Download - 100406044 - Shasya Agita
PERENCANAAN KOTA
unsur perencanaan kota
O
L
E
H
SHASYA AGITA E
100406044
(email : [email protected])
DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan yang Maha Esa karena berkat dan
rahmat-Nya paper ini dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.
Adapun paper ini merupakan bagian dari tugas mata kuliah Perencanaan Kota yang
akan membahas unsur perencanaan sbeberapa kota di dunia di bidang transportasinya.
Dalam penyusunannya, kami menyadari bahwa paper ini masih jauh dari
kesempurnaan. Oleh sebab itu, kami memohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya untuk
kesalahan-kesalahan yang terdapat dalam paper ini. Kami juga menerima kritik dan saran
dari para pembaca agar dapat menjadi pembelajaran bagi kami untuk menghasilkan
tulisan yang lebih baik lagi kedepannya.
Demikian karya tulis ini kami sampaikan. Kiranya dapat bermanfaat bagi para
pembaca sekalian. Atas perhatian Pembaca, kami mengucapkan terima kasih.
Medan, November 2012,
Penulis
BAB I
Pendahuluan
Kota adalah tempat kita tinggal. Kota menyediakan berbagai kebutuhan kita:
sandang, pangan, dan papan. Kota sebagai sebuah fenomena ”urban” memberikan kita
lingkungan sosial budaya dan ekonomi yang sangat menentukan preferensi dan perilaku
kita. Dan dalam sebuah kota, tentu terdapat banyak aspek di dalamnya, seperti
transportasi, pedestrian, tata guna lahan, perumahan, kawasan komersil, industri, utilitas
kota, dll.
Di bangku kuliah kita berdiskusi tentang perencanaan kota atau city planning, bukan
urban planning. Terlihat ada dua kecenderungan yang dibawa oleh perbedaan
pemahaman antara kedua istilah tersebut. Pertama, city planning melihat kota secara
analitis, dibagi menurut komponen-komponennya: fisik geografis, tata guna lahan, sosial
ekonomi, sosial budaya, dan kelembagaan. Sementara itu, urban planning memiliki makna
yang dalam yang diamati secara empiris, seperti pola kehidupan masyarakat, protes
sosial, organisasi, dan pemerintahan.
Ketika menerjemahkan perencanaan kota sebagai city planning, cara pandang
perencana menjadi bersifat mekanis dan analitis. Justru yang berlangsung saat ini adalah
hal yang sebutkan tersebut. Terbukti dari rencana kota menjadi dokumen yang dibuat oleh
”para ahli” yang memetakan kebutuhan masyarakat atas lahan dan pengaturan ruang.
Seluruhnya disusun dengan menggunakan pedoman yang dianggap sebagai kitab suci.
Kerangka rencana dibuat menurut pedoman tersebut, tinggal isinya yang dilengkapi. Isi
yang dilengkapi tersebut disusun dengan menggunakan metode perencanaan yang
sifatnya analitis: formula yang generik diaplikasikan untuk memproyeksikan pertumbuhan
dan jumlah penduduk. Parameter kuantitas penduduk ini digunakan untuk
mengestimasikan kebutuhan terhadap ruang maupun komponen-komponennya, seperti
infrastruktur sampah, air bersih, sekolah, rumah sakit, dll.
Berbeda dengan standar, pedoman disusun dengan memberikan keleluasaan yang
lebih besar kepada seseorang atau dalam hal perencana untuk menggali permasalahan di
lapangan dan menyusun rekomendasi. Pedoman hanya memberikan kerangka, bukan
menetapkan urutan langkah atau hasil-hasil yang akan dicapai. Hal ini berbeda dengan
kegiatan di bidang konstruksi bangunan dan jalan yang objeknya memiliki parameter-
parameter yang dapat dikendalikan dengan mudah. Sementara itu, objek dalam tata ruang
bukanlah ruang persegi, melainkan warga kota.
BAB II
TEORI
Memahami unsur-unsur perencanaan merupakan keharusan untuk menghindari
kesalahan yang tidak perlu terjadi. Unsur-unsur perencanaan adalah keadaan yang dapat
mempengaruhi hasil perencanaan. Keadaan-keadaan itu dapat berwujud peraturan dan
persyaratan formal yang berlaku atau keadaan pada tanah setempat yang terjadi secara
alami.
Keadaan yang merupakan unsur perencanaan dapat di golongkan atas tiga jenis :
1. Keadaan tanah setempat
Sebagaimana diketahui, situasi dan kondisi tanah di setiap tempat tidak selalu
sama. Pertama-tama harus dilihat unsur-unsur perencanaan formal yang berupa
peraturan dan persyaratan yang berlaku pada tanah setempat. Dalam peraturan dan
persyaratan yang berlaku pada tanah setempat yang tercakup bentuk dan jenis
bangunan yang boleh didirikan, garis-garis bangunan dan jalan yang mengatur tata
letak bangunan yang baik, teratur, dan terencana pada suatu wilayah sesuai dengan
norma-norma pembangunan kota.
Untuk mengetahui peraturan dan persyaratan formal yang berlaku, dapat di tempuh
dengan cara sebagai berikut : Pertama-tama mengajukan permohonan pengukuran dan
pemetaan persil tanah yang di miliki pada Dinas Tata Kota setempat. Kemudian
berdasarkan hasil pengukuran pengukuran dan pemetaan itu diajukan permohonan
keterangan rencana (advise planning) pada Dinas Tata Kota setempat. Keterangan
teknis lebih lanjut bisa didapat dari Dinas Pembangunan Pengawasan Kota setempat.
Peta situasi, keterangan rencana dan peraturan/persyaratan formal tersebut
merupakan pedoman dasar dalam perencanaan. Akan tetapi agar diketahui unsur-
unsur perencanaan yang lebih jelas dan lengkap, perlu di adakan penelitian secara
langsung pada persil tanah setempat.
Dengan penelitian langsung pada persil tanah setempat akan di ketahui lebih jelas
keadaan yang terjadi secara alamiah, misalnya :
1. Perbedaan tinggi rendahnya tanah
2. Kekerasan/kepadatan tanah
3. Kecepatan dan arah aliran udara
4. Kebisingan dan frekuensi lalu lintas
5. Tumbuh-tumbuhan/pohon yang ada di sekitar persil
Hasil penelitian keadaan tanah setempat merupakan data yang sangat penting
dalam perencanaan, sebab : Dengan diketahui perbedaan tinggi rendahnya permukaan
tanah, maka akan dapat ditetapkan tinggi lantai bangunan dari permukaan tanah yang
aman dari banjir dan bersifat ekonomis. Selain itu tinggi rendahnya permukaan tanah
(contour) dapat di manfaatkan dalam segi keindahan, misalnya pertamanan, kolam, dan
lain-lain. Kekerasan/kepadatan tanah sangat penting dari segi teknis untuk menetapkan
jenis dan tipe pondasi yang akan dipergunakan.
