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Introduction to Nuclear
Engineering
Mahmoud Dorrah 1
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Lecturer’s CV …
Mahmoud Dorrah
01271330630
1. B.Ch. Medicine & General Surgery 1!!".
#. B.Sc. Nuclear Engineering #$$#.
". %ilo'a o( )ediatrics #$$".
*. M.Sc. Biohysics #$$+.
,. )h.%. Nuclear & -adiation Engineering#$1*.
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Course Contents
• Nuclear Stability & Decay
• Nuclear Reactions
• Radiation & Protection
•
Nuclear Fission• Nuclear Reactor & Production of Nuclear Energy
• Reactor Safety
• Nuclear Fuel Cycle
•
Nuclear astes• Nuclear Fusion
• !""lications of Radiation
• #ealth Physics
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Nuclear %ecay
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• 'he mass of a nucleus asdetermined e("erimentally is
slightly smaller than the sumof masses of its constituentelementary "articles)
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• For e(am"le ,ridium-1.1 nucleus ismade u" of ++ "rotons and 11%neutrons)
• 'herefore/ the combined mass of theelementary "articles is gi0en by
M 3 m" 4 N mn
++ 51)66+2+*%+7 4 11% 51)668**617
1.2)%86..$$ u
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• 'he true mass of 1.1,r nucleus is1.6).18$$.$$ amu/
•
'hat9s it is 1)*2.+* amu : thecombined mass of its elementary"articles 51.2)%86..$$ amu7)
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• 'he reason for this decrease inmass is that on fusion of "rotons
and neutrons to form thenucleus/ a gi0en amount ofenergy is released)
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• !ccording to Einstein;s e
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• 'he released energy is "roducedby con0ersion of some of the
total mass of the nucleus intoenergy 5Mass %e(ect7)
• 'he energy released by
combining neutrons and "rotonsto ma@e a nucleus is called the5Binding Energy3.
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Binding Energy er
Nucleon
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• Ma(imum Binding Energy erNucleon occurs at ,45e)
•
So/ 5usion of nuclei =ith ! : *increases the binding energy "ernucleon)
•
5ission of nuclei =ith ! A *increases the binding energy ernucleon)
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• ,ncrease Binding Energy erNucleon means a more stablenucleus)
• ,t also means the release of someenergy)
•
'his is the basis of generatingnuclear energy by 5usion or5ission)
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Nuclear %ecay
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Nuclear %ecay
• ! nucleus tends to attaingreatest "ossible binding energy
"er nucleon)• 'herefore/ a nucleus tends to
decay by a gi0en mode if the
binding energy "er nucleon ofthe "roducts is greater than itsbinding energy "er nucleon)
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• i)e)/ a nucleus tends to decayby a "articular mode if its
'ass is 6 the su' o( the'asses o( the roductsformed by that decay mode)
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• 'his means that nuclei =ith!AA166 are unstable to=ards
s"ontaneous ssion into t=onuclei of a""ro(imately halfits mass)
• !lso/ nuclei =ith !A1%6 tendto decay by emission)
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• !t 3:26/ the numbers of"rotons and neutrons are
a""ro(imately e
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• 'he Valley o( Sta7ilityre"resents the most
energetically fa0orable nuclides)• i)e)/ it is the combination of
neutrons and "rotons that yields
the highest binding energy "ernucleon)
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• E(cess neutrons at high massnumbers can be e("lained by
that the more "rotons "ac@edtogether in a nucleus/ thehigher the Columbic re"ulsion
5i)e) the lo=er the bindingenergy7)
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• 'herefore more neutrons areneeded to increase the
se"aration distance of the"rotons to decrease Columbicre"ulsion 5,n0erse S
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• For nuclides of lo= !/ greateststability is achie0ed =hen 3
N)• #o=e0er/ as ! increases/ the
stable NG3 ratio increases to 1)/ i)e) a larger number ofneutrons are needed to
