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Algae MassCultivation Systems
Michael A. Borowitzka
BEAM - Australian Algae Research Network
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The cultivation of algae for
biofuels requires very largescale cultivation systems
which also must beextremely low cost.
USA 18,690,000 bbl.day-1 (2009) = 2,971,472,555 L
Canada 2,151,000 bbl.day-1 (2010) = 341,981,672 L
Australia 946,300 bbl.day-1 (2009) = 150,449,678 L
US Jet Fuel use in 2009 was 7.6 x 1010 L
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Current
Commercial ProductionSystems
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Current Commercial Culture Systems
Extensive ponds (Dunaliella)
Central Pivot Ponds (Chlorella)
Raceways (Spirulina, Chlorella, Dunaliella,
Nannochloropsis etc) Tanks (aquaculture species)
Fermenters (Crypthecodinium)
Big bags (aquaculture species) Tubular Photobioreactors (Haematococcus,
Chlorella)
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Dunaliella salina plant at Hutt Lagoon Western Australia (Cognis)
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Google Earth
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Raceway Ponds, Earthrise Spirulina Production Plant, California
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NatureBeta Dunalialla plant, Eilat, Israel
curtesy Ami Ben Amotz
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Cyanotech production
plant, Kona, Hawaii
Reddish ponds =
Haematococcus; other
ponds = Spirulina
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Algae Wastewater Treatment Pond Christchurch, New Zealand
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Centre Pivot Ponds, Taiwan Chlorella, Taiwan
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Cascade System, Trebon, Czech Republic
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Haematococcus plant operated by Algatech Ltd, Kibbuz Ketura, Israel
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Chlorella Photobioreactors System Roquette GmbH Kltze, Germany
Photosynthetically active volume 600 m3
19 + 6 reactors
Total Area 12,000 m2
500 km of glass tubing
20 staff
Production = 50 t year-1
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Prawn hatchery, at
Al Naif,Saudi Arabia
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Basic Comparison of Systems
Capital Cost Running Cost Productivity Reliability2
Shallow Ponds 1
Raceway
Ponds
Cascade
System
()
Tubular PBR ()
Fermenter 3
1depends on land cost2depends in part on species (note: each system has only a limited number of species
which can be grown)3potentially cheaper as no light is required
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Open vs Closed
Open Closed
Capital Cost Lower Higher
Operating Cost Lower Much Higher
Operating Energy Lower Much Higher
Temperature Control None Possible
Salinity Control Limited Easy
pH Control Yes Yes
O2 concentration High Higher
Water Requirement Very High Less
Cell density Up to ~ 1 g L-1 Higher
Cell Damage Risk Low High
Contamination Yes Yes
Productivity (long term) About 2x open
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Pleurochrysis carterae productivity in raceways Perth, WA
Ash-Free DW
Lipid
CaCO3
Productivity
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Pleurochrysis carterae
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Pilot Scale Karratha, Western Australia
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Long-term productivities in 1000L
Biocoil in Perth, Western Australia
Alga Productivity (kg dry
wt.day-1)
Isochrysis (T.iso) 0.6-1.0
Pavlova lutheri 0.6-0.9*Teraselmis chuii 1.0-1.2
Tetraselmis
suecica
0.5-1.0
Chatoceros
gracilis
0.5-0.8*
Skeletonema
costatum
0.05-0.1**
* Not yet optimised
** Culture unstable
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Annual Lipid Productivity
Chlorella (Kltze, Germany) ~ 13 t ha-1 year-1
Our alga (Karratha, Australia) ~ 36 t ha-1
year-1
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100,000 bbl algal oil production
(~ 10% of Australias daily consumption)
Productivity
(g afdw m-2 day-1)
Total Pond Area(ha)
Total Water
(GL year-1)
20 653 3.9
30 436 2.6
40 327 2.0
Assumes: 30% lipid content, 2 m year-1 evaporation, and 80% recycling of water
after harvesting
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Which System?
Depends on location (climate, land availability
& cost) Depends on species (shear tolerance, salinity
tolerance, temperature tolerance)
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Murdoch University, University of Adelaide, Muradel Pty Ltd
Algae Biofuels Pilot Plant, Karratha, Western Australia
THANK YOU!