သ�����ဖ�က�ကကက�က ယ���မနင��ခင�
��မ�ကကငယ (Bandicota bengalensis)
သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န� တစ�က�မလ�င (၈-၉) �က�င
သ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��န စပ��ဖ#��ခ��နမ�စ၍၊သ�����ရင' မ�ည'ခ��နတ ငသ���ပ�ကမ�အ �မင'ဆ#��
�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ�
ဥယ��-၊သစသ���ခ�၊ လယကနသင�၊ အ�ဆ�ကအဦ�မ���၏န�ရ���င'0ကမ��ပငမ���တ ငက�င�မ���တ1�၍�နထ�#င0ကသည။
�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ တစ�က�ငတည��န က�င'ရ��
��မ�ကက�က�� (Bandicota indica)
သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န� တစ�က�မလ�င (၉-၁၀) �က�င
သ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��န အတ�အက�မသ��သ�ပ�၊
�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ�
လ1�နအ�မဝန�က�င၊ ��မလ တ��မ6�#င�မ���၊ ဥယ��-၊သစသ���ခ�၊ လယကနသင�၊မ���တ ငက�င�မ���တ1�၍�နထ�#င0ကသည။
�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ တစ�က�ငတည��န က�င'ရ��
(၃) လယ�ကကငယ (Bandicota savilei)
သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န� တစ�က�မလ�င (၅-၆) �က�င
သ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��န အတ�အက�မသ��သ�ပ�။
�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ��ပ�ကရ��နရ�
စပ��ခင�၊ ��မပ;ခင���င' ယ�စပ��ခင�ကနသင� မ���တ ငက�င�မ���တ1�၍�နထ�#င0ကသည။
�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ အတ�အက�မသ��သ�ပ�
�ကကဝမ��ဖ<(Rattus rattus complex)
သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န� တစ�က�မလ�င (၄-၅) �က�င
သ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��န အတ�အက�မသ��သ�ပ�၊
�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ�သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ�သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ�သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ�
က�င��ပ�ကမ���၊ �က��ကတ#��မ���0က��၊ သစ�ခ�င��ပ�က၊သစလ#��0က��၊ သစက�#င�ခ 0က��၊ �ခ>� ပ#တ0က��၊ အ�မ�ခ�ငမ�#�0က��၊ သ����� (သ�# 'မဟ#တ) သစသ��ဝလ�သ�#�လ��င6#� 0က��တ ငအသ�#က �ဆ�ကလ#ပ �နထ�#င0ကသည။
�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ အ#ပစ#လ�#က�နက�င'ရ��
အ�မ�ကက(Rattus exulans)
(၅) �ကကဖ�လ�င� (Mus musculus)
သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န� တစ�က�မလ�င (၅-၆) �က�င
သ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��န အတ�အက�မသ��သ�ပ�။
�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ��နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ��နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ��နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ� �နရ��နရ��နရ��နရ�
ဥယ��-၊သစသ���ခ�၊ လယကနသင�၊ �က�က6�#�ပ#�မ���တ ငက�င�မ���တ1�၍�နထ�#င0ကသည။အ�ဆ�ကအဦ�မ���၏န�ရ���င'0ကမ��ပငမ���၊သ����� (သ�# 'မဟ#တ) သစသ��ဝလ�သ�#�လ��င6#�0က��တ ငအသ�#က �ဆ�ကလ#ပ �နထ�#င0ကသည။
�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ အ#ပစ#လ�#က�နက�င'ရ��
(၆) �ကကဖ�လ�င� (Mus cervicolor)
သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န�သ���ပ�က��န� အတ�အက�မသ��သ�ပ�။
သ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��နသ���ပ�ကခ��န အတ�အက�မသ��သ�ပ�။
�နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ��နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ��နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ��နထ�#ငက�ကစ��ရ���င'သ���ပ�ကရ��နရ� လယကနသင�၊ မ���တ ငက�င�မ���တ1�၍�နထ�#င0ကသည။
�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ�နထ�#ငသည'အ�လ'အထ အ#ပစ#လ�#က�နက�င'ရ��
�ကက umuG,fESdrfESif;a&;aqmif&Guf&mwGifratmifjrif&aomtaMumif;t&if;
• �ကကမ���၏မ��>�ပ ����န��မင'မ���ခင�
• �ကကဖ�ကဆ��မ��တ 'ရ��မ�သ����မနင��ခင�(���မနင�ခ��န�န�ကက��ခင�)(���မနင�ခ��န�န�ကက��ခင�)
• က��ရ�ကသည'�ကကအမ��>�အစ��တ�# '၏ အ�လ'အထမ����ပ@ မ1တည၍ သင'�တ�သည' �ကကက�က ယ���မနင��ရ� လ#ပငန�မ���က�# မ�နကနစ ��ဆ�ငရ ကမ�မရ���ခင�(နည�စနစလ ;မ����ခင�)
�ကကမ���၏ဘဝစကဝန��ကကမ���၏ဘဝစကဝန��ကကမ���၏ဘဝစကဝန��ကကမ���၏ဘဝစကဝန�
အရ ယ�ရ�ကအမSexually mature
female
အရ ယ�ရ�ကအထ��Sexually mature
male
မ��>��အ�ငConception
မ�တလ�#ကရန အခ��န�ရ�က(၄-၅ ရက)Oestrous
မ�တလ�#ကMating
သ���ပ�ကWပ�� (၂၄) န�ရ�အတ င�24 hours after gave birth၂၁-၃၀ ရက Conception
က�#ယဝန�ဆ�င(၂၀-၂၁ ရက)
Gestation (20-21 days)
၂၁-၃၀ ရက(21-30 days after born)
သ��ခ ;Weaning
သ���ပ�ကBirth
24 hours after gave birth၂၁-၃၀ ရက(21-30days after weaning)
စ�#ကခ��နမည�ပ�ကစ�#ကခ��နမည�ပ�ကစ�#ကခ��နမည�ပ�ကစ�#ကခ��နမည�ပ�က>2 ywf
yxrom;rS
om;jyefayguf
yifyGm;trsm;qHk;xGufcsdef pdkufjyD; (45-50) &uf
pdkufjyD; (68-72) &uf
yxrom;
pdkufjyD; (90-95) &uf
'kwd,om;
pdkufjyD; (112-117) &uf
wwd,om;
&dwfodrf;cdsef
aNr �ကကi,f
aNr�ကကi,f
t&G,fa&muftr (1) aumif
8 aumif
(tr 4 aumif)
8 aumif 8aumif
40aumif
24 aumif 65aumif!!
When (ဘယအခ��နဘယအခ��နဘယအခ��နဘယအခ��န)))) is the best time to kill them ?
�သ��မ�ပ�ကခငအခ��နသ��မ�ပ�ကခငအခ��နသ��မ�ပ�ကခငအခ��နသ��မ�ပ�ကခငအခ��န
yifyGm;;xGuf
csdef
pdkufjyD; (68-72) &uf
yxrom;
pdkufjyD;
(90-95) &uf
'kwd,om;
pdkufjyD; (112-117) &uf
wwd,om;
&dwfodrf;cdsef
�ကကဦ��ရ�မင'တက�စ�သ�အခ�ကအလကမ���
• သ�����စ�#ကခ��နမတ1ည��ခင�/ရ�တသ�မ�ခ��နမတ1ည��ခင�
• အစ��ရစ��ပ�မ���မ�-- သ�����မ�ပတစ�#ကပ��>��ခင�၊• အစ��ရစ��ပ�မ���မ�-- သ�����မ�ပတစ�#ကပ��>��ခင�၊ဝ��ပန�ပ င'�ခင�
• �နထ�#ငက�က စ��ရ���င'သ�� �ပ�ကရန�နရ��ပ�မ���မ�(�ပ�င�ထ1�ခင�)
�ကကဦ��ရ�မင'တကမ�မ�က�က ယရန---
• ပတ၀န�က�င သ�����စ�#ကခင�ထက �စ�စ�#ကလ�င (သ�# 'မဟ#တ) �န�ကက�စ�#ကလ�င �ကကဖ�ကဆ��ခ�ရမ� ပ�#မ�#မ�����#ငသည'အတ ကမ�မ��ဘ�ပတ၀န�က�င စ�#ကခင�မ��� ��င'စ�#ကခ��နည��အ�င/ တWပ�>ငတည�ရ�တ��#င�အ�ငစ�#ကပ��>� ပ�။
