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開放街圖: 集合群眾之⼒力的製圖
鄧東波 Dongpo Deng
Geospatial information specialist, Institute of Information Science,
Academia Sinica
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開放街圖 OpenStreetMap
•開放且⾃自由的地圖
•使⽤用開放格式、︑開放源碼
•開放授權的地理資料
•全球性的合作協同計畫
•群眾收集資料、︑群眾繪圖
•維基式(wiki-‐style)的地圖
•草根性再製的地圖
•在地的收集、︑全球的地理資料庫
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OSM的源起與背景
技術⾯面
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GPS的普及
• 美國於2000年解除⼈人為⼲干擾 (SA, Selective Availability),民⽤用的GPS提⾼高了定位精度
• 如今,GPS裝置是智慧型⼿手機的基本配備
• 利⽤用智慧型⼿手機拍照和發送訊息都可以附加上地理標籤(Geotag)
• ⼈人⼈人都可以⽣生產地理資訊
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線上地圖技術⾰革新• 線上製圖(Web Mapping)是指地圖製作、︑設計、︑和編修地圖的操作在網路上執⾏行
• 技術:Web 2.0 相關技術的帶動,使地圖要在網⾴頁呈現不再困難,如LeaDlet.js, turf.js, …
• 軟體:開放源碼 (Open Sources) 軟體⽀支持,如OpenLayers, OpenGeo, …..
• 標準:地理資訊標準和格式的使⽤用,如KML
• 服務:API的技術,如XMLHttpRequest, Map tiles, WMS, WFS
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維基式(Wiki)內容管理• 地理幾何物件化 (點、︑線)
• 地理屬性物件化 (圖徵)
• 多⼈人同時線上修改內容
• 版本控制
• 編輯管理
• 社群共識⾃自決
• 編輯⼯工具
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OSM的源起與背景
制度⾯面
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公部⾨門地理資料• 多數國家的地圖或地理資料都是政府單位製作
• 美國將聯邦政府等級所⽣生產的地理資料以「公眾領域」(Public Domain)釋出,如US Census的TIGER
• 但許多國家的地圖或地理資料是受到嚴格的著作權保護,如英國皇家版權(Crown copyright),台灣亦是如此。︒
• 國家製圖單位⽤用納稅⼈人的錢所⽣生產的地圖和地理資料,在⼈人民需要使⽤用地理資料或地圖時,還得付⼤大筆⾦金錢,以英國為例,⼀一個鄉鎮的地圖可能得花到 £30,000,整個國家的話,可能得花到 £4,099,000
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對抗不開放的地圖• Steve Coast 希望在英國有免費且隨⼿手可得的地理資料,於是在2004年開始開放街圖(OpenStreetMap, OSM)運動
Adopted from http://stevecoast.com
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合作協同的製圖⽅方式• 每個⼈人在跑步、︑騎腳踏⾞車、︑開⾞車..任何在空間中移動的活動時, 可以帶著GPS將航跡(traces)記錄下來,並上傳分享
http://goo.gl/QHui1
2005年Mappers上傳⾄至OSM的倫敦地區航跡
Adopted from
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賦權:草根性地圖
• 透過群眾共同創建的⼒力量,編輯地圖、︑檢核地圖、︑⽣生產地圖
• 最後使得每個⼈人都可以⾃自由地使⽤用這個地圖
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OSM 資料來源• Mappers的努⼒力,⼀一步⼀一腳印,⼀一⼿手⼀一滑鼠
• ⽥田野調查
• 利⽤用GPS或其它⼯工具在現場收集資料,並利⽤用OSM的編輯器(於室內)製圖
• 螢幕數化
• 利⽤用開放授權的衛星影像來數化,如Bing Maps
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OSM Mapping 步驟 (資料收集)
• ⾏行前準備 • 記事本、︑相機、︑GPS、︑紙圖、︑...
• ⼿手機APP • ⾛走路、︑騎機⾞車或⾃自⾏行⾞車...
• 現地調查
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OSM Mapping 步驟 (註冊帳號)
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OSM Mapping 步驟 (開始編輯地圖)
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OSM Mapping 步驟 (描圖且加入屬性)
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OSM Mapping 步驟 (查看地圖)
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OSM 資料來源(cont.)• 開放資料的輸入
• 開放政府資料: 美國TIGER、︑⽇日本國⼟土地理院、︑法國Corine Land cover、︑ ….
