Download - 15 04-22 strategies
1
Strategies for Education
and Learning
Hirotaka Onishi MD, MHPE
International Research Center for Medical Education
University of Tokyo
Strategies (Step 4)Terminologies
What is a lecture?
2
How Much Will the Memory
be Retained?
National Training Laboratories, Bethel, Maine, USA
5%
10%
20%
30%
50%
75%
80%
Lecture
Reading
AV Materials
Demonstration
Group Discussion
Practical Experiences
Teach Someone Else
Cone of Experience
(Dale, 1946)
4
Not cone
of learning!
Verbal
symbols
Terminologies
Educational/learning strategy
Method of learning/teaching
Content of learning/teaching
Sometimes difficult to divide method and
content
Lecture
Oral discourse on a given subject in front
of an audience for purposes of instruction
5
Balanced Performance
Overall Performance
Problem Solving Attitude
Recall Level Knowledge
Skill
Reading
Strengths
Low cost
Easy to cover broad areas
Less preparatory time for faculty
Weaknesses
Passive learning
Difficult to continue if motivation is low
8
Lecture
Strengths
Low cost
High learner-teacher ratio is possible
Systematic presentation of complex issues
Weaknesses
Passive learning
Teacher-centered
Quality depends on a speaker or AV
material
10
11
PBL (problem-based learning)
Strengths
Combines small-group learning, case-
based learning and self-directed learning
Easy to motivate with real context
Weaknesses
Low efficiency if self-directed learning is
insufficient
Resource intensive in faculty number
Difficult for good scenario writing
13
Learning Project
Strengths
Active learning
Facilitates self-directed learning
Effective even for problem-solving
Weaknesses
Requires motivation
Needs access to information source or
such an ability
Requires a tutor
15
Role-modeling
Strengths
Faculty can play this role
Deep and potential influence
Weaknesses
Few effective role-models
Difficult to evaluate intervention/outcome
17
Group Discussion
Strengths
Active learning
Integration is possible for multiple areas
Promotes collaboration/team work
Effective even for problem-solving or
affective objectives
Weaknesses
Requires group facilitation skills for teachers
Success partly depends on group members
19
Demonstration
Strengths
“Seeing is believing”
Possible high learner-teacher ratio
Weaknesses
Passive learning
Teacher-centered
Quality depends on the speaker/AV
materials
21
Role-play
Strengths
Simulation for practical contents
Deals with multi-area/integrative objectives
Low cost
Weaknesses
Requires well-trained multiple facilitators
Requires fundamental knowledge/skills
and experiences
23
Simulated patients
Strengths
Higher reality than role-play
Safe environment for skill training
Feedback is available for learners
Weaknesses
High cost
Requires an expert for development and
training/teaching
25
Simulator
Strengths
Safe environment for skill training
Self-directed pace for a learner
Weaknesses
Only available for some contents
Some simulators are highly costly
Requires an administrator/trained facilitator
27
Reflection with Playback
Strengths
Recording/videotaping became inexpensive
Feedback is available for the performance
Provides an opportunity for self-monitoring
Weaknesses
Requires a patient’s allowance
Requires a facilitator
Takes time for review/reflection
Recording/videotaping may distract practices
Clinical Experiences
Strengths
Use real settings
Promote learners’ responsibility/motivation
Facilitate various aspects of learning
Weaknesses
Requires faculty’s supervision/facilitation
Requires learners’ knowledge/skills
Reflection/follow-up is necessary
Necessary to monitor case mix
30
31
32
Taxonomy and Recommended
Learning Strategies
Taxonomy Recommended Strategies
Knowledge Reading, Lecture
Problem-solving
PBL, Learning project, PBL
Attitude Role-model, Role-play, Discussion
Skills Demonstration, Simulated experiences, Reflection with playback
Behavior Clinical experiences
Meetings for Education
Forum
Symposium
Panel discussion
Conference
Workshop
Workshop
World cafe
34
Theme for Discussion
Plan an educational course (3hrs x 5)
for communication skills for nursing
students in a developing country
35