Download - 從合作的觀點 談電子資源服務的發展趨勢
1
從合作的觀點談電子資源服務的發展趨勢
林呈潢政治大學圖書館 館長2005 年 5月 12 日[email protected]: 02-29387090
國立成功大學
電子資源服務與使用評量研討會
3
問題陳述• 外在威脅
– 期刊成本增加、預算減少、新資訊技術、學術傳播方式的改變、讀者需多元、…
• 內部壓力– 儲存空間需求逐年增加、經費壓縮
• 傳統組織的衝突– 任務編組、酢醬草組織、扁平組織 …
5
All libraries are linked in a great chain of access and what each has and does will have importance for the whole universe of libraries and their users. –David H. Stam
Stam, David H.(1983). :Think globally, act locally: Collection development and resource sharing”. Collection Building 5 (Spring, 1983):21.
7
電子化資源的意義• 電子化資源是所有數位資源的總稱• 不需透由任何中介轉換程序,即可由電腦儲存、組織、傳遞和顯示的數位資訊。
• 數位資訊產生的方式– 直接以數位方式呈現– 將印刷資料數位化
Johnson, P.(2004). Fundamentals of collection development and management. Chicago: ALA, 199-200.
12
電子化資源的載體• CD-ROM• Magnetic tape• Server accessed through a network• PDA• MP3 player• iPod• Blogs ?
13
傳遞媒體• E-mail
• CD-ROM
• Internet
Directory of electronic journals, newsletters and Academic Discussion List
14
電子期刊 1
• 可以數位型式取得之連續性出版品• 包括:雜誌、報紙、通訊、年刊、學報等有一定期數編號,意欲無限期發行者
• 透過 e-mail 或 CD-ROMs 等不同媒體傳播。
• 多種形式,如 HTML PDF
15
電子期刊 2
• The first peer-reviewed journal: New Horizons in Adult Education 1987.
ASCII, free and distribute via e-mail
• 1991: 27 e-journals (7 peer-reviewed)
• 2000: 3915 e-journals
16
E-journal explosion
• 1994: fewer than 75 peer-reviewed e-Journal• 1997: some of the largest STM publishers had
no journals online• 1998: 30% of titles in SCI• 2002: 75% online in SCI, 63% online in SSCI,
and 34% in AHCI –Library journal Apr.15, 2002
19
電子化資源的發展趨勢 (2003)
• Print book down
• POD growth coming
• E-Book adoption modest
• E-journal increasing
• AV media growing
OCLC (2003). Five-Year Information Format Trends.
20
電子資源的發展趨勢 (2004)
• Printed book no major trend changes
• E-Books are the fastest growing segment of the publishing industry
• Digital audio books beginning to sell
• E-Journal increasing
• AV: CDs DVDs and any other forms of physical media will become obsolete.
21
電子資源的發展趨勢 (2004) Scholarly materials
• Library book spending down
• Electronic resources increasing
• POD and e-book to be the salvation of publication
• More academics publish on the open Web under IR and Creative Common licenses
•OCLC (2004). 2004 Information Format Trends: Content, Not Containers
39
E-resources benefits 1
• 易檢、易查• 遠端使用• 整合多重年份、卷期於同一檢索介面• 可以包含聲音及影像• 降低失竊、毀損機率• 內容多元,如公式、數據,可以直接操作使用。
40
E-resources benefits 2
• 可供多人同時使用• 檢索結果可以供個人儲存使用• 降低裝訂、庫存以及典藏成本• 具全文鏈結功能,使用方便• 24/7 服務,超越圖書館營運時間限制。
Johnson, Peggy.(2004). Fundamentals of collection development and management. Chicago: ALA
41
E-resources issues
• Selection issues
• Budget issues
• Legal issues
• Licensing term and conditions
42
Selection issues
• 合約及授權程度• 圖書館的目的和目標• 出版時效 (與紙本期刊 )• 資訊傳遞的支援程度 (output option)• 圖書館實體和支援設備,包括空間、傢俱、網路等。
• 技術的有效使用• 價格
43
電子資源小組的任務• 發展和維護電子資源館藏發展政策• 建立和執行電子資源的測試• 重要合約內容的確認• 推薦跨學科資源的訂購• 與技術服務單位密切協商,確保電子資源的有效使用
• 使用適當的資訊基礎架構,確保電子資源的方便使用
• 人員及使用者的訓練• 尋求可能的合作伙伴和潛在的經費
45
Budget issues 3~1
1. 年付費,無限取用。2. 訂紙本,電子免費3. 刪訂紙本,微降電子本價格4. 訂紙本,收額外費用,取得電子本5. 訂電子本,另加費用取得紙本6. 依使用次數收費7. 依實體服務單位或 IP address收費
46
Budget issues 3~2
8. 依全時等量方式收費9. 依連線時間收費10. 依需求採購 (acquisitions on demand or
pay by the drink)
11. 套裝價格12. 聯盟價格13. 一訂多年的折扣價格
47
Legal issues
the licenses for electronic information are
anything but standard, except in the inclusion of legal terminology
Dannelly, G.N. (1994). Strategic issues in planning for electronic resources. Technicalities 14(5): 13
48
Licensing term and conditions
• Content: 買斷或租賃• Parties: licensee and licensor
• Definitions: 所有可能有的爭議都應置於合約中。如被授權的使用者或使用單位
• Authentication: IDs, IP address
• Grant of rights and restrictions
52
Three components of Successful Cooperation 1~2
• Physical access via resource sharing
• Intellectual access via catalogs and other bibliographic tools
• Coordinated collection development and management
Johnson, Peggy.(2004). Fundamentals of collection development and management. Chicago: ALA. 237.
