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- . . . . . . - . . . , , - Smart - . - , . - . . - (CRT) (LCDs) Inkjet - . . 0 1 - . Kilobyte (KB): Megabyte (MB): Gigabyte (GB): Terabyte (TB): bytes Petabyte (PB): bytes - : , , . : ,

Random Access Memory (RAM) / Read-Only Memory (ROM) ( ) firmware Floppy Disks ()- Hard Disk Drives ( )- . . 6 100 , , backup 3. . : , , () , . . . ( Microsoft ffice ) - , ; , , . - () () - Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)- - - , , - - - . .: , ,, - - (Microsoft Office, Adobe CS ) :- - (GUI graphical user interface)- :- - (bloatware)Web Browsers ()- . ,E-mail, , , () - (Google, Yahoo!, Nabu, Najdi, Lycos). , .Word Processing ( )-, , (: Microsoft Word, Open Office Writer)Desktop Publishing ( )- (: Adobe PageMaker) : , , (), , (. - )Groupware- , , , (: Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Exchange) - . , . . . -: , ,rademark,Trade secrets. , . CPU. /, , . . :- Resource Management File Management Task Management1. - . : , (, , , )2.Resource Management- . :CPU, , , , / . . 3.File Management- , . . 4.Task Management- . . . - - (multi-tasking) 1.Windows-Windows Microsoft , , a . Microsoft , DOS (" "), - . , " " . , DOS IBM PC, Microsoft . 2.UNIX-Unix . , (multitasking) . Unix . , , &.3.LINUX- ( /) 1991, , . , , . , e / . 300 /. . Unix Microsoft Windows, IBM Hewlett-Packard. , , . (Open-Source software) - , - . (), . , : . . .4. . () . , . . . , . . , ., , . - , . . : - , - , - , - - . . , ?. , . . , . , .- . , , .- , . . - , .- , ., . . . . : . . . - , , . , , . . - - . , . . . - . . . . , , .High-Level Languages - . . . . Fourth-Generation Languages- , . ; , . - . (5GLs). - - .: , . . - .: Web HTML - , XML - , Java - - , ( ).Java applets . Assembler- Compiler - Interpreter - , , () 5. . . (, ) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ( ) WAN (Wide Area Network) Hardware ( , , )Software ( ) , . .Bus - , . - LAN . . . - . . . - . () . VAN LAN . . ( ) ()- , ,: , () , . - ., . Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)- . , TCP/IP HTTP, FTP. IP- firewall . ( ) - . , , , . :- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) or XML - - - - , - . ? - LAN,WAN MAN TCP/IP , web E-mail: Telnet: () (remote login) Chatting WWW (World Wide Web): , (, , ) : WAIS: ? () ()

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