• စ�#ကခင���င' �ဘ�ပတ၀န�က�ငတ င �ပ�င��မကကင� စင�အ�ငရ�င�လင�ပ�။
• �ကကခ�#�အ�င�ရနက�င�မ���မတ1���#င�အ�င လယကနသင�မ���က�# (၁ �ပ)ထကပ�#မက�ယ �အ�ငထ��ပ�။
- �ကက usif;rsm;wl;az:jcif;
- �ကက usif;rsm;xJodkUrD;cdk;rSKdif;wdkufjcif;? a&avmif;xnfhjcif;
- �ကက rsm;tm;vltiftm;jzifh ajcmufvSefUzrf;qD;jcif;
- �ကက rsm;tm; toHjzifh ajcmufvSefUjcif;
�ကကဦ��ရက�#�လ��'က��စ�သ�အခ�ကအလကမ���
- �ကက rsm;tm; toHjzifh ajcmufvSefUjcif;
• axmifacsmuf trsdK;rsdK;toHk;jyKESdrfESif;jcif;
- �ကက umyစgည�rsm;toHk;jyKjcif;
- �ကက rsm;\obm0&efolrsm;arG;jrLjcif;
• "gwkenf;jzifhumuG,fESdrfESif;enf;
�ကကusif;rsm;xJodkUa&avmif;xnfhjcif;�ကက rsm;tm;vltiftm;jzifh
ajcmufvSefUzrf;qD;jcif;
Photo courtesy – International Rice Research Institute; Grant Singleton& Daw Aung Mya Kyi
axmifacsmuftrsdK;rsdK;toHk;jyKjcif;
Photo courtesy – Grant Singleton, U Ngaing Naing ( DOA-Chin State), Nyo Me Htwe
�ကကumyစgည�rsm;toHk;jyKjcif;
Photo courtesy U Ngaing Naing ( DOA-Chin State)
axmifacsmufoD;ESHjzifh �ကကumuG,fESdrfESif;jcif;
Photo courtesy – Grant Singleton
�ကကrsm;\obm0&efolrsm;arG;jrLjcif;
Photo courtesy –Tuan VLS, Vietnam & Nyo Me Htwe& Thin Thin Myint
"gwkenf;jzifhumuG,fESdrfESif;enf;
�ကကowfaq;trsdK;tpm;rsm;
• csufcsif;aoapaom �ကကowfaq; (Acute poison)
• wjznf;jznf;csif;aoapaom �ကက owfaq; (Chronic • wjznf;jznf;csif;aoapaom �ကက owfaq; (Chronic poison)
csufcsif;aoapaom �ကကowfaq; (Acute poison)
• Zinc Phosphide,• ဇင'�ဖ�'စဖ�#ကသညမ��ခ�#�နက�ရ�ငရ��၊ ၍0ကကသ န�ဖ<န� 'ရ��• ဇင'��င'�ဖ�'စဖ�#ကတ�#က6�#က�ပ�င�စပ �ခင�မ� ရရ��
ေ��င'အယ(လ)က�# �ဟ�တ င မ�ပ��ဝင��#င• သ�# '�သ�အကဆစဓ�တ�ပ�က�န�သ� �ရ�င 'စ�#ထ�#င�စ��င'ထ��တ 'ပ�ကသ�# '�သ�အကဆစဓ�တ�ပ�က�န�သ� �ရ�င 'စ�#ထ�#င�စ��င'ထ��တ 'ပ�က
�ဖ�'စဖင� ဓ�တ�င 'အ�ဖစ ��ပ�င�လ;Wပ�� လ1��င'��# 'တ�#ကသတn ဝ�မ���က�#အ�nရ�ယ�ဖစ�စ��#င
• သ#��စ ;ရ�တ ငအ�nရ�ယကင�ရ�င�သ#��စ ;ရ�တ ငအ�nရ�ယကင�ရ�င�သ#��စ ;ရ�တ ငအ�nရ�ယကင�ရ�င�သ#��စ ;ရ�တ ငအ�nရ�ယကင�ရ�င� �အ�ငအထ1�သတ��ပ>၍�အ�ငအထ1�သတ��ပ>၍�အ�ငအထ1�သတ��ပ>၍�အ�ငအထ1�သတ��ပ>၍ က�#ငတ ယသ#��စ ;က�#ငတ ယသ#��စ ;က�#ငတ ယသ#��စ ;က�#ငတ ယသ#��စ ;သင'ပ�သည။သင'ပ�သည။သင'ပ�သည။သင'ပ�သည။
wjznf;jznf;csif;aoapaom wjznf;jznf;csif;aoapaom �ကက owfaq;owfaq;
((Chronic poisonChronic poison))
wpfMudrfxufydkpm;rSaoapaomwpfMudrfpm;&kHjzifhaoapaom�ကကowfaq;
BrodifacoumDifenacoumFlocoumafenbromadiolone
wpfMudrfxufydkpm;rSaoapaom�ကကowfaq;
WafarinDifacinon
ChlorfacinonCoumatetralylCoumachlorCoumafuryl
�ကကowfaq;cscsdef
• �ကကOD;a&tenf;qHk;tcsdef
• �ကက owfaq;ESifh,SOfjydKifrnfhobm0tpm;tpmoD;ESH ray:csdef
• pyg; aumufpdkufcsdef? yifyGm;trsm;qHk;xGufcsdef? • pyg; aumufpdkufcsdef? yifyGm;trsm;qHk;xGufcsdef?
