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Manajerial #1
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Aplikasi teori ekonomi dan alat
pengambilan keputusan untuk
mengetahui bagaimana organisasi
dapat mencapai tujuannya secara lebih
efektif.
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Managerial Decision Problems
Economic theory
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Decision Sciences
Mathematical Economics
Econometrics
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Application of economic theoryand decision science tools to solve
managerial decision problems
OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TOMANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS
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Managerial economics as an economics discipline
Macroeconomics
Economics
Microeconomics
International EconomicsRegional Economics
Money, finance, banking “Sector” economics
Labor economics
Economics of IT and EC
Managerial economics
Economic Development
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Economic optimisation
The value of the firm
Economic constraints
The role of managerial
economics in managerial
decision making
Managerial economics as
an economics discipline
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Product Price and Output
Make or Buy
Production Technique Stock Levels
Advertising Media and Intensity
Labor Hiring and Training
Investment and Financing
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masalah keputusan manajerial
Product price and output
Make or buy
Production technique
Internet strategy
Advertising media and intensity
Investment and financing
konsep ekonomi
Theory of consumer behaviour
Theory of firmTheory of market structures and
pricing
alat pengambilan keputusan
Numerical analysis
Statistical analysis
Forecasting
Game theory
Optimisation
ekonomi manajerial
Use of economics conceptsand decision making tools to
solve managerial decision
problems
Optimal solutions
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The Process of decision-making
Mengidentifikasi tujuan
Mendefinisikan masalah
Mengidentifikasi kemungkinan solusi
Memilih kemungkinan solusi terbaik
Mengimplementasikan keputusan
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Theory of the firm
• Teori yang mengindikasikan bagaimana
perusahaan berperilaku dan apa tujuan mereka
• Mengkombinasikan dan mengorganisasikan
sumberdaya untuk tujuan produksi barang dan jasauntuk perdagangan menginternalisasi transaksi,
dan mengurangi biaya transaksi
• Tujuan utama adalah memaksimisasi kesejahteraan
atau nilai perusahaan
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Expected Value Maximization Pemilik-manajer memaksimasi profit jangka pendek Tujuan utama jangka panjang adalah maksimisasi expected-
value
Constraints and the Theory of the Firm Kendala sumberdaya. Kendala sosial
Limitations of the Theory of the Firm Teori alternatif menambah persepsi
Kompetisi mendorong efisiensi Pengambilalihan membuat manajer tidak efisien
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The present value of all expected future profits
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Sales maximization Adequate rate of profit
Management utility maximization Principle-agent problem
Satisficing behavior1. Profit
2. Market share
3. Revenue growth
4. Return on investment
5. Technology
6. Customer satisfaction
7. Shareholder value
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Non-economic Objectives:
1. “A good place for our employees to work”
2. “Provide good products/services to ourcustomers”
3. “Act as a good citizen in our society”
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Business Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit oraccounting costs of production.
Economic Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit
and implicit costs of production.
Opportunity Cost: Implicit value of a resource in its
best alternative use.
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Profit merupakan signal untuk menunjukkan alokasisumberdaya
Profit yang tinggi dalam industri merupakan sinyalbahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih dari yang
diproduksi industriProfit negatif atau rendah memberikan sinyal bahwa
pembeli menginginkan lebih sedikit dibandingkan
yang diproduksi industri
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Risk-Bearing Theories of Profit
Frictional Theory of Profit
Monopoly Theory of Profit
Innovation Theory of ProfitManagerial Efficiency Theory of Profit
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Nilai marjinal
• Nilai marjinal dari variabel dependen adalah perubahan
variabel dependen akibat perubahan 1 unit variabel
independen
• Maksimisasi muncul jika marjinal berubah dari positif
menjadi negatif
• Jika marjinal di atas rata-rata, maka rata-rata akan
menaik dan sebaliknya
• Marjinal merupakan derivasi dari nilai total
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Poin utama
The dependent variable is maximized when itsmarginal value shifts from positive to negative
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hubungan antara output dan profit
perusahaan bejo
OUTPUT TOTAL MARGINAL AVERAGE
PER DAY PROFIT PROFIT PROFIT
0 0
1 100 100 100.0
2 250 150 125.0
3 600 350 200.0
4 1000 400 250.0
5 1350 350 270.0
6 1500 150 250.0
7 1550 50 221.4
8 1500 -50 187.5
9 1400 -100 155.6
10 1200 -200 120.0
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Total marginal and average profit Bejo Corporation
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 5 10 15
OUTPUT PER DAY
P R O
F I T
TOTAL
PROFIT
MARGINAL
PROFIT
AVERAGE
PROFIT
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Marginal v. Incremental Concept Marginal relates to one unit of output. Incremental relates to one managerial
decision.
Multiple units of output is possible. Incremental Profits
Profits tied to a managerial decision.
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pilih alternatif yang menghasilkan hasil yang
konsisten dengan tujuan manajerial
Apa tujuan utama manajerial?
Tergantung struktur kepemilikan
Profit maximisation?
Sales/revenue maximisation?
The value of the firm
maximisation?
Profit per employee
maximisation?
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Limited resourses
Labour
Capital
Finance
Raw materials
Environment
Limited capacity of market
Demand
Choice/Opportunity cost
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Mengapa perusahaan ada? Bisnis berguna untuk memberikan kepuasan bagi konsumen Bisnis memberikan kontribusi terhadap kesejahteraan sosial
Social Responsibility of Business Melayani pelanggan Menyediakan lapangan kerja Mematuhi aturan dan regulasi
perlu adanya etika bisnis
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Globalization of Economic ActivityGoods and Services
Capital
Technology
Skilled Labor
Technological Change
Telecommunications Advances
The Internet and the World Wide Web