Download - بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. The cell By Prof. Dr. Nahed Zohdy Professor of Histology & Cell Biology
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الرحمن الله الرحمن بسم الله بسمالرحيمالرحيم
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The cellThe cellByBy
Prof. Dr. Nahed ZohdyProf. Dr. Nahed Zohdy
Professor of Histology & Professor of Histology & Cell BiologyCell Biology
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About this LectureAbout this Lecture
CytoplasmCytoplasm::
StructureStructure
OrganellesOrganelles
RibosomesRibosomes
ERER
Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
LysosomesLysosomes
MitochondriaMitochondria
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Haematoxylin and Eosin Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)(H&E)
• HaematoxylinHaematoxylin is a basic violet stain. is a basic violet stain.
•EosinEosin is an acidic pink stain. is an acidic pink stain.
• Acidophilic structureAcidophilic structure= A structure = A structure that has affinity to stain with acidic that has affinity to stain with acidic dyes = basic in nature………So it stains dyes = basic in nature………So it stains pinkpink with eosin with eosin
•Basophilic structureBasophilic structure= A structure that = A structure that has affinity to stain with basic dyes = has affinity to stain with basic dyes = acidic in nature……… So it stains acidic in nature……… So it stains violetviolet with haematoxylinwith haematoxylin
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Composed ofComposed of::
11-- CytosolCytosol:: jelly like fluid jelly like fluid
matrix, its matrix, its primary primary component is component is waterwater
22-- OrganellesOrganelles
33 - -InclusionInclusion
44 - -CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
The cytoplasmThe cytoplasm
Nucleus
cytoplasm
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OrganellesOrganellesLittle organs:
-Living structures
-Metabolicaly active -Perform certain functions
-Permenant
-Present in all cell types Types:
- Memberanous organelles- Non-membranous organelles
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RibosomesRibosomes - - Non-membranous organellesNon-membranous organelles
- - Chemical nature: Chemical nature: nucleoproteinsnucleoproteins consist consist of proteins of proteins conjugated with ribosomal RNA conjugated with ribosomal RNA (rRNA)(rRNA)-Structure:Structure:
LMLM:: By H&E stain: can not be seenBy H&E stain: can not be seen if large in number they impart if large in number they impart
Cytoplasmic basophiliaCytoplasmic basophilia..
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Electron dense granulesElectron dense granules
22 subunitssubunits : :
Small subunit (RNA+30 P)Small subunit (RNA+30 P)
large subunit (2RNA+40 large subunit (2RNA+40 P)P)
EMEM::
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Types of ribosomes
Free Attached
Solitary Polysomes
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PolysomesPolysomes
- -Clusters of ribosomes connected Clusters of ribosomes connected by mRNA thread & producing by mRNA thread & producing identical proteinsidentical proteins
mRNA
ribosomes
Free protein in cytoplasm
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Attachment of ribosmes to the Attachment of ribosmes to the rERrER
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EM of attached ribosomesEM of attached ribosomes
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Function of ribosomesFunction of ribosomes
Ribosomes are the sites of are the sites of protein protein synthesissynthesis::
SolitarySolitary: reserve: reserve
PolysomesPolysomes: proteins used by the cell: proteins used by the cell
AttachedAttached: proteins for secretion : proteins for secretion outside the celloutside the cell
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Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum - -Membranous organelleMembranous organelle
- -Network of interconnecting tubules and cisternae
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough
(rER)
Smooth
(sER)
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rERrER
Cyto. basophaliaCyto. basophalia
Cyto. acidophilia
sERsERLMLM
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rERrER- - Interconnected Interconnected parallelparallel
cisternaecisternae- - Has attached ribosomesHas attached ribosomes- - Connected to nuclear mConnected to nuclear m..
--Interconnected Interconnected branching branching tubulestubules
--Lacks ribosomesLacks ribosomes----No connection with No connection with
nuclnucl..
sERsEREMEM
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rERrER
Interconnected Interconnected cisternaecisternae
Has attached ribosomesHas attached ribosomes
Interconnected Interconnected tubulestubulesLacks ribosomesLacks ribosomes
sERsEREMEM
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rERrER
Participates in Participates in protein synthesisprotein synthesis..