• 民間公司: ⽇日本Lawson、︑荷蘭 AND Automotive Navigation Data、︑….
• 授權條款的相容性http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Potential_Datasources
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OSM的資料管理
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幾何模型
Tag
Node
Way
Open ployline
Closed ployline
Area
Relation
更多資訊 http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Data_Primitives
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OSM幾何資料模型
Node(lat, lon)
Relation Way
Tag(Key, Value)
(role)
0..n 0..n
(role)
0..n 0..n
0..n
0..n
1 1 1
(role)
0..n 0..n
<use>
is part of
0..n
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Node <node id='1762782473' timestamp='2012-12-12T03:49:16Z' uid='1048' user='dongpo' visible='true' version='2' changeset='14245247' lat='23.864527' lon='121.5217101'> <tag k='name' v='⽴立川漁場' /> <tag k='tourism' v='attraction' /> <tag k='source' v='survey' /> <tag k='addr: housenumber' v='45' /> <tag k='addr:district' v='⿂魚池' /> <tag k='addr:town' v='壽豐鄉' /> <tag k='addr:county' v='花蓮縣' /> </node>
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Way<way id='118416207' timestamp='2012-05-23T17:43:06Z' uid='1048' user='dongpo' visible='true' version='4' changeset='14246301'> <nd ref='1088092959' /> <nd ref='1088092953' /> .... <nd ref='1600948228' /> <tag k='highway' v='primary' /> <tag k='lanes' v='2' /> <tag k='oneway' v='yes' /> <tag k='ref' v='Hwy 11C' /> <tag k='ref:zh' v='台11丙線' /> </way>
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Relation<relation id='2498406' timestamp='2012-10-14T19:01:55Z' uid='1048' user='dongpo' visible='true' version='1' changeset='13497007'> <member type='way' ref='185846446' role='outer' /> <member type='way' ref='185846444' role='outer' /> <member type='way' ref='151063000' role='outer' /> <member type='way' ref='185846448' role='outer' /> <member type='way' ref='185846445' role='outer' /> <tag k='admin_level' v='8' /> <tag k='boundary' v='administrative' /> <tag k='name' v='草屯鎮 (Caotun)' /> <tag k='name:en' v='Caotun' /> <tag k='name:zh' v='草屯鎮' /> <tag k='type' v='boundary' /> </relation>
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圖徵(Map feature)• Key / value
• higway = motorway
• name = 福爾摩沙⾼高速公路
• ref = Fwy3
• maxspeed=110
• Recommended usage
• (wiki:Map Features)
• Consensus (Tagwatch, OSMdoc)
• Homogeneity : data reuse
• Requirement adjust
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highway=motorway_link
highway=motorway
highway=primary
highway=cycleway
highway=trunk
highway=residential
highway=tertiary
highway=unclassified
highway=secondary
highway=bus_stop
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http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Map_Features
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JOSM
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iD
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智慧型⼿手機中Apps
See more details http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Software
• Apple iOS
• Go Map!!
• Android
• OSMAnd
• Vespucci
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OSM 技術架構
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New tile server hosted in Taiwan
https://blog.openstreetmap.org/2015/01/02/four-new-tile-servers/
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Current OSM tile servers
http://dns.openstreetmap.org/tile.openstreetmap.org.html
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OSM tile servers before adding Taiwan node
Snapshot on 2014/Jan
http://dns.openstreetmap.org/tile.openstreetmap.org.html
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資料檢核• 和所有⾃自由軟體⼀一樣,資料品質的檢核是由社群完成
• Linus’ law
• given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow
• 充夠的繪圖者和地圖使⽤用者,所有問題很快的就會被發現。︒
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Inappropriate edits
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爭議區的編輯戰
Do not edit to change the status of these islands or revert edits doing so without first contacting the Data Working Group.
