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Chapter 1
The Systems Development in
an Organization Context
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Text Books
J.A.Hoffer, J.F.George & J.S.Valacich.
Modern Systems Analysis and Design,
6th edition, Prentice-Hall, 2011
J.L.Whitten, L.D.Bentley, & K.C.Dittman, \
Systems Analysis and Design Method,7thedition, McGraw-Hill, 2007
K.E.Kendall and J.E.Kendall.
Systems Analysis and Design,
8th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2010
A.Dennis, B.H.Wixom, and R.M.Roth,
System Analysis & Design,
5th Edition, John Wiley, 2012
G.B.Shelly, T.J.Cashman, and H.J.Rosenblatt,
Systems Analysis and Design,
7th Edition, CourseTech, 2007
J.W.Satzinger, R.B.Jackson, and S.D.Burd,Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World,
4th edition, Course Technology, 2006
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Your Objectives of SA&D Study
IS development methodology
Principle, idea, technique, tip, knowledge of SA
Data collection (user handling)
Case study, real case, prototype
Problem solving
Project management (configuration, risk, team, negotiation)
SA skill, systematic thinking, reengineering
Drawing diagram, tools, lead to programming
Outside classroom knowledge, application integration Pros & cons of organization
Documentation, pattern design, multidisciplinary4
Your Objects of M.Sc. Study
Better position, salary
Chance of work progress
Organization development
Get new vision
Certificate
Work connection
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Course Content
Fundamental of System Development
System Development Life CycleSystem Planning
System Analysis
System Design
System Implementation and Maintenance
Standard Sustainable System
Development
Management /People
Business Driven
Methodology ICT: InternetH/W, S/W
IS
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IS: Enterprise Applications
Kaizen (for SME)
++ Overall+Quality Control
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ERP: need (customer driven) innovation
using advance technologies
HR
Corporate social
responsibility
Financial
Financial performance
Operations
Outstanding commitment
to environment
Full services
Smart convergence
services (solution)
Marketing & sales
Excellent customer service
Outstanding customer service
Advance & extensive network
deployment
Filed market leadership
Network depth & reliability
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Content
Information systems analysis and design (SA&D)
Different types of information systems
Information Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Rapid Application Development (RAD), Prototyping,
Joint Application Development (JAD), and Computer
Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
Agile methodologies and eXtreme programming
Object Oriented Analysis and Design and RationalUnified Process (RUP)
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1. Introduction
Information Systems Analysis and Design
Complex organizational process
Used to develop and maintain computer-basedinformation systems
Used by a team of business and systemsprofessionals
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Introduction (Cont.)
An organizational approach to systems analysis and design is driven by
methodologies, techniques, and tools
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Modern Approach to SA&D
1950s: efficient automation of existing processes
1960s: 3GL, faster and reliable computers
1970s: system development, using engineeringdiscipline
1980s: 4GL, CASE tools, object oriented methods
1990s: system integration, GUI applications,
client/server platforms, Internet
The new century : Web application development,
wireless PDAs, component-based applications,
ubiquitous technology
(Charles Babbage)
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Modern Approach to SA&D (Cont.)
Application Software
Computer software designed
to support organizationalfunctions or processes
Systems Analyst
Organizational role most
responsible for analysis and
design of information
systems
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Systems Analyst as a Facilitator
Whitten 14
Knowledge and Skills of Systems Analyst
Knowledge
Information technology
Computer programming experience and expertise
General business knowledge
Skills
Problem-solving
Interpersonal communication
Interpersonal relations
Flexibility and adaptability
Character and ethics
Systems analysis and designWhitten
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2. Types of Information Systems and
Systems Development
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Automate handling of data about businessactivities (transactions)
Process orientation
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Converts raw data from transaction processing
system into meaningful form
Data orientation
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Types of Information Systems
and Systems Development (Cont.)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Designed to help decision makersProvides interactive environment for decision
making
Involves data warehouses, executive information
systems (EIS)
Database, model base, user dialogue
Expert Systems
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Types of Information Systems
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Summary of Information Systems Types
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3. Developing Information Systems
System Development Methodology is a
standard process followed in an organization to
conduct all the steps necessary to analyze,design, implement, and maintain information
systems
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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain, and replace information systems
Phases in SDLC:
Planning
Analysis
Design
ImplementationMaintenance
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Standard and Evolutionary Views of SDLC
FIGURE 1-3 Evolutionary modelFIGURE 1-2
The systems development life cycle
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Systems Development Life Cycle (Cont.)
Planning an organizations total information
system needs are identified, analyzed,prioritized, and arranged
Analysis system requirements are studied and
structured logical system specification (model)
Design a description of the recommended
solution is converted intophysical systemspecifications
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Systems Development Life Cycle (Cont.)
Logical design all functional features of the
system chosen for development in analysis are
described independently of any computerplatform
Physical design the logical specifications of
the system from logical design are transformed
into the technology-specific details from which
all programming and system construction can
be accomplished
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Logical Design
vs.
Physical Design
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Systems Development Life Cycle (Cont.)
