Download - Characteristics that make a person unique
When a friend asks you for a favor
When your parents ask you to do something
In a group of friends at school
In a group of friends away from school
Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug and this was much more than the Heinz could afford.
Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist’s and stole the drug.
Judy was a twelve-year-old girl. Her mother promised her that she could go to a special rock concert coming to their town if she saved up from baby-sitting and lunch money to buy a ticket to the concert. She managed to save up the fifteen dollars the ticket cost plus another five dollars. But then her mother changed her mind and told Judy that she had to spend the money on new clothes for school. Judy was disappointed and decided to go to the concert anyway. She bought a ticket and told her mother that she had only been able to save five dollars. That Saturday she went to the performance and told her mother that she was spending the day with a friend. A week passed without her mother finding out. Judy then told her older sister, Louise, that she had gone to the performance and had lied to her mother about it. Louise wonders whether to tell their mother what Judy did.
Two young men, brothers, had got into serious trouble. They were secretly leaving town in a hurry and needed money. Karl, the older one, broke into a store and stole a thousand dollars. Bob, the younger one, went to a retired old man who was known to help people in town. He told the man that he was very sick and that he needed a thousand dollars to pay for an operation. Bob asked the old man to lend him the money and promised that he would pay him back when he recovered. Really Bob wasn't sick at all, and he had no intention of paying the man back. Although the old man didn't know Bob very well, he lent him the money. So Bob and Karl skipped town, each with a thousand dollars.
PSYCHODYNAMIC
Conflict between the parts of our consciousness: Id, Ego, Superego
Defense mechanisms Rationalization Identification Displacement Projection Regression Reaction Formation Repression
Not much support
TRAIT
There are fundamental, relatively stable units of personality
Example: “Big Five” Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
Environment does not matter
Not much support
SITUATIONAL Situation is the most important
determinant of behavior Environment dictates how a person will
act
Not widely accepted
INTERACTIONAL
Personal factors and situations work together to influence behavior
Highly individual
Most widely accepted theory
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Focuses on a person’s subjective experience and interpretation of an event
Most prominent sports psych theories fall in this category
DIFFERENT MEASURES
GENERAL SPECIFIC
Test broad categories
Ex. Big Five personality test
Test for a particular topic
Sport Confidence Inventory
MEASURES
TRAIT STATE
Typical style of behaving
Example: How anxious people get
Situation’s effect on behavior
Example: How anxious people become before tests
EXAMPLES OF PERSONALITY TESTS
-“Sport Competition Anxiety Test” (Martens, 1977)
-“Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2” (Martens, et. al., 1982)
-“Trait-State Confidence Inventory” (Vealey, 1986)
“Profile of Mood States”
JOURNAL ENTRY 02/06/14
Which personality test did you feel was most accurate? Why? In what setting might personality testing be appropriate? When would it be a bad idea to use personality tests?
PRINCIPLES FOR USING PERSONALITY TESTS IN SPORTS
Know the Principles of Testing and Measurement Error
Know Your Limitations Do Not Use Psych Tests for team selection Include Explanation and Feedback Assure athletes of confidentiality Take an intra-individual approach (how people feel
at a moment relative to how they usually feel) Understand and Assess Specific Personality
ComponentsDON’T U
SE PERSONALIT
Y
TESTS TO SELECT FOR
TEAMS
DOS AND DON’TS OF PERSONALITY TESTING
DO DON’T
Inform athletes how the test will be used
Allow only qualified individuals to give it
Use sport-specific measures whenever possible
Use both trait and state specific measures
Provide specific feedback Compare individuals to
themselves and not others
Use clinical personality tests to study average populations
Use personality tests to determine who makes the team
Use them unless you are qualified
Use them as the sole source to predict behavior
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATHLETES AND NONATHLETES
No specific personality profile has been found that consistently distinguishes athletes from nonathletes
TEAM SPORTS INDIVIDUAL SPORTS
exhibit less abstract reasoning
more extroversion more dependency less ego strength
display higher levels of objectivity
more dependency less anxiety less abstract thinking
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS
FEMALE ATHLETES
Women athletes are more: Achievement oriented Independent Aggressive Emotionally Stable Assertive than the normative female
These are also personality traits that make good male athletes
A PERSONALITY VS. B PERSONALITY
People with Type A behavior have a higher risk for cardiovascular disease.
Exercise can reduce both the risk and the behavior
Exercise is linked to improved self-esteem and self-concept (perception of fitness rather than actual improvement)
IDEAS THAT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE Overachieving high school athletes scored
higher on coachability, concentration, coping with adversity
Elite athletes show superior ability to cope with adversity and mentally prepare
Olympic medal-winning wrestlers used more positive self-talk, more immediate focus of attention, and were better prepared mentally for unforeseen negative events
IMPROVING COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
practice plans to deal with adversity practice routines to deal with unusual
circumstances and distractions concentrate on the performance and
block out distractions use mental rehearsals before the
competition
PROFILE OF MOOD STATES (POMS)
POMS is a mental health model that predicts high levels of performance
“Iceberg Profile” most desirable, most successful athletes