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Wide Area Networks (WAN) -Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
AAU
Jens H. Sø[email protected] Oktober 2005
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Table of Contents
• Objectives• Introduction to WANs• Typical WAN Technologies• SDH Protocol• SDH Equipment• SDH Networks• SDH Network Management• SDH Services (partly 2nd part)• WDM/OTN (2nd part)• Network availability, restoration and automatic protection
(2nd part)• Next/new Generation SDH and relations to IP, ATM, WDM,
Ethernet … (2nd part)• Network Synchronisation (2nd part)
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3 3
Objectives
Discussion of
• LAN versus WAN, scaleability issues• WAN technologies, overview• Typical WANs, examples, SDH• Relations to networks based on
Ethernet/IP/ATM/DSL …• Upcoming WAN networks
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What is a WAN?
• Definition of "WAN" according to Webopedia:• A computer network that spans a relatively large
geographical area.• Typically, a WAN consists of two or more
local-area networks (LANs).• Computers connected to a wide-area network are
often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites.
• The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
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Introduction to WANs
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Introductionto WANs
ExampleHigh CapacityLinks
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Introductionto WANs
ExamplePhysical andlogical Links
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Introduction to WANs - scaleability
• Can Ethernet based LANs be connected nationwide supporting millions of users?
• Scaleability issues (Ethernet)– no. of MAC addresses, VLANs, broadcast domains (ARP), STP
convergence, performance of MAC and CSMA/CD under high load, QoS etc..
– Creation of hierarchical networks– Long distance optical systems
• Scaleability issues (IP)– routing tables/IP-address aggregation, rearrangement of fixed
IP-addresses, QoS
• Other technologies are currently used…
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Introduction to WANs
802.3 Ethernet: MAC, LLC
TCP, UDP
IP
SDH, PDH, DXC 1/0
radio links, satellite,
fiber, copper, WLAN ….
ATMMPLS
10/100/1000 BASET, TX, SX, LX, FX…
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Typical WAN Technologies
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WAN Technologies
• WAN capacity levels:– 0: 64 kbit/s– 1: 2 Mbit/s (PDH)– 2: 8 Mbit/s (PDH)– 3: 34 Mbit/s/ 45Mbit/s (PDH)– 4: 140/155 Mbit/s (PDH/SDH STM-1, SONET OC-3)– 5: 622 Mbit/s (SDH STM-4, SONET OC-12)– 6: 2,5 Gbit/s (SDH STM-16, SONET OC-48)– …….
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WAN Technologies
• DXC 1/0• Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH, SONET)• ATM, Frame Relay• PSTN, ISDN• Radio Links• Satellite• +• IP• Ethernet• …..
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WAN Technologies
• Why not only concentrate on IP/ethernet networks?– Scaleability issues– SDH, PDH … are essential parts of all incumbent
operators WAN networks including many new service providers
– 2M and STM-N is widely used as leased lines including ATM/IP/DSL backbone networks
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SDH Protocol
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SDH Protocol - Multiplexing
• Multiplexing PDH signals– Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing
• Multiplexing SDH signals– Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing
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SDH ramme, hastigheder og funktionalitetSOH Payload
Section OverHead POH = Path OverHead1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - 270
1 J12 RSOH B33 Regenerator Section OverHead C24 AU pointers G15 F26 MSOH H47 Multiplex Section OverHead F38 K39 N1
Path payload (C4)Payload (VC-4)
125 msec
STM = Synchronous Transport ModuleBitrate 9 x 270 x 8 / 0,125 155.520 kb/s
LO Path overhead (V5, J2, N2, K4)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 J1 J1 J12 RSOH B3 B3 B33 C2 C2 C24 AU pointers G1 G1 G15 F2 F2 F26 MSOH H4 H4 H47 F3 F3 F38 K3 K3 K39 N1 N1 N1
Payload (3 x VC-3) 125 msec
STM-1
STM-1
PDH HastighedE1 2 Mb/sE3 34 Mb/sE4 140 Mb/s
SDH Hastighedvc-12 2,2 Mb/svc-3 48 Mb/svc-4 150 Mb/sSTM-1 155 Mb/sSTM-4 622 Mb/sSTM-16 2488 Mb/sSTM-64 9953 Mb/s
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
SDH på 5 min
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SDH Protocol - Multiplexing
• Multiplexing PDH signals– Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing
• Multiplexing SDH signals– Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing
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2020
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SDH Protocol
AU-4 PointerAdjustment
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SDH Protocol - Multiplexing
• Multiplexing PDH signals– Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing
• Multiplexing SDH signals– Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing
• Multiplexing Structure– Adaptation of PDH and other signals
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SDH protocol - Multiplexing Structure
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
Pointer processing
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
Container-nC-n
TUG-3x 1x 3
x 1x N
x 3
x 4
x 1
TU-3 VC-3
C-4
C-3
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
VC-11 C-11
(note 2)
139 264 kbit/s
44 736 kbit/s34 368 kbit/s
2 048 kbit/s
1 544 kbit/s
(note 1)
(note 1)
(note 1)
(note 1)
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SDH mapping schemeInitial mappingMore MultiplexingContiguous Concatenation
24