Kecepatan dan arah aliran udara perlu diketahui untuk menetapkan ukuran
pembukaan (lubang angin atau ventilasi, pintu dan jendela) sehingga ruangan memiliki
sirkulasi udara yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan (tidak terlampau kecil atau besar). Data
tentang kebisingan dan frekuensi lalu lintas perlu sebagai dasar untuk mengatur tata
letak ruangan dan penggunaan jenis bahan bangunan yang kedap suara, sehingga
ruangan yang memerlukan suasana tenang dapat terwujud.
Pohon dan tumbuh-tumbuhan mempunyai arti serta manfaat yang besar dalam
kehidupan manusia, oleh karena tumbuh-tumbuhan dapat berfungsi sebagai :
1. Pelindung manusia/bangunan dari panas matahari
2. Mencegah dan mengurangi aliran angin besar
3. Mencegah dan mengurangi suara bising
4. Menyerap debu dan kotoran
5. Memproduksi zat asam pada siang hari yang diperlukan untuk kehidupan manusia
6. Mengatur dan melindungi tata air tanah
7. Mencegah erosi dan tanah longsor
8. Menyejukkan udara dan memperindah pemandangan
Melihat fungsi pohon dan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang besar serta luas, maka data
tentang ada atau tidaknya pohon pada persil tanah sangat penting. Seandainya pada
persil tanah telah ada pohon dan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang sehat dan masih cukup
muda, sebaiknya dimanfaatkan untuk fungsi-fungsi tersebut. Dan seandainya pada
persil tanah tidak terdapat pohon/tumbuh-tumbuhan, maka dalam perencanaan harus
direncankan tempat untuk pohon/tumbuh-tumbuhan.
2. Keadaan iklim setempat
Dalam kehidupan kita diperlukan kondisi iklim yang cocok agar kita dapat
tidur/istirahat atau bekerja dengan nyaman. Sebab iklim yang tidak cocok dengan tubuh
kita, misalnya temperatur udara terlampau panas atau terlampau dingin, akan
mempengaruhi keadaan mental dan fisik kita.
Kondisi iklim yang nyaman (comfort) paling tidak bisa terdapat dalam rumah tinggal
sebagai lingkungan kehidupan yang terdekat dengan kehidupan kita sehari-hari. Iklim
yang nyaman (comfort) dipengaruhi oleh factor-faktor sebagai berikut :
1. Temperatur udara
2. Kelembaban
3. Peredaran udara
4. Radiasi panas
Temperatur dan kelembaban udara secara langsung mempengaruhi perasaan
nyaman pada tubuh. Disamping itu peredaran udara dan panas juga akan
mempengaruhi perasaan nyaman.
Sesuai dengan tujuan perencanaan yang lengkap dan sempurna, maka faktor iklim
harus diperhatikan. Sebab perencanaan tanpa memperhatikan faktor-faktor iklim
setempat mungkin dapat menghasilkan suatu bangunan rumah yang indah tetapi tidak
nyaman (comfort) untuk di tempati.
3. Orientasi tanah setempat
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian situasi/kondisi dan iklim pada persil tanah setempat
serta peraturan dan persyaratan yang berlaku, maka akan tersusun data yang spesifik.
Data ini merupakan pedoman dasar dalam perencanaan bangunan rumah yang
memenuhi persyaratan kesehatan, kekuatan, kenyamanan dan keindahan.
Proses selanjutnya dalam perencanaan bangunan rumah setelah data lapangan
terkumpul adalah :
Orientasi persil tanah
Orientasi persil tanah terhadap peredaran sinar matahari telah diketahui sejak
didapat keterangan rencana yang resmi. Orientasi persil tanah ini penting untuk
menetapkan orientasi bangunan yang akan didirikan di atasnya. Keterangan tentang
orientasi persil tanah ini menentukan arah mana tampak muka bangunan harus
menghadap. Dan selanjutnya, setelah diketahui ke arah mana tampak muka
bangunan harus mengahadap, perencanaan diteruskan dengan pengaturan ruang
menurut kebutuhan.
Orientasi bangunan terhadap sinar matahari
Sebaiknya bangunan di orientasikan ke arah utara/selatan agar sebagian besar
ruang-ruang tidak menghadap matahari. Sebab sudut datang sinar matahari di
Indonesia relatif kecil, sehingga akan memanaskan ruangan di dalam bangunan.
Dan perlu di ingat penyinaran matahari di Indonesia merata sepanjang tahun.
Mengingat pada hakikatnya sinar matahari juga di butuhkan untuk penerangan dan
kesehatan dalam ruangan pada batas-batas tertentu, maka orientasi bangunan
dapat dibuat tidak persis menghadap ke utara/selatan tetapi bisa dibuat agak miring
sedikit. Misalnya, persil tanah dengan bagian memanjang yang boleh didirikan
bangunan menghadap ke arah barat dan timur. Maka ruangan dengan kesejukkan
udara yang tinggi hanya dapat di capai dengan menempatkan ruang-ruang yang
membutuhkan ke arah utara/selatan.
Orientasi bangunan terhadap aliran udara
Aliran udara dalam ruangan di Indonesia sangat diperlukan (lihat ciri-ciri iklim panas
dan lembab ). Dengan diketahuinya orientasi persil tanah dan situasi/kondisi
setempat, maka akan diketahui arah aliran angin yang ada pada persil tanah.
Orientasi bangunan terhadap aliran udara erat hubungannya dengan orientasi
bangunan terhadap sinar matahari. Misalnya, orientasi yang baik pada persil tanah
tersebut ke arah utara/selatan, sedangkan aliran udara yang baik pada arah tersebut
kurang, maka dicari pemecahannya dengan mengkombinasikan kedua unsur
tersebut.
Aliran udara memang sesuatu yang dibutuhkan, akan tetapi dalam batas-batas
tertentu. Misalnya, aliran udara pada suatu persil tanah tertentu sangat kencang,
sebab persil tersebut dekat dengan tanah lapangan terbuka dan membawa
kebisingan dalam ruangan, maka harus dibatasi. Dan sebaliknya, jika pada persil
tanah tersebut tidak terdapat aliran udara yang cukup karena aliran udara terhalang
bangunan disekitarnya, maka perlu diusahakan mengalirnya udara dengan cara-cara
tertentu.