11-- Lipid synthesis Lipid synthesis (fatty acids ,cholestrol & (fatty acids ,cholestrol & steroid hormones)steroid hormones)
22 - -Detoxification of Detoxification of toxic substancetoxic substance
33 - -Muscle Muscle contractioncontraction
))control calcium ions -control calcium ions -sarcoplasmic reticulumsarcoplasmic reticulum((
44 - -Glycogen Glycogen synthesissynthesis
sERsERFunctionFunction
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Role of rER in protein Role of rER in protein synthesissynthesis
1 -receiving of polypeptide chains in ER lumen2 -storage
3 -protein trasport
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Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
-Membranous organelle-Membranous organelle
Structure:Structure:LM:LM: --H&E stain: not apparentH&E stain: not apparent
- -Special stain: Special stain: silver stainsilver stain
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Golgi apparatus in Golgi apparatus in epididymisepididymis(Silver stain)(Silver stain)
Brown anastomosing network of threads at the secretory border of the cells
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EM structure of Golgi EM structure of Golgi apparatusapparatus
3 components:
-macrovesicles
-flattened membranous saccules. (4-10)
-microvesicles
Flattened membranous cisternae:
Convex surface: immature face
Concave surface: Secretory face = mature face
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Fate of protein transported Fate of protein transported by rERby rER
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Fate of protein transported Fate of protein transported by rERby rER
Primary lysosomes
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Functions of Golgi Functions of Golgi apparatusapparatus
1 -Chemical modification of proteins22 - -Formation of primary lysosomesFormation of primary lysosomes
33 - -Secretion of cell productsSecretion of cell products 44 - -Renewal of the cell membraneRenewal of the cell membrane
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Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoplasmic Organelles that participate in the that participate in the
process of process of protein protein synthesissynthesis
11 - -Ribosomes Ribosomes (factories)(factories)
22 - -Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum (storage & transport)(storage & transport)
33 - -Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus (chemical (chemical modification & secretion)modification & secretion)
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LysosomesLysosomes
DefinitionDefinition:: -Membrane bound organelles containing
hydrolytic enzymes
)Digestive system of the cell(
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StructureStructure::
LMLMHistochemical Histochemical methods methods staining staining their enzymestheir enzymes
LysosomesLysosomes -Membrane bound organelles containing
hydrolytic enzymes
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EMEM22 typestypes
1ry lysosome
small, regular vesicle , contains homogenous dense content
2ry lysosome
Large, irregular vesicle, contains heterogenous dense and light contents
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Function of lysosomesFunction of lysosomes
-The digestive system of the cell (contain hydrolytic enzymes that could digest the food vacuole's contents & destroy old cell organelles)
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Formation of the 2 types of Formation of the 2 types of lysosomeslysosomes
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Forms of secondary Forms of secondary lysosomeslysosomes
1ry lysosome + 1-pinocytotic vesicles = multivesicular body
2 -phagosomes =residual bodies
3 -autophagic vacuole = residual bodies
5 -Lipofuscin pigment
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MitochondriaMitochondria
-Membranous organelles-Membranous organelles
Structure:Structure:LM:LM: --H&E stain: not apparentH&E stain: not apparent
- -Special stain: Special stain: silver stainsilver stain
Mitos= thread chondros= granule
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LM picture of mitochondria LM picture of mitochondria (special stain: silver stain)(special stain: silver stain)
mitochondria appear as mitochondria appear as dark brown granules granules
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EM of the Mitochondria
Double membranes:
-Outer smooth-Inner folded
forming cristae
Double spaces: -
intermembranous space
- intercristal space (matrix space)
intermembranous space
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Inner membrane: -cristae to increase
surface area - contains protein
enzymes for respiratory chain
- contains ATP synthetase for ATP synthesis Matrix:
-oxidative enzymes - mitochondril DNA so mitochondria can replicate themselves
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--Energy productionEnergy production & storage & storage (ATP synthesis)(ATP synthesis)
--Concerned with Concerned with cell cell respiration respiration (sites for Kreb’s (sites for Kreb’s and fatty acid cycles)and fatty acid cycles)
Function of a mitochondrion
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LM:LM:can not be seencan not be seen
EM:EM:- - small, roundedsmall, rounded- similar to 1ry - similar to 1ry lysosomeslysosomes
- Contain 40 oxidative enzymes - Contain 40 oxidative enzymes (urate oxidase)(urate oxidase)
PeroxisomesPeroxisomes
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Functions of Functions of peroxisomesperoxisomes::
1- Generate energy but can not store it 1- Generate energy but can not store it ((NO ATP formationNO ATP formation))
2- Maintenance of body temperature (The 2- Maintenance of body temperature (The energy is released as heat).energy is released as heat).
33 - -Cell protection : catalase enzymeCell protection : catalase enzyme
breaks down Hbreaks down H22OO22..
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Thank youThank you