53
Physical access via resource sharing
Intellectual access via catalogs and other bibliographic tools
Coordinated collection development and management
Cooperative collection development and management
54
Three components of Successful Cooperation 2~2
• Bibliographic access without physical access is empty promise
• Effective delivery is central to the success of cooperative efforts
55
Type of Cooperative E-Resources
• Status quo approach
• Synergistic cooperation
• Cooperative funding
• Coordinated weeding and retention
57
Synergistic cooperation增效性合作
• 分散責任的合作館藏發展• 圖書館自行購置核心館藏,共同發展核心邊緣館藏
• Core vs. peripheral
• 20 % of the collection that satisfies 80% of library user’s needs.
58
Synergistic cooperation增效性合作
• Triangle University Libraries in North Carolina
• 1933 Duke U. NCSU, UCN 三校合作• 依區域和語言合作• 1993 的結果 : 76% 館藏只有一個館 三個館共有 7%
合作成功的條件 :
地緣、主題相同、主題互補
59
Cooperative funding
• 合作採訪 : Cooperative funding for shared purchase with agreed locations
• Center for Research Libraries • 收年費 訂共同同意得的重要資料• CRL 是圖書館中的圖書館• 2003 年成員有 200個學術圖書館• 560冊書 過去十年間 CRL 會員使用上百萬冊書,平均每一冊書 0.23 元
60
Coordinated weeding and retention
• Reduce the cost of maintaining collections by distributing responsibilities and sharing costs.
• The New England Depository Library 1942.
62
Consortial cost sharing
• CIC: Committee on Institutional Cooperation (Big Ten 加 University of Chicago, Pen State U.
• 聯盟成立後前二年節省超過 100萬 (1)
• 2002 年 3 月 聯盟節省 1550萬美金
1.Barbara McFadden Allen (1997). “Negotiating digital information system licenses without losing your shirt or your soul,” in Economic of Digital information: collection, storage and delivery, ed. Sul H. Lee ( New York: Harwoth), 17.2. CLI Consortia Agreement Program http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/programs/CLIConsortia AgreementProgram/index.htm.
67
何去何從• 合作將繼續
– Purchase price– Technology– Intellectual property– Political and social pressure
• Access and Ownership• Quality of access• Cost-effectiveness
68
• 1990 Louisiana State U.– Commercial document delivery was more ec
onomical for high-cost, low-use journals.
• 1991~1992 Columbia U. Libs. – 15, 000 requests – ILL比買便宜– Article on demand比買期刊便宜
71
IR 是下一個合作模式 ?
• IR: Institutional Repository
• 擷取與保存單一或數所大學的智識產出(intellectual output),並以數位形式提供服務。
Crow, R.(2002). The case for institutional repository: A SPARC position paper. http:www.arl.org/sparc/IR/ir.html#eeir
75
資料庫採購的決定因素• Cost
• Content
• Usage
• Interface
• Technical aspects
• License agreement
• Other issues
76
刪訂資料庫的第一個步驟—清單
• Definitely keep it
• Try to keep it
• Not sure
• Consider cutting it
• Definitely cut it