-
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, ~
2010
:
INT
2010
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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03
04
06
10
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1: 18 :
20
:
32
46
:
50
55
58
:
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(WWF) , 5 100 .
WWF , , .
(Zoologic al Socie ty ofLondon, ZSL), 1826 ., , . . ZSL
. ZSL .
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(WWF International)
Avenue du Mont-Bl anc1196 Gland, Switzerlandwww.pan da.org
Institute of Zoology
Zoological Society of London
Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UKwww.zs l.org/ind icatorswww.l ivingpl anetind ex.org
Global Footprint Network
312 Clay Street, Suite 300Oakland, California 94607, USAwww.foot printn etwork. org
: ArthurSteenHorneAdamson
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7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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, - . - , - . WWF, .
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, . - , , , .
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,
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; ; -; ; ;
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7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 4 WWF: 2010 .5
, , , .
, , - 40 , . - , - , , .
- , , , -, . , , , - . - , . - , 60% 1970 .
. , , , , , .
, , .
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, , , , , , .
- . .
, (TEEB) -, . (), (), WWF - . , , , , - . 128 , 2010.
, . . , . , -, , . , .
.
WWF
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 6 WWF: 2010 .7
2010
, , , .
, 34% - 53% , 18% (PwC, 2010).
, 1,8 . . ,
1 . . .
, . . , WWF, . - , , , , .
- , , - , (Butchart,S.H.M. et al. 2010; CBD, 2010). , . 1998 . : 1970 2007 . 30% (. 1).
, : 60%, 30%. , - -, .
, - 1970 ., , - .
1,5 , 2007 .
, , / , , , . , , , - , , , - .
. 1.
,
30% 1970
2007 . (WWF/ZSL, 2010)
. 2.
.
1961 2007 . (GlobalFootprint Network, 2010)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007
(1970.=1)
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 8 WWF: 2010 .9
- , , . , , - , , (CO2). : (. 2). 2007 ., , , , - 50%. 1966 . - . - , , , 11 1961 . 1998 . - - , , .
- . , 71 , .. , . . , - , , .
, - , , . 2010 -, , .
, , -, .
, 2010 . - - . , , .
- , - - . : , . , , , , - .
- , , , . , , - . , , . - , , -: , , , 2030 . - CO2 - . , - , , , - , , .
, , . , , -, , ,
. , , .
71
2
,
2030 .
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 10 WWF: 2010 .11
. , ., , - , , , ,
(. ). , .
, (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). :
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,,
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7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 12 WWF: 2010 .13
:
,
: , , , ; , ; ;
: , , ;
: , ; - , ;
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- , , , - . , , : - , , , , , . . - : -, .. ; ; .
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5
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;
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133 000
2009 .
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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: - , 1
, -
20%, 27%.
: - ( )
: 80% , , .
2
1.
1
3
:, ,
, , .
: , , -.
:, , , .
: , . 14,6 , .
6
5
7
4
WWF: 2010 . 14 WWF: 2010 .15
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-
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-
, , - . , , , , . - , - ,
, CO2. -, , , .
: - (Danaus
plexippus ), -
, .
WWF
,
.
1. ~
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 20 WWF: 2010 .21
0-10% 10% 2 0% 3 0% 4 0% 5 0%-20%-30%-40%-50%-60%
-53.4%
2000-2007
-20.5%
1989-2002
-8.4%
1995-2004
-7.7%
1979-2005
-6.6%
1961-2001
-5.8%
1971-2004
0.6%
1960-2005
3.3%
1983-2006
10.9%
1991-2001
13.1%
1966-1998
. 5.
. ,
,
.
,
(Castor fiber)),
(Accipenser oxyrinchus
oxyrinchus)),. ,
(Branta ruficollis),
(Loxodonta africana),
(Thunnus thynnus)),-
(Phoebetria fusca)),. ,
(Rhincodon typus), ,
(Dermochelys coriacea),
-, -
(Gyps bengalensis),,
(Rangifertarandus pearyi)),
, %
: , 8000 . , , , - ( , - , . 5).