Pengaturan jarak bangunan
Walaupun dalam keterangan rencana resmi (advise planning) telah ditetapkan
pesyaratan letak bangunan yang boleh didirikan dengan adanya garis-garis
bangunan dan jarak bebas samping dan belakang, akan tetapi dalam perencanaan
harus dilihat kondisi setempat.
Misalnya, kondisi seperti ini pada suatu persil tanah. Karena adanya bangunan
disampingnya, yang berimpit dengan batas pekarangan, dengan ukuran yang besar
dan tinggi sehingga mengganggu aliran udara dan menghalangi sinar matahari yang
dibutuhkan, maka dalam perencanaan bangunan dibuat ruang terbuka pada bagian
tersebut agar ruangan di dalam rumah mendapat aliran udara yang cukup dan
penerangan dari sinar matahari yang cukup pula.
Pengaturan jarak bangunan terhadap batas pekarangan yang membentuk ruangan
terbuka (walaupun maksud dan tujuan utamanya untuk mengatur peredaran udara
dan sinar matahari), sebaiknya dimanfaatkan untuk pertamanan atau kolam hias,
sehingga dapat menambah keindahan lingkungan rumah.
Pengaturan pembukaan pada dinding
Yang dimaksud pembukaan pada dinding adalah pintu-pintu dan jendela yang
terdapat pada dinding bangunan. Tentang fungsi pintu dan jendela telah dibahas
dalam hal elemen-elemen pokok dalam bangunan. Dalam hal ini pembahasan
pengaturan pembukaan pada dinding dikaitkan dengan masalah orientasi bangunan.
Besar kecilnya pembukaan pada dinding bangunan tergantung dari arah orientasi
dan kebutuhan pembukaan pada ruangan itu sendiri. Sebaiknya pembukaan
terdapat pada bagian dinding bangunan yang menghadap ke arah utara dan selatan,
agar tidak terkena sinar matahari secara langsung. Akan tetapi pembukaan pada
posisi dinding ini harus dibuat dalam ukuran yang cukup besar, agar ruang cukup
terang dan peredaran udara cukup baik.
Pembukaan dinding pada bagian utara/selatan dan dengan ukuran yang besar ini
sesuai dengan kondisi iklim di Indonesia. Akan tetapi menginat ciri-ciri iklim yang lain,
misalnya, sudut datang matahari yang kecil dan merata sepanjang tahun, maka
pembukaan pada dinding tersebut harus terlindung dari sinar matahari langsung,
silau langit dan hujan dengan cara-cara tertentu yang diuraikan pada bagian berikut.
Sedangkan jika pembukaan pada dinding terpaksa harus terletak pada bagian
dinding yang menghadap ke arah timur/barat, maka ukuran pembukaan harus
dibatasi maksimal tidak mengakibatkan efek-efek yang buruk ke dalam ruangan.
Pengaturan atap/pelindung panas dan hujan
Dalam hal ini pengaturan atap/pelindung panas dan hujan sesuai dengan iklim di
negara tersebut, misalnya di Asia adalah dengan bentuk atap yang ringan, bahan
yang mampu menyekat panas dengan baik dan memiliki teritis atap yang relatif lebar.
Pada bagian-bagian tertentu teritis atap (roof-overhang) harus direncanakan dengan
tepat sesuai dengan kebutuhan, sehingga cukup dapat melindungi ruangan dari sinar
matahari pada jam-jam tertentu dalam sehari. Jadi masih memungkinkan penyinaran
langsung matahari ke dalam ruangan pada jam-jam tertentu yang dibutuhkan.
Misalnya, pada dinding yang menghadap ke arah timur yang terkena sinar matahari
pagi, pelindung atap diatur sedemikian rupa tanpa menghalangi sinar matahari pagi,
sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai pelindung yang baik pada siang hari. Dan akan
berbeda pula untuk yang ada ni negara 4 musim seperti Eropa dan Amerika.
BAB III
STUDI KASUS
Sebagai bahan studi kasus, saya akan membandingkan transportasi di 3 kota
berbeda di 3 benua yang berbeda pula, yakni Portland (Amerika), Hong Kong (Asia), dan
London (Eropa).
Berikut ulasannya:
1. Hong Kong (Asia)
Sistem transportasi publik kota metropolis yang padat ini menyita sebagian besar
kebutuhan transportasi khalayak. Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway kemudian menjadi
incaran para pengguna jasa transportasi. Pembayaran menggunakan kartu bijak yang
disebut Octopus Card, yang juga dapat digunakan untuk pembayaran transaksi di
semua tempat non-transit.
Peta hongkong
Adapun berbagai media transportasi yang digunakan di kota Hong Kong saat ini antara
lain sebagai berikut :
a. Kereta api
Suasana di salam MTR pada jam padatnya Tai Wai Station MTR East Rail Line
Hong Kong memiliki jaringan kereat api yang besar, tyang berada di bawah pimpinan
MTR Corporation Limited. MTR mengoperasikan jaringan metro dengan urbanisme
Hong Kong, Kowloon Peninsula and northern part of Hong Kong Island with newly
developed areas, Tsuen Wan, Tseung Kwan O, Tung Chung, Hong Kong Disneyland,
the Hong Kong International Airport, the northeastern and northwestern parts of the
New Territories. The Hong Kong Tramways operates a tram service exclusively on
northern Hong Kong Island. The Peak Tram connects Central, Hong Kong's central
business district, with the Victoria Peak.
i. Mass transport Rapid
Secara keseluruhan terdapat 10 lokasi sistem MTR, dengan total 83 stasiun KA
dan 68 pemberhentian light rail. Kesepuluh jalur itu antara lain adalah East Rail,
Kwun Tong, Tsuen Wan, Island, Tung Chung, Tseung Kwan O, West Rail, Ma On
Shan, the Airport Express and the Disneyland Resort lines. 8 jalur menyediakan
servis umum metro, dimana Airport Express menyediakan direksi langsung dari
Hong Kong International Airport ke pusat kota, sedangkan jalur Disneyland Resort
secara eksklusif membawa penumpang ke Hong Kong Disneyland.
The Light Rail possesses many characteristics of a tramway, including running on
streets with other traffic (at grades) on some of its tracks and providing services for
the public in New Territories West, including Tuen Mun and Yuen Long.
