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Unit 6 Chemical Reactions1. Parts of a Chemical Reaction2. Indicators of a Chemical Reaction3. Enthalpy4. Balancing Chemical Equations5. Word Equations6. Classifying Chemical Reactions7. Predicting Products
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1. Parts of Chemical Reactions• Can you think of any chemical reactions that occur naturally?• Photosynthesis• Respiration• Corrosion• Acid Rain• Fermentation• Combustion
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How to read a chemical equation
reactants products
• Reactants are on the left and products are on the right
• Subscripts tell how many atoms of each type of element are in the substance
• Coefficients show how many particles of each type of substance are needed for the reaction to take place
• “→” reaction taking place• “+” is used to separate reactant (and product)
substances from each other
2 H2(g) + O2(g)→ 2 H2O(g)
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Subscripts: H2O = H2O1
A water molecule is made up of two hydrogens and one oxygen
Coefficients: 3H2OThere are three water molecules
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Abbreviations of State• (g) gas• (l) liquid• (s) solid• (aq) aqueous – a substance dissolved in
water
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2. Indicators of Chemical Rxns• evolution of a gas• Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)• change in colour• FeCl3(aq) + 3KSCN(aq) Fe(SCN)3(aq) + 3KCl(aq)• formation of a solid• Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)• odour• FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2S(g) + FeCl2(aq)• temperature change in the surroundings• NH4SCN + Ba(OH)2 + energy • NH3 + H2O + Ba(SCN)2
14 KMnO4 + 4 C3H5(OH)3 > 7 K2CO3 + 7 Mn2O3 + 5 CO2 + 16 H2O + HEAT
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3. Enthalpy
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Energy Changes in Reactions• When a chemical reaction occurs, energy (in the
form of heat) must be absorbed in order for reactant bonds to break
• Once reactant bonds are broken, product bonds form and energy is released
• 2 outcomes:• The amount absorbed is more than the amount
released = heat is needed for reaction• The amount released is more than the amount
absorbed = heat is given off in the reactionhttp://www.media.pearson.com.au/schools/cw/au_sch_derry_ibcsl_1/int/bonds/0911.html
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Energy needed (absorbed)for this reactioncalled anENDOTHERMICreaction
Energy released for this reactioncalled an EXOTHERMICreaction
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Enthalpy (heat of reaction) H• The change in Enthalpy (ΔH) is the energy
difference between the reactants and the products, found by
• Product Energy – Reactant Energy• For an Endothermic reaction: • product energy reactant energy = positive #, so ΔH is positive• For an Exothermic reaction: • product energy reactant energy = negative #, so ΔH is a negative
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Endothermic Reaction• Endothermic reactiona reaction in which heat is
absorbed • The products are higher in energy than the reactants
• 2NH4SCN(s) + Ba(OH)2(s) → Ba(SCN)2(aq) + 2H2O + 2NH3(l)
• Is heat a product or a reactant (Was the reaction warmer before or after the reaction?)
• heat + 2NH4SCN(s) + Ba(OH)2(s) → Ba(SCN)2(aq) + 2H2O + 2NH3(l)
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Exothermic Reaction• Exothermic reactiona reaction in which heat is
released• The products are lower in energy than the
reactants• 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)••• Is heat a product or a reactant (Was the reaction
warmer before or after the reaction?)• 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFG4Yr7lQzw
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Summary• There are two ways to show an endothermic
reaction in a chemical equation:• 2N2 + O2 + 58kJ 2N2O
• 2N2 + O2 2N2O ΔH = +58kJ
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• There are two ways to show an exothermic reaction in a chemical equation:
1. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 102kJ
2. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = 102kJ
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/HeatConversions.htm
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HOMEWORK:Hebden p.121122 #7080
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4. Balancing Chemical Equations
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Parts of an Equation:
2Ag + H2S Ag2S + H2
ProductReactant
Reaction symbol
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Reactant • The chemical(s) you start with before the reaction.