Implementation the information system is
coded, tested, installed and supported in theorganization
Maintenance an information system is
systematically repaired and improved
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SDLC-based Guide to Hoffers Book
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4. Heart of the Systems Development Process
Current practice combines analysis, design, and implementation
into a single iterative and parallel process of activities
FIGURE 1-8
The heart of systems development
FIGURE 1-7
The analysisdesigncodetest loop
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Traditional Waterfall SDLC
One phase begins when
another completes, littlebacktracking and looping
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Problems with Waterfall Approach *
System requirements locked in after being
determined (can't change) Limited user involvement (only in
requirements phase)
Too much focus on milestone deadlines of
SDLC phases to the detriment of sound
development practices
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4.1 Different Approaches to Improving
Development
Prototyping
Computer-Aided Software Engineering(CASE) Tools
Joint Application Design (JAD)
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Agile Methodologies eXtreme Programming
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a) Prototyping *
Iterative development process
Requirements quickly converted to a workingsystem
System is continually revised
Close collaboration between users and analysts
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Prototyping (Cont.)
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3 4
5
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b) Computer-Aided Software Engineering
(CASE) Tools
Diagramming tools enablegraphical representation
Computer displays and report generators helpprototype how systems look and feel
Analysis tools automatically check forconsistency in diagrams, forms, and reports
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CASE Tools (Cont.)
Central repository for integrated storage of
diagrams, reports, and project management
specificationsDocumentation generators standardize
technical and user documentation
Code generators enable automatic generation
of programs and database code directly from
design documents, diagrams, forms, and
reports
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CASE Tools (Cont.)
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 38
c) Joint Application Design (JAD)
Structured process involving users,
analysts, and managers Several-day intensive workgroup sessions
Purposeto specify or review system
requirements
RAD: was developed by Chuck Morris of IBM Raleigh and
Tony Crawford of IBM Toronto in the late 1970's
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d) Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Methodology to radically decrease design
and implementation time
Involves: extensive user involvement,prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated
CASE tools, and code generators
FIGURE 1-11
RAD life cycle
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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
An approach to systems development
based on building complete systems
through assembling software components,each of which model generic business
functions
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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
(Cont.)
FIGURE 1-12
Illustration of a service, a credit check,
used by applications and other services
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e) Agile Methodology
Motivated by recognition of software
development as fluid, unpredictable, anddynamic
Three key principles
Adaptive rather than predictive
Emphasizepeople rather than roles
Self-adaptive processes
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The Agile
Methodologies group
argues that software
development
methodologies
adapted from
engineering generally
do not fit with real-
world softwaredevelopment.
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When to use Agile Methodologies
If your project involves:
Unpredictable or dynamic requirementsResponsible and motivated developers
Customers who understand the process and will get
involved
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f) eXtreme Programming
Short, incremental development cycles
Automated tests Two-person programming teams
Coding and testing operate together
Advantages:
Communication between developers
High level of productivity
High-quality code
by Kent Beck in the late 90s
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5. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
(OOAD)
Based on objects rather than data or processes
Object: a structure encapsulating attributes andbehaviors of a real-world entity
Object class: a logical grouping of objects
sharing the same attributes and behaviors
Inheritance: hierarchical arrangement of classes
enable subclasses to inherit properties of super-class
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Rational Unified Process (RUP)
An object-oriented systems development
methodology
RUP establishes 4 phases of development:inception, elaboration, construction, and
transition
Each phase is organized into a number of
separate iterations
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49Additional source: http://www-306.ibm.com/software/awdtools/rup/
FIGURE 1-13
Phases of OOSAD-based development
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Summary
Information systems analysis and design (SAD)
Different types of information systems
Information Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC)
Rapid Application Development (RAD),
Prototyping, Joint Application Development (JAD),
and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
Agile methodologies and eXtreme programming
Object Oriented Analysis and Design and theRational Unified Process (RUP)
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Questions and Answers
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Further Read
J.L.Whitten, L.D.Bentley, & K.C.Dittman, Systems Analysis
and Design Method, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007
K.E.Kendall and J.E.Kendall. Systems Analysis and Design,
6th
edition, Prentice-Hall, 2005 W.S.DavisBusiness Systems Analysis and Design,
Wadsworth, 1994
A. Dennis & et.al. System Analysis and Design, John Wiley,
2006
M.L. Gibson and C.T. Hughes. Systems Analysis and Design:
A Comprehensive Methodology with CASE, Boyd & Fraser,
1994
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Teamwork Assignment
Topic
Form a team of 10 students:
No, ID, name, email addresses (sort by ID)Mark * for a leader & ** for an auditor after ID
Email to: [email protected]
cc: all team members (to build a mailing list)
Subject: SA-N# (xxx) or SA-W# (xxx)
where # is a team no. & xxx is week-No(1..15) Submit
Date: (next week) one day before a class / Time: 1.00 p.m.
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Quiz 1
1.The __________________________ is thetraditional methodology used to develop,maintain, and replace information systems.
2.The first phase in the systems development lifecycle (SDLC) is _______.
3. ______________________________ is astructured process in which users, managers, andanalysts work together for several days in a seriesof intensive meetings to specify or review system
requirements.4. The output from the analysis phase is the
_____________________.
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Exercise
1 List & explain some of the problems with the
traditional waterfall SDLC.
2 Explain how prototype might be used as part ofSDLC.
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Enemy
Inadequate & unstable requirements
Inadequate customer communication
Poor team communication Unnecessary complexity
Ineffective team behavior
(OO project management using UML)