All trains and most MTR stations are air conditioned.
ii. Tramways
The Hong Kong Tramways
The Hong Kong Tramways is the tram (streetcar) system run exclusively with
double deckers.[6] The electric tram system was proposed in 1881; however
nobody was willing to invest in a system at the time. In August 1901, the Second
Tramway Bill was introduced and passed into law as the 1902 Tramway
Ordinance. Hong Kong Tramway Electric Company Limited, a British company,
was authorised to take the responsibilities in construction and daily operation. In
1904, the tram system first got into service. It was soon taken over by another
company, Electric Tranction Company of Hong Kong Limited and then the name
was changed to Hong Kong Tramways Company Limited in 1910.
The rail system is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) long, with a total track length of 30 km
(19 mi),[9] and it runs together with other vehicles on the street. Its operation relies
on the 550V direct current (d.c.) from the overhead cables, on 3'6" gauge
(1067 mm) tracks. The trams provide service to only parts of Hong Kong Island:
they run on a double track along the northern coast of Hong Kong Island from
Kennedy Town to Shau Kei Wan, with a single clockwise-running track of about 3
kilometres (1.9 mi) around Happy Valley Racecourse.
iii. Funicular railways
The Peak Tram
Terdapat 2 jasa kereta api funicular di Hong Kong:
The Peak Tram carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong
Kong Island. It provides the most direct route to Victoria Peak and offers scenic
views over Victoria Harbour and the skyscrapers of Hong Kong. It was
inaugurated in 1888.
The Ocean Express operates within the paid area of the Ocean Park theme
park. It links two parts of the park, operating entirely in a tunnel. The ride is
themed, and uses multimedia effects to simulate the feeling of travelling into the
depths of the sea. It was opened in 2009.
b. Airport people-mover system
On the platform of the Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover
The Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover is a driverless people-
mover system located within the Hong Kong International Airport in Chek Lap Kok. It
operates in two "segments". For departures, the train runs from Terminal 2 to the
East Hall to the West Hall. For arrivals, the train runs only from the West Hall to the
East Hall, where all passengers must disembark for immigration, customs, and
baggage claim. Operation of the first segment was commenced in 1998, and the
operation of the second segment was commenced in early 2007.
c. Boundary-crossing trains
Inter-city train services crossing the Hong Kong-China boundary are known as
Intercity Through Trains. They are jointly operated by Hong Kong's MTR Corporation
and the Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China. Currently, Hung Hom
Station (formerly known as Kowloon Station in Hong Kong, and Jiulong Station in
China) is the only station in Hong Kong where passenger can catch these trains.
Passengers have to go through immigration and custom inspections before boarding.
There are currently three through train routes:
Between Hong Kong and Beijing (Beijing-Kowloon Through Train)
Between Hong Kong and Shanghai (Shanghai-Kowloon Through Train)
Between Hong Kong and Guangzhou (Guangzhou-Kowloon Through Train)
A new high-speed service, namely the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express
Rail Link, is being built. A new train station, West Kowloon Terminus, will be built in
Hong Kong to be served by this new railway.
d. Buses
A low-floor double-decker bus with wheelchair accessibility
Bus services have a long history in Hong Kong. In 2009, five companies operate
franchised public bus services. There are also a variety of non-franchised public
buses services, including feeder bus services to railway stations operated by the
railway companies, and residents' services for residential estates (particularly those
in the New Territories).
The five franchised bus companies are:
Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Limited;
Citybus Limited;
Long Win Bus Company Limited;
New World First Bus Services Limited; and
New Lantao Bus Company (1973) Limited.
Founded in 1933, the Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Limited (KMB) is one of
the largest privately-owned public bus operators in the world.[10] KMB's fleet consist
of about 4,300 buses on 420 routes and a staff of over 13,000 people. In 1979,
Citybus began its operation in Hong Kong with one double-decker, providing shuttle
service for the Hong Kong dockyard. It later expanded into operating a residential
bus route between City One, Shatin and Kowloon Tong MTR station. New World First
Bus Services Limited was established in 1998, taking over China Motor Bus's
franchise to provide bus services on Hong Kong Island together with Citybus.
NWFB's owner company later bought Citybus, but the two companies have basically
been operating independently.
e. Public light buses
Green LPG minibus on its route
Public light buses (小巴) (widely referred to as minibuses, or sometimes maxicabs,
a de facto share taxi) run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas
which the standard bus lines can not or do not reach as frequently, quickly or
directly. Minibuses carry a maximum of 16 passengers; no standees are allowed.
The Hong Kong Transport Department (HKTD) allows and licenses the operation
of two types of public light buses – (1) green minibuses that have route numbers,
stop at designated stops (many routes have hail and ride sections along which
passengers can board and exit anywhere unless it's a no-stopping zone) and
which have their fares, service and frequency regulated by the HKTD; and (2) red
minibuses that may or may not have regular routes, may or may not be numbered,
may or may not have fixed stops and whose fares and service levels are not
regulated by HKTD.[11]
Red minibuses do often provide more convenient supplementary transport for riders
not served by green minibuses or other public buses, and are thus quite popular.
Where green minibus drivers are paid fixed wages to drive their routes, red minibus
drivers often rely on their pick-up fares for a living and thus are often seen to be more
aggressive drivers. The prevalence of aggressive driving has resulted in the HKTD
making it mandatory for Hong Kong minibuses to be equipped with large read-out
speedometers which allow passengers to track the speed at which minibus drivers
operate. Currently, if minibuses exceed 80 km/h, the speedometer will sound an
audible warning signal (begin beeping) to the driver and passengers. If the minibus
exceeds 100 km/h, the beeping will turn into a sustained tone. However, it is almost
without exception that this warning signal is ignored by both the driver and
passengers.
The HKTD has also regulated, after a series of minibus accidents, that all new
minibuses brought into service after August 2005 must have safety belts installed,
and riders must use safety belts when there is one.
f. Taxi
Red taxis serve urban areas
As of April 2005, there were 18,138 taxis in Hong Kong, operating in three distinct
(but slightly overlapping) geographical areas, and distinguished by their colour. Of
these, 15,250 are red urban taxis, 2,838 green New Territories taxis, and 50 blue
Lantau taxis.[12] Every day, they serve 1.1 million, 207,900, and 1,400 passengers
respectively. Taxis carry an average of one million passengers each day, occupying
about 12% of the daily patronage carried by all modes of public transport in Hong
Kong.
