Download - 09 Host _ Agent Ind.ppt
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HOST
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
HOST – AGENT - ENVIRONMENT
INFECTION
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Host
• Dalam mikrobiologi kesehatan: manusia.• Manusia merupakan rempat ideal bagi
pertumbuhan mikroorganisme– menyediakan bahan organik– kondisi lingkungan (temperatur, pH) yang
stabil atau relatif konstan
mikroorganisme flora normal
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ENVIRONMENT
•FISIK:
•Udara
•Air
•Benda, alat
•BIOLOGIK:
•manusia
•Binatang
•Tumbuhan
Micro ENVIRONMENT
Bagian-bagian Tubuh manusia normal Flora
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Hubungan antar organime
Simbiotik Nonsimbiotik
Mutualisme ( + / + )
Komensalisme ( 0 / + )
Parasitisme ( - / + )
Sinergisme ( + / + )
Antagonisme ( 0 / - )
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FLORA NORMAL
• Keberadaan:– Sementara (transient)– Menetap (residence)
• Tergantung: umur, nutrisi, lingkungan
• Sifat:– Menguntungkan:
• Pencernaan• Vitamin• Mencegah kuman patogen
– Merugikan:• Tumbuh berlebihan• Pindah tempat• Berubah sifat
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Penyakit yg dapat disebabkan oleh flora normal
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Lingkungan Steril
• Organ dalam: otot, hepar, jantung, dsb.
• Cairan Tubuh: darah, LCS, urine
• Fetus
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FN KULIT
• Kepadatan tinggi (1 juta/cm2):– Banyak mengandung kelenjar apokrin– Panas– Lembab– Contoh: ketiak, inguinal, sela-sela jari
• Kepadatan rendah (1.000 – 10.000/cm2):– Kering– Terbuka– Contoh: tangan, muka
• Jenis:– Komensal:Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus sp.,
corynebacteria– Potensial patogen:Staphylococcus aureus
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FN TRAKTUS RESPIRATORIUS• Bagian Atas
– Lubang hidung:• Staphylococcus epidermidis dan corynebacteria,• 20% populasi umum: Staphylococcus aureus,
– Nasopharynx:• streptococcus (non-hemolytic dan alpha-hemolytic) dan
Neisseria• Potensial pat.: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus
pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae dan Neisseria meningitidis.
• Bagian Bawah (trachea, bronchi, jaringan pulmo)
– seharusnya steril– Sistem pembersihan: epitel bersilia, batuk, bersin,
penelanan, lapisan lendir
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FN TRAKTUS UROGENITAL
• Urin steril, pembasuh• Urethra anterior: Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Enterococcus faecalis, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, bakteri enterik
• Vagina:– corynebacteria, staphylococci, nonpyogenic
streptococci, E. coli, dan lactic acid bacterium "Doderlein's bacillus" (Lactobacillus acidophilus)
– Masa reproduksi epitel vagina mengandung glycogen: Doderlein's fermentasi asam laktat
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RONGGA MULUT
• Habitat baik: nutrien, epitel rusak, dan cairan sekresi
• Gigi ( - ): Streptococcus salivarius • Gigi ( + ):
– S. mutans, S. sanguis– Kuman anaerob– Spirochaeta
Plaque Karang Gigi Karies Gigi
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F N TRAKTUS GASTROINTESTINAL. • Lambung:
– sedikit sekali bakteri (tu acid-tolerant lactobacilli)– Helicobacter pylori: tukak lambung, kanker lambung dan duodenum.
• Bagian proksimal usus: Gram-positif, yaitu lactobacilli dan Enterococcus faecalis (105 – 107 / ml
• Bagian distal (108/ml): jenis bertambah: coliforms, Bacteroides
• Usus besar = feces (1011/ml) – Kuman coliforms – enterococci, clostridia dan lactobacilli– Dominan:
• bakteri anaerob, seperti Bacteroides, bakteri asam laktat anaerob genus Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacterium bifidum).
• bakteri anaerob: E. coli 1.000:1 – 10.000:1
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Keuntungan Flora Normal
1. Mensintesis dan mengeluarkan vitamin: Vitamin K dan Vitamin B12
2. Mencegah kolonisasi kuman patogen
3. Antagonis: asam lemak, peroksidase, bacteriocins
4. merangsang produksi antibodi reaktif silang
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