ,News and Letters ,k SvnA Tvv$nB jB~TA

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137@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

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139@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@138

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/k pAnjSwj unB nU oYA oUTv]oM w M kjM jo@Bnj BU nj BB A kU ~6 a LM kj pB]AAnj B6{ B A B] ] pB8C nj /SwA T6B jk\ UBe AodMBM An unB @ ,wn J)A BLj M Mo8 BQnA nj M)AMBpnA nBvM xpnAB{A wnoM B q] ,|Bi , 4 R) 6 kM Bow A ~6 qnj S6o \T @jM jo@

:S{ a ^B n ,1922@@1919 nj /SwA omQBBA nj nz ~6 k{ bog ,Sv ]B ,BjA A nAnj An A 4v6 ,jpAjoQ "k{" "Tv" ,"Tv" M [Bow nj] jo bog An BjA A AU Bv TB)e BM /jnAjoM

139@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

nj An hnBU vBoUB jpAjoQ B AnATM SB M ~6

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/(1973

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141@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@140

dU Sv4B unBQ pA uQ kwn unB oR M a A

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poH M jM Bow j NBa qnAkU nj ,*vAo nj iAj ] xAhnBU/jAj ovU An yhM oza

BM BSvvnBo8 BSvvnB BU jn A nj SwA v qa ] Anj ,187 j YwAA BU 186 j YwAA pA :knAj `6AU

SUAo BM ]_M C> :182 RA 7 nj uA M u1nB B M k1 u]n /7 ///k{BM k{ BU qa 1 1 o9 /Tv l9A BoC iAj ] nBMnj

bnB{ MB) nj hnBU vBoUB nAmBM , MB) nj186 j YwAA :knAj `6AU jp njB @

141@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

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143@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@142

jM jo ji BM jM BRk unBnj 1858@@1857 nj oj nBM joM nB M 1844 nj An C B\AowzwoQ B B ywoQ /jM T{Am nB HUk ,jM k{ oBK ThQ Anjjo tBveA p vnko nj (unB) A o@A :k boH owTC Sv

/@@SwA kC kokettieren BC rA CT nj #

pB tnjA M p q B BC> ,#"kqM t" BrA pA ioM BM kBM @

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49

143@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

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oM nj AoC j{ {B BvA BU ow pA kATM B Bow @AoU qoU B'@ jM jo@Anj BU ArnM BAjjB~T'A AnBM oil yUnA ,nAjBow BU (lawnjunB nBvM RAovU ,uoM !kjM jAk An ji M AoC 8k8j ,nqM jnL A , Svh ~6 yhM vQABd pA uPw /jo BLj An BQ pA kCoM Soe unB AkTMA /SwA unB

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145@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@144

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/8 /| ,L B /2

52

145@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

BM K\ nBvM SwA A{ S'A nj kj Bz C dUZo~ xpnA Bp BU /BwB{Ajq RBq] q6BT BS6AoK[q ] C C d M BA ///jnAk j] C nBMnj qCpAn T ,SwAMo\UAo6 qa M ,j{ oBK B A MoM ji BBQ BM BU /j{ kLU (ein sinnlich-bersinnlich Ding)pA jnAj U ow n BB oBw BM nBLUnA nj M jo nAo' pji kC nj}'n M" pA jqn oM L\ BkA ji Ma ow

1 k u1nB M QBa B kAi CxuA /81 /|,A k] ,Bow /M hnBU Rn M kAU ,kwn RBLYA M TBj Rn M B\A nj 1 UB>BM BLUnA nj> :kj gwBQ 187 Cr 22 nj u1nB

147@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@146

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onB pA nB ~d C pA L' ,kU kAo6 A ji nj SwA A Ta C pA oRZo j{ BM A AoM Ba jC SB6 ,j{ T6o@B `g jBwU o ,j{ BM A pA a k kU An qaMB)U nj C nj SwA jni An p HBT]A Bp BvA }hz BBAU] M kBM SwA /SwA kU M nL\ ji}hz BBAU BM B@;SwA Bp SBw kU jB kAo6 MBU SwA ;j{ jnA jnAj B BinB @> :jjo kLU A JBMnA M {B j{ {B p oq@B SwA nB@ knAj jBp y) nAkBM B Aor ,B] nj ngB Swnj

/1 /| ,A k] ,Bow /

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147@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

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/87 /| ,L B /0

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oM oUoM BC ,S4 B] B{A oBw nBMnj ATM An AT o qn _ B] nBXTwA B{A oBw nj UB)LH RBLwB /kT{Aj nAjBownj RBLwB BA /SvAj oMAoM yMBMnA BM An ji qo AjoM _ /S{Ak pAn

RB)LH SwA { ov Ba jBL Bw vjs Ba nAjBow/kwn oRM oMAoM ,Bow nB ,oMAoMB SBM

nj w wBw jB~T'A nB B{ A kAT4 unB RAoR Bk@jBwjM k pA {B ,oMAoM AjBL pA TwBioM oMAoMB kk,Svv ArnM B] pA B unB ,jM a Y)6 v o@A /SwA

149@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@148

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RBLwB jAo6A B jB RBLwB> M BvA RBLwB k n S'A

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151@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@150

nB GkMA kTv U A oYBU SdU Be B nj kp Ap C oMAoM

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:k qnj Bow nj AnunB j~) H)'j j{ nAjA ykAZnr dvyhM nj [nBU ,Bj ] zB] z A TiB{nAkkQ dUnB\U S~i unB yhM A nj /SwA k{ AnA Bow Svhnj unB /jnAm yB M kU An qa o (mercantile )

151@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

B q6 Bj BU TiB{Tv nBTiBw ,(merchandise ) nB\TABpA An BvA BM S~i A /kM nB{C AoC

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66////o@A ,o@A ,o@A ;SwA T{Aj j] B C pAuQ CAnj nj ,nAjBow pA

153@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@. @@@152

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153@@@. @@@zkAkk]nB JA v@@@

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