maintain stability)Mahmoud Dorrah $%
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• 8hy i( the nu'7er o(neutrons is increased
7eyond N9: / 1., thenucleus ;ill 7e lesssta7le <
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• ,t follo=s that nuclides/ =hichlie a=ay from the H?alley of
StabilityI/ =ill be unsta7le/and tend to decay to=ardsthe HValley o( Sta7ilityI)
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=lha 0>3 %ecay
• !t masses 5!7 A 1%6/ many nuclidesmay decay by al"ha 57 emissiondue to the strong Columbic
re"ulsion bet=een the large numberof "rotons)
• - "articles are made u" of 2
"rotons and 2 neutrons 532/ N27)• i)e) - "article is a %#e nucleus)
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• !tomic Number 537 is decreasedby 2)
•
'he number of neutrons 5N7 isdecreased by 2)
• 'he !tomic Mass 5!7 is
decreased by %)
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).(4242. EnergyQ HeY X A Z Decay A Z ++ → −−α
%$
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α +→
+→
ThU
Or
HeThU
234
90
238
92
4
2
234
90
238
92
%%
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Negati?e Beta 0@A3%ecay
• Nuclei =ith e(cess number ofNeutrons can decay by negati0e
Beta decay 5JK7)• ! Neutron is con0erted into a
Proton =ith the emission of a
negati0e charge 5JK7 "article)• 5JK7 "article is actually an electron)
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• !tomic Number 537 is increasedby 5417)
•
'he number of Neutrons 5N7 isdecreased by 1)
• 'he !tomic Mass 5!7 remains
constant)
n → p + @-
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).(011.
EnergyQY X A
Z
Decay A
Z ++ → −+
−
β β
%.
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)ositi?e Beta 0@3%ecay
• Nuclei =ith e(cess number of Protonscan decay by "ositi0e beta 5J47
decay)• ! Proton is con0erted into a Neutron
=ith the emission of a "ositi0elycharged 5J47 "article)
• 5J47 "article is called a 5)ositron7)
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• !tomic Number 537 is decreasedby 1)
•
'he number of neutrons 5N7 isincreased by 1)
• 'he !tomic Mass 5!7 remains
constant)
→ n + +@Mahmoud Dorrah
).(011.
EnergyQY X A
Z
Decay A
Z ++ → +−
+
β β
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Electron Cature 0E.C.3
• Nuclei =ith e(cess number ofProtons can decay by ca"ture
of an orbital electron)• ! Proton is con0erted into a
Neutron)
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• !tomic Number 537 is decreased by 1)
• 'he number of neutrons 5N7 isincreased by 1)
• 'he !tomic Mass 5!7 remains constant)
e → n
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Y e X A Z Capture Electron A
Z 1
.
−
− → +
+
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Sontaneous 5ission
•*Fe has the highest bindingenergy)
•
Nuclides =ith ! A * ha0e lo=erbinding energies "er nucleon
• 'hose =ith ! AA 2 ( * tend to
s"lit into t=o nuclides5S"ontaneous Fission7 =ith therelease of some neutrons and
gamma "hotons)Mahmoud Dorrah .
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).()(
)(.
EnergyQniY Z X
i A A
Z Z
A
Z
FissionSpont A
Z +++ →
+′−
′−
′
′
*6
S i i
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Sontaneous 5ission
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By the ;ay ….. DDD
Induced 5ission
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Neutron Induced 5ission
• ,t is not a 'ode on nucleardecay/ as it is articially induced)
• Some nuclei/ such as 2$>/ 2$8>/ and2$.Pu can be induced to ssion ifthey are bombarded by neutrons)
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• 'he ssion "roducts are not e(actlye
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)hoton Induced 5ission 0)hoto
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)hoton Induced 5ission 0)hoto5ission3
• !gain/ it is not a 'ode on nucleardecay/ as it is articially induced)
• Some nuclei/ such as 2$>/ 2$8>/ and2$.Pu can be induced to ssion if theyare bombarded by an energetic"hoton)
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• 'he ssion "roducts are not e(actlye
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Ga''a 5ission -eaction
*.
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شكر
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