Product• The new chemical(s) formed by the reaction.
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Subscript• In a chemical equation, the number that shows how many atoms of an element are in a specific molecule.
H2OThere are two atoms of hydrogen in this water molecule
There is one atom of oxygen in this water molecule
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Coefficient • In a chemical equation, the number that shows how many molecules there are of this chemical.
3 H2O
There are three molecules of water
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A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms on both sides of the equation.
4 Aluminum6 Oxygen
4 Aluminum6 Oxygen
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
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Balancing Rules • Matter can never be created nor destroyed.• A subscript can never be added, removed or changed.• You may change only the coefficients in the equation.• You must end up with the same number and type of atoms on the reactant and product sides of the equation. • Generally, balance main elements first, then try hydrogens, then try oxygens
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H2 + O2 H2O
Reactants Products
Hydrogen
Oxygen
** Balancing Demo
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You try! – use a tally if needed!
C + O2 CO2
Fe + O2
N2O N2 + O2
Fe + O2 Fe2O3
Fe
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You try! – use a tally if needed!
C + O2 CO2
Fe + O2
N2O N2 + O2
2 22 2
Fe + O2 Fe2O33 24
Already balanced! Write in “1’s” or write the word “Balanced”1 1 1
Fe
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Balance this… C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O
C4H10 + O2 4CO2 + H2O
C4H10 + O2 4CO2 + 5H2O
C4H10 + 6.5O2 4CO2 + 5H2OBut we can’t have a decimal coefficient so multiply by 2
2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
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Polyatomic Ions• If you have the same polyatomic ion on both sides of the equation, balance the whole polyatomic rather than each element in the polyatomic….see below Na2SO4 + Al(NO3)3 NaNO3 + Al2(SO4)3
3Na2SO4 + Al(NO3)3 NaNO3 + Al2(SO4)3
3Na2SO4 + Al(NO3)3 6NaNO3 + Al2(SO4)3
3Na2SO4 + 2Al(NO3)3 6NaNO3 + Al2(SO4)3
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PRACTICE PROBLEMSBALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Balance the following chemical equations. The answers are found on the next slide.
1. __Na2SO4(aq) + __BaCl2(aq) → __BaSO4(s) + __NaCl(aq)
2. __Al(s) + __H2SO4(aq) →__Al2(SO4)3(aq) + __H2(g)
3. __NO2(g) + __H2O(l) + __O2(g) → __HNO3(aq)
4. __Al(s) + __HCl(aq) → __AlCl3(aq) + __H2(g)
5. __C3H8(g) + __O2(g) → __CO2(g) + __H2O(g)
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BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Answers1. __Na2SO4(aq) +__BaCl2(aq) → _BaSO4(s) + _2_NaCl(aq)
2. _2_Al(s) + _3_H2SO4(aq) → __Al2(SO4)3(aq) + _3_H2(g)
3. _4_NO2(g) + _2_H2O(l) + __O2(g) → _4_HNO3(aq)
4. _2_Al(s) + _6_HCl(aq) → _2_AlCl3(aq) + _3_H2(g)
5. __C3H8(g) + _5_O2(g) → _3_CO2(g) + _4_H2O(g)
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HOMEWORK:Balancing Chemical Equations IWorksheet
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5. Word Equations• we must be able to build balanced
formula equations from word equations• hints: keep in mind that seven elements
naturally occur as diatomic molecules:• H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
• acids can be found on the back of periodic table
• ammonia is the common name for NH3
• yields is another word for produces
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Examplehydrogen and nitrogen yields ammonia
H2 + N2 NH3
Now balance:
3H2 + N2 2NH3
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Al2(SO4)3 + 2H3PO4 2AlPO4 + 3H2SO4
Another…aluminum sulphate + phosphoric acid yields aluminum phosphate + sulfuric acid
Al2(SO4)3 + H3PO4
Balance…
AlPO4 + H2SO4
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HOMEWORK:Balancing Chemical Equations IIWorksheet
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6. Classifying Chemical Reactions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tE4668aarck
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Classifying Types of Chemical Reactions
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Six types of chemical reactions. Classified according to patterns of reactants & products Study pattern to predict products • Synthesis – combining 2 (or more) substances into 1 can start with elements or compounds follow rules for writing formulas for product