Most of the taxis in Hong Kong run on LPG (liquified petroleum gas) to reduce
emissions. In August 2000 a one-off cash grant was paid to taxi owners who
replaced their diesel taxi with an LPG one. Since August 2001, all newly purchased
taxis run on LPG. By the end of 2003, over 99.8% of the taxi fleet in Hong Kong ran
on LPG.[13]
Taxi fares are charged according to the taximeter; however, additional charges on
the fare table may apply, such as road tolls and luggage fees. Urban taxis are the
most expensive, while Lantau taxis are the cheapest. The standard of service
among different kinds of taxis is mostly the same. The reason for having three types
of taxis is to ensure service availability in less populated regions, as running in the
urban centre is considered to be more profitable.
g. Mobil Pribadi
As of 2009 the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong reports that there
are 584,000 licensed vehicles in Hong Kong and about 2,050 kilometres of public
roads.[14] In terms of private car ownership, the number of cars per capita is half that
of Singapore and one-third that of Taiwan. Private cars are most popular in newly
developed areas such as Lantau and areas near the boundary with mainland China,
as there are fewer public transportation options, and more parking spaces compared
to other areas of Hong Kong.
Most cars are right hand drive models, from Japanese or European manufacturers.
Hong Kong does not allow left hand drive vehicles to be primarily registered in Hong
Kong. However, Hong Kong registered vehicles may apply for secondary mainland
Chinese registration plates, and these can be driven across the border to mainland
China; likewise, left-hand drive cars seen in Hong Kong are usually primarily
registered in mainland China and carry supplementary Hong Kong registration plates.
Cars are subjected to a first-time registration tax, which varies from 35% to over
100%, based on the size and value of the car. The level of vehicle taxation was
increased by a law passed on 2 June 1982 to discourage private car ownership,[15]
and also as an incentive to buy smaller, more efficient cars, as these have less tax
levied on them. First-time registration tax was doubled, annual licensing fees were
increased by 300%, and $0.7 duty was imposed on each litre of on light oils.[16]
In addition to the heavy traffic at times, parking may be problematic. Due to high
urban density, there are not many filling stations; Petrol in Hong Kong averages
around US$2.04 per litre, of which over half the cost is taxes.[17] It was suggested in
the news that the government had deliberately impeded the use of new
environmentally friendly diesel engines by allowing only light goods vehicles to be
fuelled by diesel. While it cannot be determined why exactly the government does not
allow private cars to be fuelled by diesel, it has been pointed out that the government
does receive a tax that is 150% of the actual fuel cost. This is mostly to discourage
car ownership for environmental reasons.[18]
There is a waiting list for local driving tests, while a full (private car) driving licence
valid for 10 years costs around US$115. Residents of Hong Kong holding licences
issued by other Chinese authorities and some foreign countries can get a Hong Kong
driving licence exempt from tests if they can adequately show that they obtained their
licence while residing in the place concerned (common proofs are school transcripts
or employer's documentation). Some private car owners, known as white card
drivers, provide a taxi service for a nominal fee.
h. Sepeda
Cycling is a popular means of transport in many parts of the New Territories, where
new towns such as Shatin, Tai Po and Sheung Shui have significant cycle track
networks. In the auto congested urban areas of Hong Kong and Kowloon, cycling is
less common, despite the relatively flat topography of populated areas, in part
because it is government policy[19] not to support cycling as part of the transportation
system. In 2011, MTR Corporation announced that bicycles were permitted to be
taken on all MTR rail lines.[20]
i. Motorcycles
Motorcycles by the private users in Hong Kong urban districts are not as popular as
in other South East Asian countries like the Philippines. They are mostly used for
commercial and business purposes.
j. Cross boundary buses
A large number of buses leave various parts of Hong Kong (usually from side streets
and hotel entrances) to various cities in the Pearl River Delta.
k. Ferries
Internal routes
A Star Ferry carries passengers across Victoria Harbour. This particular one is painted with an advertisement that promotes Hong
Kong as Asia's World City.
Tsim Sha Tsui Pier, a pier for Star Ferry services
The Star Ferry Pier in Central
Most ferry services are provided by licensed ferry operators. As of September 2003,
there were 27 regular licensed passenger ferry services operated by 11 licensees,
serving outlying islands, new towns and inner-Victoria Harbour. Two of the routes
operated by the Star Ferry are franchised. Additionally, 78 "kai-to" ferries are licensed to
serve remote coastal settlements.
The following companies operate ferry services in Hong Kong:
Star Ferry:
Central to Tsim Sha Tsui
Wan Chai to Tsim Sha Tsui
Central to Hung Hom (terminated effective 1 April 2011)
Wan Chai to Hung Hom (terminated effective 1 April 2011)
Harbour Tour (Circular between Tsim Sha Tsui, Central, Wan Chai, and Hung Hom)
New World First Ferry:
Central to Cheung Chau and Mui Wo
Tsim Sha Tsui, Mui Wo, Cheung Chau (Weekends Only)
Peng Chau, Mui Wo, Chi Ma Wan, and Cheung Chau
North Point to Hung Hom and Kowloon City
Tuen Mun to Tung Chung
Hong Kong & Kowloon Ferry:
Lamma Island to Central and Aberdeen
Central to Peng Chau
Chuen Kee Ferry:
Lamma Island to Aberdeen
HKR International Limited:
Discovery Bay Transportation Services – Discovery Bay to Central
Park Island Transport Company Ltd.:
Ma Wan to Central
Ma Wan to Tsuen Wan
Fortune Ferry (富裕小輪)
North Point to Kwun Tong
Coral Sea Ferry (珊瑚海船務)
Sai Wan Ho to Kwun Tong
External routes
The Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal in Sheung Wan
In Hong Kong, there are three piers that provides ferry services to Macau and cities in
southern China:
The Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal
The Hong Kong-China Ferry Terminal
The Tuen Mun Ferry Pier
Ferry services are provided by several different ferry companies at these piers.
Fastferry hydrofoil and catamaran service is available at all times of the week between
Hong Kong and Macau.
TurboJet provides 24-hour services connecting Central and Macau at a
frequency of up to every 15 minutes. It also provides these regular services:
Hong Kong International Airport to Shenzhen Airport / Macau / Guangzhou (East
River Guangzhou Ferry Terminal)
Tsim Sha Tsui to Guangzhou
Macau to Shenzhen Airport
Tsim Sha Tsui to Macau
New World First Ferry (Macau) provides services between Tsim Sha Tsui and Macau
for 17 hours daily, at a frequency of up to every 30 minutes.
Chu Kong Passenger Transport (CKS) connects Hong Kong to cities in Guangdong
province, including Zhuhai (Jiuzhou), Shenzhen (Shekou), Zhongshan (Zhongshan
Kong), Lianhua Shan (Panyu), Jiangmen, Gongyi, Sanbu, Gaoming, Heshan, Humen,
Nanhai, Shunde, Doumen.
l . Airplanes
Passenger and cargo jets are serving external routes to international and Mainland
China destinations from Hong Kong International Airport.
m. Helicopters
Externally, frequent passenger flights to Macau are scheduled daily. There are also
chartered services for the VIP and business community within Hong Kong.
