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THE WATER
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THE WATER CYCLE
Rain water
WASTEWATERTREATMENT
PLANT
River, Lake, sea
DRINKING ANDPROCESS WATER
PLANT
Drinking
water
Process
wate
r
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The water : H2O +
pollution
Soluble: Particle size less than 0.45 m
SS : Filtration on a 1.2 m membrane and dewatering in an
oven at 105C during 2 hours
DISSOLVED
POLLUTIO
N SUSPENDED
SOLIDS
COLLOID
SOLUBLE
PARTICULATE
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Pollution
Micro-organisms
Organic substances
Inorganic substances
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Organic
substances
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Hydrocarbons (petroleum), phenols
Chemical compounds as Pesticides
Any substance that contain C except Carbonates,
Carbon Oxides and Gases
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Inorganic Substances : Mineral,
metals, non metallic elements
Nitrogen compounds (NH4+, NO3
-)
Sulphures (S-2), Phosphates (PO4-3), Sulfates (SO4
-2)
Bicarbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO3
-2),
Cations alcalines (Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2)
Halogens (Cl-, F-)
Metals (Fe, Cu, Al, As, Ni, )
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Micro-organisms : Bacteria, Parasites
and Virus
Virus
- Enterovirus
Bacteria
- Total Coliforms
- Fecal Coliforms (Escherichia Coli)
- Streptococcus
- Salmonellas
- Staphylococcus
- Aeromonas
Parasites
- Cryptosporidium
- Helminthes eggs (nematods, cestodes)
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Origin Destination / why do we need to treat
Composition (principal parameters) Different kinds of treatment
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
Wastewater
treatment plant
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Municipal wastewaters : origin
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Organic or mineral
substances
Hydrocarbones
Soaps
Acids
Bases
Toxics
Suspended solids
Minerals, Metals
Hydrocarbons
Vegetal residues
Nitrates
Soaps
Soils
Vegetal and animal
residues
SoilGreases, Soaps
Proteins, Fats,
Carbohydrates
Dissolved salts
Hydrocarbons substances
Nitrogen (organic + NNH4)
Phosphorus
Microorganism pollution
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Industrial waterRain WaterDomestic water
Municipal wastewater : composition
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Municipal wastewaters : Principal
parameters
KN : Kjeldahl Nitrogen = Organic N + N.NH4+
TN : Total Nitrogen = Organic N+N.NH4+ +oxyded N (NO2
- + NO3-)
BOD : Biochemical oxygen Demand
COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand
SS : Suspended solids
TP : Total Phosphorus = Polyphosphates + P.PO4 + particulate P
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Principal treatments for domestic wastewaters
Free Cultures : Activated Sludge, MBR
Fixed cultures : Bio-filters, Biodiscs,
Trickling filters...
Hybrid cultures : MBBR
Biological
UV
Chemical
DISINFECTIO
N
Coagulation Flocculation + Settling
Coagulation Flocculation + FiltrationChemical
Settling
Filtration
Clarification
Physical
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Municipal wastewaters :typical
valuesPollution for population equivalent (PE)
4 to 332.5 to 4TP
20 to 12513 to 15KN
100 to 75060 to 90SS
100 to 60055 to 70BOD5
200 to 1200120 to 150COD
Concentration
(mg/l)
g/PE / day
BOD5 : 60 g / PE / day
Water consumption : 120 to 600 l /PE / day
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Typical values for microorganisms in wastewaters
Virus 0 2x105
Bacteria No. for liter in a domestic WW
- Total coliforms 109 1011
- Fecal coliforms 106 1010
- Streptococcus 105 108
- Salmonella 0 103
- Staphylococcus 101 105
- Aeromonas 105 108
Parasites
- giardia 101 105
- cryptosporidium 0 104
- Helminthes eggs (nematodes) 0 102
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THE
EFFLUENT
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Municipal wastewaters :
destination
- Unpleasant ecosystems development- To protect the environment
- Flore and fauna toxicity
- Oxygen consumption
- Hazardous
Natural environment river, lake,sea
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European laws : quality of treated
water
> 100 0007010TN To be respected in yearly
average
10 000100 0007015TNSensible
zones
N and P
pollution
Normal
Zones
Carbon
pollution
All loads9035SS
According
To
Analyses
no.
No. of
Autorised
excess
Conformity rulesPollution loadEfficiency
mini
Concen
maxiParameter
> 100 000
10 000100 000
All loads
> 10 000
2 000-10 000
No. PE Maxi values%mg/l
80
80
75
80
70
1
2
125
25
25
BOD5
TP
TP
BOD5
COD
BOD5 = 50
COD = 250
SS = 85
mg/l
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Chinese Standards : quality of treated water
24 hours mixed
sample
< 60 mg/lCOD1 B
< 20 mg/lBOD5
< 20 mg/lSS
< 20 mg/lTot-N
< 8 mg/lNH4-N
< 1,0 mg/lTot-P
Tot-P
NH4-N
Tot-N
SS
BOD5
COD
Parameter
< 0,5 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
< 15 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
24 hours mixed
sample
< 50 mg/l1 A
Sampling typeValueStandard
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Typical values for a discharge in a river:No. For 100 ml (for a discharge in a river)
0 10 / 100mlCryptosporidium
Parasites
Bacteria
0 1 / 100 mlHelminthes eggs
1 10 / 100
ml
Giardia
0 10 / 100
ml
Salmonella
10 / 100 mlStreptococcus
100 / 100 mlFecal Coliforms
1000 / 100 mlTotal coliforms
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Vietnamese Standards : TCVN 7222 : 2002
24 hours mixed
sample
< 50 mg/lCODF3
< 10 mg/lBOD5
< 10 mg/lSS< 15 mg/lTot-N
< 5 mg/lTot-P
Tot-P
Tot-N
SSBOD5
COD
Parameter
< 12 mg/l
< 30 mg/l
< 30 mg/l< 30 mg/l
24 hours mixed
sample
< 100 mg/lF1
Sampling typeValueStandard
TCVN 6987 : 2001
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