2.0 Weather Dynamics Class Notes Fall 2016 Part 1.notebook
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Title
WEATHER DYNAMICS
Discovery Channel: The Ultimate Guide: Extreme Weather (50m)
“Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.”
Global Weather Model
Outcomes
Earth and Space Science: Weather Dynamics
KNOWLEDGE OUTCOMES:• Energy transfer:
>within the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere –heat sinks –air and water currents
>development, severity, and movement of weather systems >Meteorology
SKILLS OUTCOMES:• Data collection & analysis
2.0 Weather Dynamics Class Notes Fall 2016 Part 1.notebook
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Weather vs Climate
Weather and ClimateWeather:
Climate:
Crash Course: Weather & Climate (4m30s)
Energy
EnergyThe Sun provides a steady stream of several different kinds of energy.
Its light allows plants to grow in the biosphere, while its heat fuels our planet's weather systems!
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Planet's Spheres
• Weather systems happen because of the ways that heat transfers between and moves within the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Earth's Spheres
Heat
• Particle collisions• Solid: metal/rock• Small role in weather
ConductionRadiation• Waves• No material needed• Solar energy
• Moving particles• Liquid or gas• Currents created
Convection
• energy can be transferred 3 ways• each play some role in weather
Energy/Heat Transfer
The amount of heat energy an object has depends on how many particles it's made of, and how fast they move/vibrate.
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Reflection/Absorption
Reflection and absorption of energy• depends on each material's albedo (reflectivity).
Energy/Heat Transfer
Low albedo = absorbs energyDark surfacesEx: Forests, deep water...
High albedo = reflects energyLight surfaces Ex: Snow, ice...
Energy Balance
Google Maps ‐ KVHS
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Global Albedo
Sinks and Heat Capacity
Any material that absorbs heat energy and warms up is called a heat sink. A heat sink holds heat like a regular sink holds water.
Heat capacity is a measurement of how much heat energy it takes to increase the temperature of a specific material.
Energy/Heat Transfer
Is water a better heat sink than land? Explain.
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p. 507 #1,3,4,5,8
p. 507 #1,3,4,5,8
p. 507 #1, 3, 4, 5, 8
1. Explain why conduction and convection cannot occur in space.
3. Does warm water rise or fall in cold water? Explain why.
4. Explain why convection does not occur in solids.
5. Explain why rocks and soil are poor heat sinks.
8. Describe what would happen to the temperature on Earth if the amount of energy reflected back to space a) increased to 80%b) decreased to 5%
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Weather Factors
• If the amount of incoming energy from the Sun doesn't really change, how can the weather be so different around the planet and from day to day?
Weather Factors
Weather Factors
Weather FactorsThere are a few main factors that influence weather... Differences in these factors account for all of the possible conditions you experience.
1) Latitude2) Cloud cover3) Wind & air currents4) Bodies of water5) The water cycle6) Geographic features
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Earth's Surface
Earth's surface is about 70% water and 30% land.
Latitude & Longitude
Tropics
Equator
Pole
Pole
Location on Earth is measured using...Longitude: vertical lines measure East & WestLatitude: horizontal lines measure North & South
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Seasons & Radiation
Crash Course: Seasons (4:52)
Bill Nye: Seasons (4:45)
Angle of Sunlight
The equator receives the most solar radiation year‐round, and therefore heats up the most. Also, notice that most of the equator is water, which holds heat well!
Earth Simulation: Temperature
2.0 Weather Dynamics Class Notes Fall 2016 Part 1.notebook
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Planets' Atmospheres
Cloud CoverThe atmosphere is like the planet's blanket ‐ it insulates the surface by helping to trap just the right amount of heat. Different chemicals including water store energy differently, so the amount and composition of the atmosphere matters!
Energy Balance
Cloud CoverClouds play a big role in maintaining this energy balance. • Cooling: they reflect a portion and absorb a portion of incoming radiation from the Sun• Warming: they trap in heat rising from the surface of the planet
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How Clouds are Made
Clouds are made a few different ways, but they all have one thing in common: they are made through convection• Warm moist air rises, cools, and condenses into water droplets
Cloud Cover
Cloud Classification
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Atmos & Clouds Questions
Practice QuestionsAnswers are in section 13.4 and 13.11 of the textbook.
1. Copy the pie chart showing the gases of the atmosphere into your notes, including the note below it.
2. The atmosphere has layers ‐ in which layer does weather occur? How big is this layer? How does it vary over the globe?
3. What is the definition of atmospheric pressure? Where is it highest? Where is it lowest?
4. Draw and label a diagram that shows how clouds form.
5. The equator gets more of the Sun's energy than anywhere else on the planet, but it's actually slightly cooler than the rest of the Tropics. Explain how this could be possible.
Wed Nov 30
Wednesday, Nov 30th
• Energy & Latitude Quiz
• Factors that Influence Weather:• Handout & Practice Questions• Heat in the Water Cycle• Types of Precipitation
Quiz Next Wednesday on other factors
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The Water Cycle
Energy
Liquid water gains energy from the Sun directly or from the surroundings (air or land). This causes water molecules to move more quickly and evaporate. The vapour rises thanks to convection, and it condenses back into a liquid as it cools higher in the atmosphere.
• When substances change state, the amount of heat energy in them changes too. Gases contain the most heat energy, liquids a bit less, and solids even less.
• Heat energy is taken in by water when ice melts and liquids evaporate. Heat energy is lost by water when vapour condenses into liquid water and when liquid water freezes into ice.
Energy in the Water Cycle
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Clouds
Not all clouds cause precipitation (rain, snow, etc) because most water droplets are small enough to be held up and carried by air molecules. When a large enough volume of water droplets build up in a cloud, they clump together and form bigger drops. Eventually they are heavy enough that gravity pulls them down toward the ground.
Types of Precipitation