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OSM不僅僅是⼀一份地圖
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3D OSM
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另⼀一種選擇的圖資• Facebook和Foursquare 使⽤用OSM
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做為社會公益使⽤用 WheelMap
• 利⽤用OSM的建物中wheelchair=yes的標記來告訴使⽤用者,那⼀一棟建築物是無障礙空間
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解決官⽅方地圖繪製的經濟負擔• 2013 Sochi Winter Olympics
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OSM提供商業化地圖
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OSM在救災上發揮很⼤大的幫助
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OSM 對海地地震後救災的貢獻
地震前 地震28⽇日後
Source: Mikel Maron 2010
OSM是⼀一個開放的平台,地震後全球的Mappers投⼊入,⼀一週後海地太⼦子港的OSM地圖,已經可以⽤用來救災
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Road data courtesy of OpenStreetMap
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海燕颱風@菲律賓 Tacloban
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/how-online-mapmakers-are-helping-the-red-cross-save-lives-in-the-philippines/281366/
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Building = collapsed
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Tacloban受損房屋地圖
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即時的地圖提供救災
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地理資訊有助於疫情防治詳盡的基礎地理資訊有助於無國界醫⽣生(MSF/DWB)、紅⼗十字(the Red Cross)、世衛(WHO)和其它⼈人道救援組織評估Ebola疫情。
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預防Ebola的畫圖
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為什麼畫?因應Polio⼰己經有Ebola感染情況,WHO和CDC需要Foumban地圖以便於Ebola疫情的防治、監測和準備
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畫什麼?• 住宅區域劃分 • 住宅區和⾮非住宅區的建物、公路、街道、⼩小徑、⽔水體、河流、⼩小溪和森林
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Madina
Gnoumoulou
GueckedouLele
Nongolo
Carriere
Nyalenko
Bafilanben
Waouto
Sokoro
Kisseneye
Kango
Balladou
Yendenin
SandiaBoyada
MacentaKoura
Hermankono
Gbangbaissa
Farako
Mangalla
Bambo
Bafilanben
Sandia
Sokoro
Farako
Boyada
Waouto
Hermankono
Macenta Koura
Mangalla
Nyalenko
Gnoumoulou
Yendenin
Kisseneye
Madina
Gueckedou Lele
Gbangbaissa
Gueckedou Lele
Legend
Main road
Secondary road
Other road / track
International boundary
Water
Building
Quartiers
±0 10.5
km
Places : MSF-CHRoads : OSMNatural : OSM
Sources
Document Name: GIN_Urg_Gueckedou_A4Date: 29/03/2014Produced by GIS Field Officer / CartONG for MSF-CHPrint dimensions: ISO A4 size
Quartiers de Gueckedou - Guinée
Madina
Gnoumoulou
GueckedouLele
Nongolo
Carriere
Nyalenko
Bafilanben
Waouto
Sokoro
Kisseneye
Kango
Balladou
Yendenin
SandiaBoyada
MacentaKoura
Hermankono
Gbangbaissa
Farako
Mangalla
Bambo
Bafilanben
Sandia
Sokoro
Farako
Boyada
Waouto
Hermankono
Macenta Koura
Mangalla
Nyalenko
Gnoumoulou
Yendenin
Kisseneye
Madina
Gueckedou Lele
Gbangbaissa
Gueckedou Lele
Legend
Main road
Secondary road
Other road / track
International boundary
Water
Building
Quartiers
±0 10.5
km
Places : MSF-CHRoads : OSMNatural : OSM
Sources
Document Name: GIN_Urg_Gueckedou_A4Date: 29/03/2014Produced by GIS Field Officer / CartONG for MSF-CHPrint dimensions: ISO A4 size
Quartiers de Gueckedou - Guinée
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2015 Nepal Earthquake
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HOT mapping tasks for 2015 Nepal Earthquake
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Mapping contributors around the world
http://textontechs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/MicroMappers-Global-Map-Nepal-Earthquake-May-5-2015.png
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Contributions for Nepal EarthquakeIn the month following the earthquake, over 5,055 mappers made more than 111,683 edits to the map. At least 3,544 of these mappers were new to OpenStreetMap.
http://osm.townsendjennings.com/nepal/
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Initial HOT Task Tag Counts
http://osm.townsendjennings.com/nepal/
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Tracing Guides
http://hotosm.github.io/tracing-guides/
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Requests for experienced mappers
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開放、︑分享、︑ 合作、︑集團⾏行動