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-4cAU-4-4c VC-4-4c
AU-4-16c VC-4-16c
AU-4-64c VC-4-64c
AU-4-256c VC-4-256c
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
AUG-64
AUG-256
AUG-16
AUG-4
STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
STM-4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
C-4
C-3
C-2
C-12
C-11VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
VC-3
TUG-2 TU-2
STM-0
AUG-1
VC-3
TUG-3
VC-4
AU-3
TU-11
TU-3
AU-4STM-1
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
x4
x 3
x 3
x 7
x 7
pointer processing
multiplexing
aligning
mapping
x 3
TU-12
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SDH Equipment
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SDH Equipment
DXC4/1
Interfaces: 2M, 34M, 45M, 140M, STM-1, (STM-4/16)
XC matrix scaleable up to 32/128/256 STM-1 equivalent, non-blocking
ADM 4/1Aggregate
Tributary
Aggr. Interfaces: STM-1/4/(16)
Trib. interfaces: 2M, 34M, 45M, 140M, STM-1/(4)
ADM 4/4Aggregate
Tributary
Aggr. Interfaces: STM-4/16/64
Trib. interfaces: STM-1/4/16
No access to lower order signals
SDH på 5 min
Regenerator functionREG
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ADM 4/1 STM-4 example
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ADM 4/4STM-64 example
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SDH Networks
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SDH NetworksHierarchical example
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
AP1 BJSK figure 09a
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Network Structures - Pros and Cons
Structure Pros Cons
Chain Fiber effectiveSimple nodesLow start cost
Low connectivityNo redundancyP2P upgrade costly
Ring Fiber effectiveSimple nodesRedundancy
Low connectivityP2P upgrade very costly
Mesh High connectivityRedundancyCost efficient P2P upgrade
Fiber consumingComplex nodes
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SDH Networks - example , Routing in a hierarchical Network
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3333
SDH Networks add on
N iveau 1
N iveau 3
N iveau 2
N iveau 0
BJSK
SDH netstruktur
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Inte
rnati
on
al N
etw
ork
st
ruct
ure
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SDH networks - fiber infrastructure
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SDH networks- WDM
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SDH networks- STM-64
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SDH networks- STM-16
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3939
SDH networks - VC-4
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SDH Network node example
MSH-41cTM/ADM
DXC1DXC1
AC-4 TM AC-4 TM AC-4 TM
MSH64ADM
MSH64ADM
AC-4ADM
AC-4TM
AC-4 TMMSH-41cTM/ADM
lag 1 kanter (maskenet)
lag 3 kanter/strukturer
lag
1 o
g 2
kan
ter (rin
gn
et)
lag
2 k
an
ter
(ma
ske
ne
t)STM-16
STM-16
STM-64
STM-16STM-4STM-1
STM-1/4/16
STM-1/4
STM-1/4
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
SDH netstruktur
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4141
SDH networkOptical cards and application codes
• STM16:– S16.1 (short haul, 1300 nm, 10 km)– L16.1 (long haul, 1300 nm, 20 km)– L16.2 (long haul, 1550 nm, 80 km)– V16.2 (very long haul, 1550 nm, 120 km)– U16.2 (ultra long haul, 1550 nm, 160 km)– L16.2 colered interface til WDM rel 1.0– L16.2 colered interface til WDM rel. 3.0
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4242
Standards
42
• Concatenation, Protocols etc.
• Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)• Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)• Equipment• Equipment• Equipment Management Function
G.707 (10/2000)corr 1, corr 2*, add 1*
G.7042/Y.1305 (11/2001)* G.7041/Y.1303 (11/2001)*G.783 (02/2001)*G.709 (02/2001)G.798 (11/2001)
ITU-T
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SDH Network Management
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4444
En netteknologi f.eks. SDH
Network ManagerNetwork Manager
SDH Network ManagementNetwork & Service Management View
Network ManagerNetwork Manager
NetworkElements
ElementManagerElementManager
SM funktion #1SM funktion #1
Technicaladministrativesystems (inventory)
• planning• modelling• registration
Element Level Management
Network Level Management
Service Level Management
Subnetwork Manager
Subnetwork Manager
Bussines Level Management
NetworkElements
ElementManagerElementManager
Subnetwork Manager
Subnetwork Manager
SM funktion #2SM funktion #2
Costumer administrative systemsCustomer acces/ applikationer
Funktions:• Provisionering• Performance• Assurance• Alarmmanager
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4545
SDH Network ManagementElement Manager
– Matrix: 48 ports 4/4 non-blocking, dubleret
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4646
pvc
Frame Relay
pvc
WAN
Site 1
System 2 serversystem1
4700
cat5005
cat5005
System 3
Site 2
System 2 serverSystem1
cat5005
cat5005
System 3
4700
2500
Bay hub
Site M
2500Site S
Coax
2600Site L
cat1924
vlan
SDH Network Management
DCN, Data Communications Network is needed
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4747
Sub-NetworkLevel:
NEs Level:
NE GUI
Double click
SDH Network ManagementNetwork Manager
Point and click management
6 levels subnetwork nesting
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4848
Fault Management /Service ManagementFilter via tree view
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SDH Services
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• Leased line Services (fixed dedicated bandwidth):– 2 Mbit/s, n x 2 Mbit/s– VC-12, n x VC-12– 34 Mbit/s, 45 M Mbit/s– VC-3, n x VC-3– 140 Mbit/s– VC-4– VC-4-4c, VC-4-16c– Grey fibres / WDM channels
• add-on services– Alternative routing, Specific routing, automatic protection,
various Service Level Agreements (SLAs)