• aqmif;oD;ESH ppdkufcsdef? yef;yGifhcsdef
ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�မ���ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�မ���ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�မ���ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�မ���ဆယဆယဆယဆယ((((လလလလ))))မ နန;လ��ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�မ နန;လ��ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�မ နန;လ��ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�မ နန;လ��ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ� (Salmonella based biocides) (Salmonella based biocides) (Salmonella based biocides) (Salmonella based biocides)
ကပပ��ပ�#�သညလ1၏အစ�အ�မလမ��0က�င�တ င�ရ�ဂ��ဖစ�စ��#င
အသ#��မ�ပ>အသ#��မ�ပ>အသ#��မ�ပ>အသ#��မ�ပ> သင'သင'သင'သင'
ဆ�က�#ဆစဆ�က�#ဆစဆ�က�#ဆစဆ�က�#ဆစ((((စစစစ))))တစတစတစတစ (Sarcocystic) (Sarcocystic) (Sarcocystic) (Sarcocystic) ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�ဇ�ဝ�ကကသတ�ဆ�
(Sarcocystic) (Sarcocystic) (Sarcocystic) (Sarcocystic)
• ထ�#င���င' ဖ�လစပ�#င��#ငင�တ င�အ�င�မငစ �စမ�သပWပ�:•�ကကက�#သ� �ရ�ဂ��ဖစ�စWပ�� လ1��င'တ�ရစq�နမ���က�# �ရ�ဂ�က1�စကမ�မရ��•�မနမ���#ငင�တ ငစမ�သပသ#��စ ;�ခင�မရ���သ�
Reference (GTZ)
�ကကမ��>�ပ ��မ�ထ�န�ခ�>ပနည�စနစ�ကကမ��>�ပ ��မ�ထ�န�ခ�>ပနည�စနစ�ကကမ��>�ပ ��မ�ထ�န�ခ�>ပနည�စနစ�ကကမ��>�ပ ��မ�ထ�န�ခ�>ပနည�စနစ
(၁) ဗ�#င�ရပမ���၏အက1အည�က�# အသ#���ပ>၍ မ��>�မ�အ�င�အ�င�ဆ�ငရ က�ခင�(Immunocontraception)
(၂) သ���0က��ဖတ နည�အမ��>�မ��>��ဖင' သ��ဆက�ခ���အ�င�ဆ�ငရ က�ခင�(Surgical and hormonal contraception)
(၃) �ကကမ���၏မ��>�ပ ���ဟ�မ#န�ဓ�တမ���က�# ��ပ�င�လ;�စသည' အပငမ���မ�ရရ���သ�သဘ�ဝပစgည�မ���အသ#���ပ>�ခင� (Plant extract hormones)
(၄)ဓ�တ#ပစgည�မ����ဖင'�ကကသ��ဆက�ခ���အ�င�ဆ�ငရ က�ခင� (Chemical sterilant)
– 4-Vinyl Cyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)
�ကကumuG,fESdrfESif;&mwGifowdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;
• �ကက�ကက�ကက�ကကrsm;om;raygufcifumuG,fESdrfESif;&ef
• wpfOD;aumif;wpfa,mufaumif;aqmif&Gufjcif;r ဟ#တဟ#တဟ#တဟ#တyJ wpfuGif;wpfqufwnf;aqmif&Guf&ef
• �ကက�ကက�ကက�ကကrsm;aep&mae&mr&SdatmifoefU&Sif;a&;vkyfief;rsm; • �ကက�ကက�ကက�ကကrsm;aep&mae&mr&SdatmifoefU&Sif;a&;vkyfief;rsm; pepfwusaqmif&Guf&ef
• �ကက�ကက�ကက�ကကowfaq;csrnfqdkygu oD;ESHtvdkufaq;cs&rnfhtcsdef wGifrSefuefaomenf;vrf;jzifh*6#6#6#6#wpdkufcs&ef
စပ��သ�#�လ��ငခ��နတ င �ကကဖ�ကဆ��ဆ#��6���မ�• �ကက�0က�င'ဖ�ကစ��ဆ#��6���မ�မ���မ��
– စ��သ#���ခင�– ဆ��၊မစငတ�# '��င'ညစ�ပ၍�ရ�ဂ�ပ�#�မ���က1�စက�စ�ခင�)– အ�ဆ�ကအအ#�ပစgည�မ���အ��ဖ�ကဆ���ခင�
�ကကဖ�ကဆ��မ�က�လ0က�ရ�ညမ��ပ@ လyမ�မ�#�သည'အခ�ကမ���မ��-
– သ�#�လ��င6#�ပ#�စ�– ပတဝန�က�ငသန 'ရ�င��ရ��ဆ�ငရ ကမ�အ��ခအ�န– သ�#�လ��ငသည'က�လ– �ကကအမ��>�အစ��
-သ�#�လ��ငသည'နည�စနစ��င' ပတဝန�က�ငသန 'ရ�င��ရ��ဆ�ငရ က�ခင�-�ထ�င�ခ��က�ထ�င�ခင�-ဓ�တ#�ဆ�ဝ��မ���သ#��စ ;�ခင�
Photo courtesy – Steve Belmain