©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel EmissionsEmissions
SMOKE Modeling SMOKE Modeling SystemSystem
Zac Adelman and Andy HollandCarolina Environmental Program
http://smoke-model.org http://www.cmascenter.org
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Training OverviewTraining Overview
Emissions processing basics
SMOKE basics Running SMOKE Overview lab SMOKE programs SMOKE problem
solving
Area sources lab Biogenics lab Point sources lab Mobile sources
lab Merge lab Quality assurance
lab
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Overall GoalOverall Goal
Emissions inventory– Usually annual data (i.e. tons/yr)– Reported by source
(may be county or coordinate)
– By inventory pollutant
(CO, NOx, VOC,,,)
Air quality model input– Hourly– Gridded– By model species– May be 3-D file
(layered)
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Source CategoriesSource Categories
Point source characteristics– Country, state, and county (FIPS)– Latitude and longitude– Plant, point, stack, segment, and source
category code (SCC)– Ex: power plants, furniture refinishers
Area source characteristics– Country, state, and county– Source category code (SCC)– Ex: residential heating, lawnmowers,
vehicular road dust (unpaved road)
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Source CategoriesSource Categories Mobile (on-road) source characteristics
– Country, state, and county– Road type (e.g. rural interstate, urban local)– Vehicle type (e.g. light/heavy duty gasoline
vehicles)– Optional link coordinates ( road segment within a
county)– Ex: gasoline and diesel vehicles on freeways
Biogenic source characteristics– Gridded land use– Ex: crops, corn, soybean, conifer forests, wetlands
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
DefinitionsDefinitions
Inventory pollutant: A compound or group of compounds defined for record-keeping and regulatory purposes (e.g. CO, NOx, VOC, PM10, PM2.5)
Species: A compound or group of compounds defined as part of the estimation of air chemistry in an air quality model (AQM) (e.g. CO, NO, NO2, PAR, TOL, OLE)
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
DefinitionsDefinitions
Chemical mechanism: A parameterized representation of coupled chemical reactions (e.g. CB4, RADM2)
Speciation: Convert the inventory pollutant data to the species needed by the AQM (e.g. VOC gets split into PAR, OLE, XYL, TOL, ISOP, and more)
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
DefinitionsDefinitions
Map projection: The mathematical 2-d representation of the spherical surface of the Earth
Model grid: A 2-d region based on a map projection; defined by starting coordinates, number of columns and rows, and the physical size of the grid cells
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Model Grid ExamplesModel Grid Examples
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
DefinitionsDefinitions
Spatial allocation: Convert the source spatial extent to the grid cell resolution needed by the air quality model
Gridding surrogates: A dataset used to spatially allocate the emissions to the grid cells; developed from data at a finer resolution than the emissions (e.g. population, housing, airports, roads)
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
DefinitionsDefinitions
Model layers: Vertical spatial divisions of the atmosphere defined by an air quality model; used to model variations in the atmosphere at different vertical positions
Plume rise: The rising of exhaust from point sources due to the velocity and temperature of the exhaust gases
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
DefinitionsDefinitions
Elevated source: A point source in which emissions extend beyond the first model layer due to plume rise
Plume-in-grid: A special treatment of elevated sources in which the plume rise is modeled with extra detail by the AQM
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
DefinitionsDefinitions
Temporal allocation: Convert the annual or daily inventory data to the hourly data needed by the AQM
Profile data: Factors used for converting inventory emissions data to AQM data
Cross-reference: A dataset used to match sources in the inventory with profile data
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Area EmissionsArea EmissionsProcessingProcessing
Import data Spatial allocation Speciation Temporal allocation Growth (to a future or past year)
and controls
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Point EmissionsPoint EmissionsProcessingProcessing
Import, speciation, temporal allocation, growth/controls, plus…
No surrogates needed for spatial allocation May have day- and hour-specific emissions Determine elevated and PinG sources Special processing for elevated and PinG
sources– CMAQ: Create 3-d emissions files and optional
PinG files– CAMx: Create 2-d emissions files and special
elevated (PinG optional) files
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Mobile EmissionsMobile EmissionsProcessingProcessing
Same steps as area emissions processing, plus…
May start with VMT instead of emissions– Create emission factors using MOBILE6
with meteorology and speed data– Emissions = emission factors x VMT
Spatial allocation may include county base link sources
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Mobile EmissionsMobile EmissionsProcessingProcessing
Emission factors from MOBILE6 depend on emissions process (e.g. start exhaust, running exhaust, running evaporative, hot soak)
Temporal allocation and speciation can depend on emissions process
Use this approach only for on-road mobile sources (nonroad mobile and vehicular road dust are processed as area sources)
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Biogenic EmissionsBiogenic EmissionsProcessingProcessing
BEIS3 emissions model About 230 land use types (for BELD3 data) Estimate winter and summer emission
factors of the different land use types for the modeling time period.
Adjusted by temperature and solar radiation If land use is county-based, need to
spatially allocate to grid cells (BEIS2 only)
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
MergingMerging
Combine independent import, gridding, speciation, temporal allocation, and other steps for a single source category to create model-ready files
Combine multiple source categories into a single data set, called model-ready output for the AQM
Output correct units, species, time steps, grid, and file format for the AQM
©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program
Quality AssuranceQuality Assurance Compare emission totals from emissions
processor with inventory totals (by state, county, SCC, etc.)
Compare emission totals after each stage of processing
Ensure that input file formats are correct Ensure that no errors occurred during
processing Compare emissions between states and
counties