![Page 1: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Section 3: Spread of Islam
![Page 2: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Intro
Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis
Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived.
![Page 3: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Geographic extent of first Muslim empire
![Page 4: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Abu-bakr
Muhammad – named no successor Elected 1st caliph-632 AD
Caliph– successor Promised to uphold what Muhammad
stood for
![Page 5: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Rightly Guided Caliphs
First four caliphs Used Koran and Muhammad’s actions as
guides to leadership Their rule is known as Caliphate
![Page 6: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Abu-Bakr
Had promised Muslim community to uphold what Muhammad stood for
Groups began to break away
Used jihad (armed struggle) to control & expand Islam
![Page 7: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Spread of Islam
Abu-bakr – controlled all of Arabia Umar – conquered Syria, Egypt, parts of
Persia (Sassanid) 750 AD – Empire extended from Atlantic
(Spain) to Indus valley
![Page 8: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Success
People believed successes due to Allah's support
Well disciplined and commanded armies Weakness of other empires Attracted by message of hope & equality
![Page 10: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Conquests
Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus
Trading rights in the Med. Access to conquer Europe and Africa.
![Page 11: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Add Damascus
to Map
![Page 12: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Treatment of conquered peoples
Retained their own religion Paid tax instead of military service Could not spread religion
![Page 13: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Internal conflict
Uthman – murdered starting civil war Ali – murdered leading to split in religion
![Page 14: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Umayyads
Muawiya-Governor of Syria Came to power after Ali’s death Moved capital to Damascus Began division of Islam
![Page 15: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Split
Shi’a (Shiite) – “party” of Ali should be descended from Muhammad
Sunni – meaning follower’s of Muhammad's example
Death of Ali led to Sunni-Shi’a division
![Page 16: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sufi
Pursued life of poverty and devotion to spiritual path
Helped keep Muslims focused on Qur'an and traditions
![Page 18: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Spain
Umayyad established new dynasty in Spain and North Africa after overthrow by
Abbasids joined Berbers Also known as
Moors
![Page 19: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Berbers
Muslims of north Africa Moors
Advanced Muslim armies into France but halted in 732 AD at Battle of tours by Charles Martel
Muslim defeat at the battle of tours
![Page 20: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Abbasid power
Abbasids overthrew Umayyad dynasty in 750
Geography – old Persia, Iran, Iraq, & central Asia
Islamic capital moved to Baghdad Bureaucracy conducted affairs of empire
(day to day)
![Page 22: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Abbasid Empire
![Page 23: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rival groups
Abbasid caliphate lasts from 750-1258 Fatimid dynasty
resulted from growth of small Muslim states Connected to Abbasid by trade
![Page 24: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fatimid's Empire
![Page 25: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Trade Network
Sea - Mediterranean Sea & Indian ocean Land-Connected Silk Road of China and
India to Europe and Africa Arabic language spread with Islam
and facilitated trade Single currency-Abbasid dinnar
![Page 26: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Banks
Set up by money changers to encourage trade
issued letters of credit (sakk)
![Page 28: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Muslim cities
Abbasid – Baghdad & Damascus Cordoba – Umayyad capital in Spain Cairo – Fatimid capital Jerusalem Baghdad
![Page 29: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fall of Baghdad
To the Mongols-1258 AD invaded Baghdad. The city was sacked and burned Baghdad remained uninhabited for centuries
![Page 30: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Social classes
1. Upper class – Muslims at birth 2. Second class – converts to Islam 3. Protected peoples – Christians, Jews,
Zoroastrians 4. Lower classes-Slaves
Slavery was not based on race. prisoners of war non-muslims
![Page 31: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Role of women
Men – managers of women's affairs, women are obedient
Equal as believers
![Page 32: Death of Muhammad in 632 meant Muslims faced a crisis Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e745503460f94b74a9e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Responsibilities of Women
Poor-worked in fields with husband Wealthy-supervised household & servants Rich or poor responsible for raising
children