Aerial lift transport
n. Cable cars
Gondola lift system in Ocean Park
There are two cable car systems in Hong Kong:
The Ngong Ping Cable Car is a 5.7 kilometres (3.5 mi) public cableway on Lantau
Island. It links Tung Chung MTR station and Ngong Ping Terminal near Po Lin
Monastery. It was opened on 18 September 2006.
The Ocean Park theme park also possesses a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) cable car
system between Nam Long Shan Headland and Wong Chuk Hang. This was opened in
1977 and is inside the paid area of the Park.
Infrastructure
Ports and harbours
Kwai Tsing Container Terminals
The port of Hong Kong has always been a key factor in the development and prosperity
of the special administrative region, which is strategically located on the Far East trade
routes and is in the geographical centre of the fast-developing Asia-Pacific Basin. The
sheltered harbour provides good access and a safe haven for vessels calling at the port
from around the world. In terms of tonnage of shipping using its facilities, cargo handled
and the number of passengers carried, Hong Kong is undoubtedly one of the major
ports of the world.
The Victoria Harbour is one of the busiest ports in the world.[21] An average of 220,000
ships visit the harbour each year, including both oceanliners and river vessels, for both
goods and passengers. The container port in Hong Kong is one of the busiest in the
world.[22] The Kwai Chung Terminal operates 24 hours a day. Together with other
facilities in Victoria Harbour, they handled more than 20 million twenty-foot equivalent
units (TEU) in 2005.[23] Some 400 container liners serve Hong Kong weekly, connecting
to over 500 destinations around the world.
Airports
Inside the Hong Kong International Airport
Hong Kong has a fully active international airport. The famous former Kai Tak
International Airport retired in favour of the recently constructed Hong Kong
International Airport, also known as Chek Lap Kok International Airport. The airport now
serves as a transport hub for East Asia, and as the hub for Cathay Pacific Airways,
Dragonair, Hong Kong Express, Hong Kong Airlines (former CR Airways), and Air Hong
Kong. Ferry services link the airport with several piers in Pearl River Delta, where
immigrations and customs are exempted.
HKIA’s network to China is also expanded by the opening of SkyPier in late September
2003, offering millions in the PRD direct access to the airport. Passengers coming to
SkyPier by high-speed ferries can board buses for onward flights while arriving air
passengers can board ferries at the pier for their journeys back to the PRD. Passengers
travelling both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces
transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were
initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong,
Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Moreover, passengers travelling
from Shekou and Macau piers can even complete airline check-in procedures with
participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for
the connecting flight at HKIA. The provision of cross boundary coach and ferry services
has transformed HKIA into an inter-modal transportation hub combining air, sea and
land transport.
As of March 2009, the airport is the third busiest airport for passenger traffic,[24] and
second busiest airport for cargo traffic in the world.[25] It is popular with travellers – from
2001 to 2005 and 2007–2008 Hong Kong International Airport has been voted the
World's Best Airport in an annual survey of several million passengers worldwide by
Skytrax.
According to the Guinness World Records, the passenger terminal of the HKIA was the
world's largest airport terminal upon opening, and is at present the world's third largest
airport terminal building, with a covered area of 550,000 m² and recently increased to
570,000 m².[26] The Airport Core Programme was the most expensive airport project in
the world.[27]
Shek Kong Airfield, located near Yuen Long, is a military airfield for the People's
Liberation Army, which is of limited operating capabilities due to surrounding terrains.
The only aircraft operating on the airfield are PLA's Z-9 helicopters, which is the license-
built version of the Eurocopter Dauphin.
Heliports
Heliport at the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal
Hong Kong has three heliports. Shun Tak Heliport (ICAO: VHST) is located in the Hong
Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal, by the Shun Tak Centre, in Sheung Wan, on Hong Kong
Island. Another is located in Southwest Kowloon, near Kowloon station. The other is
located inside Hong Kong International Airport.
Heli Express operates regular helicopter service between Macao Heliport
(ICAO:VMMH) on the Macau Ferry Terminal in Macau and the Shun Tak Heliport. There
are around 16 flights daily. Flights take approximately 20 minutes in the eight-seater
aircraft.
There are also a number of helipads across the territory, including the roof of the
Peninsula Hotel (which is the only rooftop helipad in the territory, excluding the rooftop
heliport of Shun Tak Centre and those in hospitals) and Cheung Chau Island, between
Tung Wan Beach and Kwun Yam Beach.
Highways
The entrance of the Cross-Harbour Tunnel, which is part of Route 1, in Hung Hom, Kowloon
The Eastern Harbour Tunnel is the second under-water tunnel across Victoria Harbour, and is part of Route 2.
Tsing Ma Bridge, part of Route 8, is the world's longest rail and road suspension bridges.
Kap Shui Mun Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge connecting Ma Wan and Lantau Island, and is also part of Route 8.
There are a total of 1,831 km of paved highways in Hong Kong. These roads are built to
British standards with a maximum of three lanes with hard shoulders.
There are nine roads classified as highways in Hong Kong and were re-numbered from
1 to 9 in 2004. Routes 1 to 3 are in a north-south direction (with each crossing one of
the cross-harbour tunnels) while the others are in an east-west direction:
Route 1:
Southern District <> Causeway Bay <> Tsim Sha Tsui <> Mong Kok <> Sha Tin
Route 2:
Eastern District <> Kwun Tong <> Wong Tai Sin <> Sha Tin
Route 3:
Central & Western District <> Tai Kok Tsui <> Sham Shui Po <> Kwai Tsing <> Tsuen
Wan <> Yuen Long
Route 4:
Eastern District <> Causeway Bay <> Wan Chai <> Central & Western District
Route 5:
Kowloon City <> Wong Tai Sin <> Sham Shui Po <> Kwai Tsing <> Tsuen Wan
Route 7:
Tseung Kwan O <> Kwun Tong <> Wong Tai Sin <> Sham Shui Po <> Kwai Tsing
Route 8:
Sha Tin <> Kwai Tsing <> Lantau Island North <> Tung Chung <> Airport
Route 9:
Circular Route linking the whole New Territories ( Sha Tin, Tai Po, Northern District,
Yuen Long, Tuen Mun, Tsuen Wan )
Route 10:
Tuen Mun <> Nam Tei (Divided from Route 9) <> Ha Tsuen <> Deep Bay <> Shenzhen
Bay Bridge <> Shenzhen Bay Border Crossing <> Mainland China
Route 6 is a proposed highway, and is not yet built.