, , 1970 ., , 2007 . , - (Collen, B. et al., 2009. ).
, 30% 1970 2007 . (. 4). 7953 2544 -, , , (. . 1), , - (WWF, 2006, 2008d).
. 4.
.
,
7953
2544
, ,
,
,
30% 1970 20 07 .
(WWF/ZSL, 2010)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
(1970=1)
1.
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 22 WWF: 2010 .23
. 6.
29%
1970 2007 .,
60%
(WWF/ZSL, 2010)
, , - , , - . , , , 1970 . . , - , / , , , (. ). , -, , , , - , - - .
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
(1970.=1)
:
- ( ) , . , - , , - . , , -. , , .
: - 60% 40 , - 29% (. 6). -, , , , - (. 7-9). (. 10-14). , , . - , , , , , , - , - . 1970 .,, . - - 1970 ., 1 1970 .
?
-
, - - (MEA, 2005a). , , 1950 . - (MEA,2005a). , 1950 . (MEA, 2005a). -
60%
29% 1970 .
1.
-
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WWF: 2010 . 24 WWF: 2010 .25
2023 636 , , , (. . 2 ). , , . 24% 1970 .(. 8a). : 60%, 50% (. 8b). , (Lotze, H.K. et al., 2006, Thurstan, R.H. et al., 2010). 1970 ., , -, .
. 8:
a)
24% 1970 2007 .
(WWF/ZSL, 2010);
b)
50%,
60% (WWF/ZSL, 2010)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
8b
8a
(1970.=1)
(1970.=1)
:
3180 1341 , , -, - , , , ( . . 2 -). 25% 1970 . (. 7a). - 50%, 5% (. 7b).
. 7.
a)
25% 1970
2007 .
(WWF/ZSL, 2010);
b)
5%,
50% (WWF/ZSL, 2010)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
7b
7a
(1970.=1)
(1970.=1)
1.
-
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WWF: 2010 . 26
: , WWF , , , . ,
, , , .
BrEntStirtOn/GEttYimaGES/WWF
. 9.
a)
35% 1970
2007 . (WWF/ZSL, 2010);
b)
36%,
70%
(WWF/ZSL, 2010)
2750 714 , , , , (. . 2 ). 35% 1970 2007 ., , (. 9a).
70%, - , 36 % (. 9b).
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
9b
9a
(1970.=1)
(1970.=1)
1.
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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:
, . , - , - , , ( 2), (-, ), ( ). . 1 , .
2.
,
(
),
,
1.
-
, - , - . , - ,, , , -
.
-
WWF: 2010 . 28 WWF: 2010 .29
-
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. 14.
- : -66%
-,- . - , , , - ,
(Loh, J. et al., 2006; MEA, 2005b). , 1990 2005 .
- , . , 0,6%0,8% (FAO, 2005; Hansen, M.C. et al., 2008).
-
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-66%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 007
(1970.=1)
. 13.
: +43%
- , -
1970 . , , . .
. 1014 (ZSL/WWF, 2010)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
+43%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 007
(1970.=1)
. 11.
: -18%
- 1990- ., -
55%. - , , , (Pomeroy, D.a.H.T., 2009). -
. 12.
: -55%
-
, 1970 ., , . , - 0,5% ; 2000 2005 .
3-4 (FAO, 2005; Hansen, M.C. et al., 2008)
-18%
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 007
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-55%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 007
(1970.=1)
(197
0.=1)
. 10.
: -4%
, . ,
- , 1970 . (. . 1 ),
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
-4%1.8
(1970.=1)
WWF: 2010 . 30 WWF: 2010 .31
-
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WWF: 2010 . 33
. 15.
/
,
, -, , , .
:
, , , .
:
,, .:
, , , .
:
, , - 1439 268 .
:
, CO2 , , , . , .