E.g. 2Na + Cl2 à 2NaCl
2. Decomposition – 1 substance breaking down into 2 (or more)
products are elements or simpler compounds
E.g. 2H2O à 2H2 + O2
http://www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/Chapter5MolesMolarityReaction_Types/Chapter5Animations/Synthesis.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftw7a5ccubs
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• Single Replacement – element reacts with compound single element replaces one element in compound metal replaces metal, nonmetal replaces nonmetal
e.g. Fe + CuSO4 à FeSO4 + Cu
Cl2 + 2KBr à 2KCl + Br2http://www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/Chapter5MolesMolarityReaction_Types/Chapter5Animations/SingleDisp_ReactionMetalToMetal.html
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• Double Replacement – 2 compounds switch partners 2 elements replace each other new compounds will be ionic (+ ion/ion) follow formula writing rules
e.g. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 à CaCO3 + 2NaCl
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• AcidBase Neutralization (special kind of Double Replacement) H+ from acid and OH from base neutralize to form H2O Acid + Base à Salt + Water
e.g. HBr + LiOH à LiBr + HOH (H2O)
• Combustion burning of hydrocarbons always requires oxygen gas products are always CO2 and H2O
e.g. CH4 + 2O2 à CO2 + 2H2O
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HOMEWORK:Classifying ReactionsWorksheet
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Math/TypreofChemicalRxns.htm5 videos below
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7. Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions
• We have many tools in our tool belt. • We can: make formulas from names• balance equations• give reaction types for different reactions• Now we’ll use these tools to build reactions and predict the products!
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Predict the products: Ca(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3 ?
Step 1: Determine the reaction type using only the reactants.i.e. Is this synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, neutralization, combustion?
The reactants are both compounds, but there is no acid present, therefore the type is…..
DOUBLE REPLACEMENT!
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Step 3: Balance the equation
3Ca(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3 3CaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3
Ca(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3
Step 2: Build the products using ion charges
Ca + Al SO4 ( )3OH
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• 2H2 + O2
• 2NaCl
• 2C2H2 + 5O2
• H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Try these…(use the 3 steps)
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• 2H2 + O2 2H2O
• 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2
• 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
• H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
Try these…(use the 3 steps)
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Predicting Single Replacement• If you have reactants composed of a single
element reacting with a compound, you most likely have a single replacement reaction
• There are two outcomes to a single replacement reaction:
• The reaction proceeds as you would predict• The reaction will not occur
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• Some elements are more reactive than others• If a more reactive element is replacing a less
reactive element in a compound, the reaction WILL proceed
• If a less reactive element is attempting to replace a more reactive element in a compound, the reaction WILL NOT occur• We have a reactivity list called an ACTIVITY
SERIES
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Activity Series• Lithium most active• Potassium• Calcium• Sodium• Magnesium• Aluminum• Zinc• Chromium• Iron• Nickel• Tin• Lead• Hydrogen• Copper• Silver• Mercury• Platinum• Gold least active
• Fluorine• Chlorine• Bromine• Iodine
Metals Nonmetals
An element higher on the list will replace an element lower on the list in a single replacement reaction.NOTE: separate lists for metals & nonmetals
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• Al + NiCl2
• Pb + LiBr
• F2 + CaCl2
Br2 + AICI3
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• 2Al + 3NiCl2 2AlCl3 + 3Ni
• Pb + LiBr no rxn
F2 + CaCl2 Cl2 + CaF2
Br2 + AICI3 no rxn
Try these…
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HOMEWORK:1. Classifying & PredictingWorksheet2. Activity Series Worksheet