Highways are generally strategically placed to obstruct waterfront views, waterfront
access and to obstruct pedestrian access to hub rail stations.
There are 120 CCTV cameras monitoring traffic on these highways and connecting
roads which are available on demand (now TV) and on the Transport Department's
website.
Highways in Hong Kong use two types of barrier system for divided highways. Older
roads use metal guard rails and newer roads use the British Concrete step barrier.
All signage on highways and roads in Hong Kong are bilingual (traditional Chinese
below and English above). Street signs use black text on a white background. Highway
and directional signage are white lettering on blue or green background.
Bridges and tunnels
There are 12 vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong. They include three cross-harbour tunnels
and nine road tunnels.
The other road tunnels and bridges which are proposed or under construction are:
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (under construction)
Bus lanes
Bus termini
Admiralty (East) Public Transport Interchange
Central (Macau Ferry) Bus Terminus
Pokfield Road Bus Terminus
Kwun Tong Ferry Bus Terminus
Pedestrian infrastructure
Central Elevated Walkway
Lek Yuen Bridge
The entrance to the building of the Shenzhen Bay Control Point
Berikut adalah nama lokasi pusat transportasi di Hong Kong yang beradah di bawah
naungan kantor Imigrasi HK:
Udara
Hong Kong International Airport
Heliport at the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal
Darat
Lo Wu Control Point
Lok Ma Chau Control Point
Lok Ma Chau Station
Man Kam To Control Point
Sha Tau Kok Control Point
Shenzhen Bay Control Point
Kereta Api
Hung Hom Terminus (also called Kowloon Terminus)
West Kowloon Terminus (Proposed)
Laut
Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal
Hong Kong-China Ferry Terminal
Ocean Terminal
Tuen Mun Ferry Pier
Western Immigration Anchorage
Eastern Immigration Anchorage
Tuen Mun Immigration Anchorage
2. London (Eropa)
London dari udara
London telah dikenal untuk beberapa inovasi yang berkelanjutannya (sustainability
innovations), contohnya congestion tax, dan sistem trasnit nya yang baik. Bukan tidak
mungkin kelak kota ini menjadi pusat bagi para peneliti untuk melakukan riset yang
berpusat Imperial Collage, yang akan membahas transportasi, pemerintahan, bisnis,
akademik dan data konsumen dengan harapan menciptakan sebuah kota yang lebih
efisien dan lebih inovatif lagi. Di waktu yang lain, London juga mengumumkan
hubungan kerjasamanya dengan O2 untuk meluncurkan jaringan Wi-fi terbesar di
Eropa.
Transportasi London membentuk hubungan antar jalan, jalur kereta dan jaringan
udara di Britania Raya. Kota ini memiliki intensitas kepadatannya sendiri dan
ekstensitas privasi intenal serta jaaringan transportasi publik, seperti menyediakan
Focal point untuk jalan-jalan nasional danjaringan kereta api. London juga memiliki
beberapa bandarra internasional termasuk salah satunya yandg adalah tersibuk
didunia, yaitu Heatrow dan sebuah pelabuhan. Sistem transportasi adalah salah satu
dari 4 lingkup pengawasan Mayor of London, yg ditangani oleh agen Transportasi untuk
London (Transport for London /TfL). TfL mengontrol transportasi publik di area tersebut,
termasuk daerah bawah tanah, bus London, Tramlink, Docklands Light Railway, dan
jasa kereta api di atas tanah; untuk jasa kereta api yang lain, bekerja sama dengan
perusahaan kerata api yg diawasi oleh Departemen Transportasi Nasional (Department
for Transport / DfT).
Berikut adalah beberapa alat transportasi yang digunakan di kota ini, beserta
penjelasannya.
1. Metro and light rail
TfL mengoperasikan 3 sistem jalur kereta api yang tidak berhubungan dengan jaringan
kereta api nasional. Adapun London Underground yang terbesar, beroperasi di sub
permukaan sehingga disebut "tube" lines. Yang terbesar kedua adalah jaringan pinggir
rel yang disebut London Overground, yang mengutamakan penggunaan garis
permukaan London dan yang terkecil otomatis adalah Docklands Light Railway yang
Metro rail
Seperti jaringan lainnya, cacat kereta api
bawah dan atas tanah (London's under-
and over-ground railways) adalah akan
tampak ke permukaan.
beroperasi di pusat, timur dan tenggara
London. Transport for London juga
mengoperasikan sistem Tramlink,
berpusat di Croydon.
light rail
Mengingat volume penumpang yang
banyak, masalah ini bisa menjadi
penghambat waktu tempuh di perjalanan.
Namun sekarang masalah ini bisa diatasi
dengan pengenalan Tramlink dan proyek
kereta api lainnya seperti Cross rail
tramlink
2. London Underground
London Underground's Jubilee Line at Green Park station.
Colloquially known as the Tube, London Underground is the oldest metro system in the
world, having begun operations in 1863. More than 3 million passengers travel on the
Underground every day, amounting to over 1 billion passenger journeys per year for the
first time in 2006.[3] The Underground has 11 lines, most of which connect the suburbs
to Central London and provide a distribution role around the city centre, particularly from
major railway terminals.
The Underground serves North London much more extensively than South London.
This is the result of a combination of unfavourable geology, historical competition from
surface railways and the historical geography of London which was focused to the north
of the Thames. South London is served primarily by surface railways (although it should
be noted that the majority of London Underground's route length is actually on the
surface rather than in tunnel).
3. Docklands Light Railway
An automated Docklands Light Railway train at Heron Quays, in the Canary Wharf financial district.
The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) is an automated light rail system serving the
Docklands area of east London. It complements the Underground, largely sharing its
fares system and having a number of interchanges with it. It is focused on the Canary
Wharf business district, although this was not its initial objective upon its opening in
1987.
Partly thanks to the success of Canary Wharf, the system has expanded several times
and now has five main branches connecting the Isle of Dogs and Royal Docks to each
other and to the City of London, Stratford, Woolwich and Lewisham south of the river. It
also serves London City Airport and Stratford International. A further extension to
Dagenham Dock is being proposed.
4. Heavy rail
South Eastern Trains train at Greenwich station Eurostar trains at Waterloo International, replaced in November
2007 by St. Pancras
London merupakan focal point Jarngan kereta api Britania, dengan 18 stasiun yang
menyediakan kombinasi komuter, intercity, airport dan servis international; 14 of these
stations are termini and 4 are through stations. Most areas of the city not served by the
Underground or DLR are served by commuter heavy rail services into one of these
stations. These suburban rail services are not part of Transport for London (apart from
London Overground) but are owned and operated by a number of private rail firms.