:
WWF: 2010 . 32
: , , . - , -
, -, , , , . , , - , , , - . , , CO2.
, - , .
, - CO2, . , . ( ), ( ) (). 1 , .
1.
1,5 , 2007 .
-
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WWF: 2010 . 34 WWF: 2010 .35
?
-
,
?
, , , , , . , , - , . , .
,
CO2, . , .
- , . 1980- . - , , , . , .
- , : CO2 , - , . .
x2 1966
2007 .
. 16.
,
19612007 .
-
.
, -
,
, -
-
. ,
- ,
,
(Global Footprint Network,2010)
1970- , - . , , , . , - , - .
-, (. 16). 2007 - 18 . , 2,7 . 11,9 . 1,8 (. 17 GFN 2010a).
, 50%. , , , 2007 ., , . , 2007 . - (. ?).
1.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 36 WWF: 2010 .37
:
- , - ( 3 . 17). , , , - CO2 4,5 , ., , , .
:
- . 35% 1998 .; (. 16).
1.
3.
2007 .
,
(Global FootprintNetwork, 2010)
0-1.5 /.
1.5-3.0 /.
3.0-4.5 /.
4.5-6.0 /.
6.0-7.5 /.
7.5-9.0 /.
9.0-10.5 /.
>10.5 /.
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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:
- , , , , , , . 2007 . 31 - (), , 37% - . , 10 53 , , 12% (. 18).
( ).
. 18. ,,
,
2007 .
(Global FootprintNetwork, 2010)
.
-
.
-
-
-
-'
-
..
.
. 17.
, 2007 .(Global Footprint Network,2010)
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 41
, , . , - 4462% 1961 . 1835% 2007 . - , - .
1961
2007
. 20.
, ,
1961 2007 .
(Global Footprint Network, 2010)
WWF: 2010 . 40
1
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1,206 2,833 567 885
, -. . 19, (, , ) , , - , . . , 31 .
. 19.
(GlobalFootprint Network, 2010)
:
2010 , .
1961 2007 .
(. 20). 10 1961 ., - : 100, 20 , 30 .
1.
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 42 WWF: 2010 .43
, , , , (. ).
1.
0-1.5 /.
1.5-3.0 /.
3.0-4.5 /.
4.5-6.0 /.
6.0-7.5 /.
7.5-9.0 /.
9.0-10.5 /.
>10.5 /.
4.
2007 .
,
(GlobalFootprint Network, 2010)
, -, ; -, , , , ; ; , - , CO2.
- , ,
- , . , / - , / . , , , , , . -, -. , , , - 1961 ., .
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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, -. , , , ,, , , , (. 21).
, , , . 2007 , , , (. 22). , , , .
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007
. 23.
1961
2007 .
(
)
(Global FootprintNetwork, 2010)
.
-
..
-
-'
-
-
.
-
.
.
. 21.
2007 .
60%
(Global FootprintNetwork, 2010)
. 22.
, 2007 .
1
.,
(Global Footprint Network,2010)
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 47WWF: 2010 46
, - (Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y., 2004). () ( ) , , (. 24).
, () , , - (. ).
, , (. 26). - , . - . . 26, 45 . - , , , . , , .
, - , . , - , , . .
. 24.
,
-
,
(Chapagain, A.K., 2010)
90%
7%
3%-
15%
10%
75%
1.
?
, - . , - (Hoekstra, A.Y. et al., 2009). , .
. 25.
-
-
-
-
: 140
, , , , , , (Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y., 2007).
, :
200 , , , . - , , .
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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, , , , . :
: , ; - , ;
: ,
; - - , ;
: , - , -, , . , - , - .
- , . , , (. ?, Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K., 2008).
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.
..
-
-'
-
-
-
.
-
.
. 26.
130
1 .,
,
(20052008 .,Chapagain, A.K., 2010)
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 51
, , , , , , - .
, 1995 . 1,8 . . , (UNESCO-WWAP,2006). , 2025 . 5,5 . . , (UNESCO-WWAP, 2006).
70% (MEA, 2005b).
-, , - , , - . 177 , 1000 , 64 , (WWF, 2006). - , , . , , , , . , , . , - , . , , - , . , 500 . - (Richter, 2010).
500
WWF: 2010 50
:
, . , - , , - , . - (UNESCO -WWAP,
2006), . , , , , .
- , , , (MEA,2005b). , , (Gleick, P. et al., 2009). - , . , . , , - , , .
1.
1% 1%
-
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WWF: 2010 . 52 WWF: 2010 .53
, - .
, . : , 140 (. 25). . . ,
150 , , .. , , 4645 . . , ,62% , -, - ; 38% - (Chapagain, A.K. and Orr, S. 2008).
5. , , , . , , , , , . , - , . , . , - , - .
,
( , ) - , .
62%
. , . ; . -; . -, . , . -, , .
20 , , . - . , . , , , , . , . - , , . 2 - (UNESCO-WWAP, 2003).
-, 70% - , (UN-Water, 2009). - , ,
.
, - (Stern, N., 2006). , , , , (IPCC, 2007a).
1.
2,5
-
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WWF: 2010 . 54 WWF: 2010 .55
:
, , - - , - . , , , ,
. , , , , .
110 110 .
1/2 (52%) ,
28% 2007 . 28% , , (19%), (8%) (1%)
3 . 3 . 15%
10 - , - 30% ,
- , - -
( : FAO, 2009b).
- - . . , - - -. -, , .
4,141
1,090
1,826
702
613
2,740
587
887
709
2,317
1,585
1,084
644
1,293
,828
1,79
1,4002,082
632
1,0893,055
1,416
1-100
101-500
501-1,000
1,001-2,000
2,001-4,000
>4,000
, . 3/
1.
5.
,
. 3/ (Chapagain,A.K. and Orr, S., 20 08)
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 56 WWF: 2010 .57
, , - . - , - , .
. -, , , , . , - 1,3 - 2,7 -, . - 100 . . , , , , . , , .
- . -
. , 31 , , - - (). . , - () 2010 . .
4
- , , .
- , , - .
. , , .
70% , , , . , , , -
, , , . , -, . ().
-, . , -, , , - . , :
;
, , ( );
, .
,
, , . .
1.
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 58 WWF: 2010 .59
1000
0
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
. 28.
- ,
,
- ,
(van Schaik,C.P. et al., 2001)
()
, 2020 . WWF , , - .
, . 20 , , 7,8 2010 .
, . - , , - . - (Nantha, H.S.and Tisdell, C., 2009). , XX
(Goossens, B. et al., 2006), . . . 28.
:
, , , - , , , . ; ; , ; . , 90% ,
- , - .
. 27.
(FAOSTAT, 2010)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
, . - 1970- . (. 27).
- , - 87% (FAS, 2008). , -. , , , .
1.
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
32/61
WWF: 2010 . 60 WWF: 2010 .61
: , - , , -
, .
,
. 2010 ( 6). , , , .
?
, , , -, , . - , - (. REDD). , , . , , -, , . , - . . , WWF , - - .
,
1.
:
-, , , -, , .
, - , . - - , , , , , .
- , - , -, , - . -, . WWF , .
2005 . ()
, 2000 2010 .()
, - (World Bank, 2004)
18,5 . .
13
-
7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie
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WWF: 2010 . 62 WWF: 2010 .63
2 000
*
. 29.
,
(
WWF
(MINAM))
(*European Journal ofSoil Science, 2005)
, . , - REDD( ) REDD+, - (. REDD). REDD - , . REDD+ - , , .
, - , . - , , . - . - REDD+.
0
-10
10
-20
20
-50
50
-100
100
-150
150
-2
00
200
-3
00
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(GlobalFootprint Network). , , . , , , , , , . - . - www.footprintnetwork.org
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