The terminal stations are Blackfriars, Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Euston, Fenchurch
Street, King's Cross, Liverpool Street, London Bridge, Marylebone, Moorgate,
Paddington, St. Pancras, Victoria and Waterloo. The through stations are City
Thameslink, Old Street, Vauxhall, and Waterloo East
5. Local and Regional
London is the centre of an extensive radial commuter railway network which, along with
Paris, is the busiest and largest in Europe, serving the surrounding metropolitan area.
Each terminus is associated with commuter services from a particular segment of this
area. The majority of commuters to central London (about 80% of 1.1 million) arrive by
either the Underground (400,000 daily) or by surface railway into these termini (860,000
daily).
Although the majority of services serve the termini, there are a few notable exceptions.
London Bridge has several through lines to the more central termini at Cannon Street
and Charing Cross, and trains to the latter also call at Waterloo East, linked to Waterloo
by a footbridge. London Bridge's through platforms are also used by the Thameslink
services of First Capital Connect, which cross the city centre, calling at Blackfriars
(another terminus with through platforms), City Thameslink, Farringdon and St Pancras
(via dedicated subterranean platforms, replacing King's Cross Thameslink). These
services run between the northern and southern suburbs, and between the more distant
towns of Brighton on the south coast and Bedford in the north.
In addition to its radial lines, there are also several orbital lines connecting parts of the
inner city to each other. The West London Line crosses inner west London and allows
services to run from the northwest suburbs to Croydon, Brighton and Gatwick Airport.
The North London Line arcs across North London from Richmond in the west to
Stratford in the east, and the Gospel Oak to Barking Line links inner North London to
the northeastern suburbs.
In November 2007, TfL took control of these orbital routes from the DfT and the inner-
suburban Watford DC Line services from Euston, manages them under the London
Overground brand, with train services run under private contract.
Work is also underway for extensions of the Underground's East London Line,
converting it into a heavy rail commuter line and linking its northern end to the North
London line, while extending its southern end across south London. These extensions
will eventually create a full circle through the inner suburbs, to be run on the London
Overground network brand.
Constantly increasing pressure on the commuter rail systems and on the Underground
to disperse passengers from the busy terminals has led to the multi-billion pound
Crossrail scheme. Superficially similar to the RER lines of Paris, Crossrail would link
services into Paddington in the west with Docklands and services out of Liverpool Street
in the east, by constructing twin 16-km tunnels underneath the city centre. New stations
would be provided at key city centre locations, linking to the Underground.
The growing overcrowding on commuter rail services has led to new ticket restrictions
on leisure travellers using cheaper tickets. Although morning peak restrictions for these
travellers have been commonplace for many years, evening peak restrictions are also
now coming into place. For example, First Capital Connect no longer allows cheaper
tickets to be used on services departing London for destinations to the north outside
London in the evening peak (4.30 pm – 7.30 pm), and holders of cheaper tickets are
barred from some express First Great Western services from Paddington in the
evening.
London is also linked to Paris and Brussels in mainland Europe by High Speed 1 via the
Channel Tunnel. High-speed Eurostar trains connect the UK's high speed network to
Europe's. The Eurostar's London terminus is at St. Pancras International after
previously residing at Waterloo International. Along the way, it will serve Stratford
International (also in London) and two stations in the neighbouring county of Kent,
Ashford International (which it currently serves already) and Ebbsfleet International.
6. London Overground
London Overground is a collection of surface
and converted sub surface lines that will form
a circle around central London when the final
phase of construction is completed in
December 2012. The system is designed to
reduce stress from the inner city Tube network
by allowing commuters to travel across
London without going through Travel Card
Zone 1. It incorporates the oldest part of the Underground's history, the Thames Tunnel,
which was completed in 1843 and now carries the East London line under the River
Thames.
7. Kinerja Jasa Bandara
Bandara Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted dilayani oleh jasa kereta api, dan juga
komuter. Jasa Heathrow Express dari Paddington disediakan oleh operator bandara,
BAA plc, sedangkan Gatwick Express dari Victoria dan Stansted Express dari Jalan
Liverpool disediakan oleh perusahaan kereta api. Bandara Heathrow secara
eksklusifdilayani oleh National Express' Shuttle Bus Service Dot2Dot, sebuah sistem
transfer bandara yang door-to-door. Harganya mulai dari £17.50 per penumpang –
biaya yang lebih murah daripada biaya taxi London, bahkan jika ada 3 – 5 penumpang
bisa mendapatkan taxi berlisensi di London dengan harga yang lebih murah serta
disediakan jasa door-to-door yang memenuhi kebutuhan Anda.
3. Portland (Amerika)
Portland diperkirakan sebagai salah
satu pelopor di bidang transit publik.
Sistem nya terdiri dari area Free Rail –
area bawah tanah Portland dimana
Light rail dan street car gratis setiap
hari, sepanjang hari.
BAB IV
KESIMPULAN
Di negara maju, sistem transportasi nya pada umumnya tak hanya memanfaatkan
transportasi darat (di atas permukaan jalan saja), bahkan sudah merambat duniah bawah
tanah dengan sistem MRT nya itu, dan untuk trasnportasi di atas tanah nya pun jelas lebih
baik dari yang ad adi negara berkembang. Kapasitas, kecepatan, kenyamanan, layak
dihadiahkan acungan jempol pad amereka. Untuk transportasi udara, tak hanya pesawat
terbang, karna mereka telah memiliki aerial tram / sejenis kereta gantungnya. Sebenarnya
ini bisa dijadikan teladan bagi negara berkembang untuk bisa mengejar ketertinggalan ini
dan juga memperbaiki sistem yang telah diterapkan selama ini. Tinggal tugas pemerintah
dan warga nya saja lah untuk merealisasikan agar kelak di negara berkembang seperti
Indonesia ini kita bisa merasakan aneka transportasi umum dengan kulaitas baik tanpa
harus memadatijalan raya dengan kendaraan pribadai atu trasnportasi umum yang tak
layak pakai.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http://rachmat-arsitektur.blogspot.com/2012/10/unsur-unsur-dalam-perencanaan.html
http://www.portlandonline.com
http://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/36416
http://gedebudi.wordpress.com/category/perencanaan-kota
http://maps.google.com
http://www.fastcoexist.com/1679127/the-top-10-smart-cities-on-the-planet
http://www.hong-kong-travel.org/Buses-Mini-Buses/
http://www.thepeak.com.hk/en/1_4.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong
http://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_first_registration/gui
delines_for_importation_and_registration_of_mot/index.html
http://www.travelportland.com/transportation