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THE GRAECO ROMANTHE GRAECO ROMAN
MEDITERRANEANMEDITERRANEANSecond Week
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IntroductionIntroduction
Like geography, cultural landscapes ofMediterranean Basin are complex,ancient and diverse.
Like its name, it was the cultural centerof world civilizations. From the eighth millennium BC onwards,
it was the place of different cultures
with different origins, ethnicity andsocial backgrounds.
But the Mediterranean Sea was alwaysunifying core for people and cultures.
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Major Periods in theMajor Periods in theMediterranean HistoryMediterranean History
Greece from 8th centuy BC
Hellenization (323 146 BC) the annexation of the
Greece by the Roman Republic
Romanization
Arab Conquests
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PrejudicePrejudice
The author of this book accepts Arabconquests as the major discontinuityin the history of the Mediterranean in
the late seventh century AD byUmayyad Dynasty.
On the other hand, he accepts
Hellenization and Romanization astwo important cultural developmentsin the Mediterranean history.
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Ancient GreeceAncient Greece
The civilization of the ancient Greeks emergedaround the Aegean Sea and spread throughthe Greek mainland.
At its best times, it extended to Sicily and Italy
on the west, and through Asia Minor and theMediterranean Sea to the east and south. The Greek world (called Hellas by the Greeks)
was united culturally. It shared a commonlanguage, culture, and religion.
But it was divided politically. The Greek worldwas divided into city-states. It was not brought under a single government
until it became part of the Roman Empire inthe second century B.C.
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How do we know AncientHow do we know AncientGreeceGreece??
There were a few historians in thetime of Ancient Greece.
They recorded their time of Ancient
Greek history. Herodotus, (the 5th century BC )
known as the 'Father of History' who
travelled to many ancient historicsites at the time,Thucydides (the 5th century BC ) Xenophon (the 4the Century BC)
http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Herodotushttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Thucydideshttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Xenophonhttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Xenophonhttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Thucydideshttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Herodotus -
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The Emergence of the GreekThe Emergence of the GreekPolis (Poleis)Polis (Poleis)
At the beginning of the 8th century BC, anew form of social and spatial organizationemerged in the islands and peninsulas ofthe Aegean Sea.
This new socio-political structure was calledaspolis, means city-state. Their total number was about 200 by 600 BC, Over 340 by 400 BC.
The most important and famous city-stateswere Athens and Sparta. The population of Athens, for example was
about 300,000 in 5th century BC.
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GreeGreekk
City-City-StateState
ss
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Characteristics of city-statesCharacteristics of city-states
These city-states had an urbancentral-place, but only Sparta wasnot centered on a city but on a
group of villages.They had an urban civilized life. Most of them were fortified. All had a market, called agora, a place
of assembly and a seat ofgovernment.
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AgoraAgora
The agora was the centralmarketplace in most Greek city-states.
Typically the agora was located in thecenter of town.
Governmental buildings, such as the
council building and courts,surrounded the agora in Athens.
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Thessaloniki (Greece) - The Ancient Agor, at the north end ofThessaloniki (Greece) - The Ancient Agor, at the north end of
Dikastirion Square.Dikastirion Square.
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Ruins_Ancient_Agora_ThessalonikiRuins_Ancient_Agora_Thessaloniki
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Polis was a community of citizens andnon-citizens (slaves and foreigners).
It had an established constitution.
Citizens acquired their rights by virtue ofbirth.
The main criterion of poverty waswhether or not one had to work for a
living or the basis of life. Land ownership was the most socially
prestigious form of wealth.
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Why and how theWhy and how thepoleispoleisdevelopeddeveloped??
The origin of thepoleis is obscure.
But we know that it became anextremely efficient vehicle for thetransmission of Hellenistic culture.
But before Hellenization, Greek world
was opened to the rest of the world bythe way of colonization. Formal Greek colonization reached its
peak between 750 550 BC.
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Greek ColonizationGreek Colonization
The establishment of a colony was aformal affair for Greek city-states.
In the period from the 8th to the 6th
century B.C. a great number of newcity-states were founded along thecoasts of the Mediterranean and theBlack Seas.
These new cities were part of acolonization movement sponsoredby city-states in Greece and
Phoenicia.
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RReasons for the colonizationeasons for the colonization
The lack of natural resources inGreece, especially the lack of metals(tin, copper), timber (kereste) and
food. While searching such materials, Greek
states gathered information aboutfavorable places for agriculture and
settlement around theMediterranean.
In the long run, there were
demographic pressures in the cities
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Urbanism and Society in theUrbanism and Society in thelater Greek World (500 29 BC)later Greek World (500 29 BC)There was a great competition between
the Greek cities themselves andbetween the Greeks and others like
Phoenicians and Etruscans for thecontrol of the best sites. For example, the Peloponnesian War
between Athens and Sparta in 431 to404 B.C.
Also, there were relatively short-livedcity alliances to establish their own
independence or to be protected from
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TThe Peloponnesianhe PeloponnesianWarWar
The Peloponnesian War
reshaped the Ancient
Greek world.
On the level of
international relations,Athens, the strongest city-
state in Greece prior to the
war's beginning, was
reduced to a state of near-
complete subjection,while Sparta became
established as the leading
power of Greece.
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Urban LifeUrban Life
Some of the Geek city-states wereorganized according to the plan ofHippadamos of Miletus.
Hippadamos was an ancient GreekUrban Planner, and is considered to bethe father ofurbanplanning.
The two great Classical orders, the Doricand Ionic (A style of architecturaldecoration), continued to be used butless formal fashion than before.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning -
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Temples proliferated. Greek cities remained as the centers
of consumption rather than
production. Land ownership was the essential
parameter of elite status.
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Social Life: GymnasiumSocial Life: Gymnasium
The most innovative developmentwas the appearance ofgymnasium.
It was used for both physicalrecreation and artistic purposes.
It was also a place for socializing and
engaging in intellectual recreations.
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TThe gymnasium,he gymnasium, AAncientncient MMessini,essini,GreeceGreece
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Social Life: TheaterSocial Life: Theater
The theatre of ancient Greece,flourished in ancient Greecebetween c. 550 and c. 220 BC.
The city-state ofAthens, whichbecame a significant cultural,political and military power during
this period, was its centre, where itwas institutionalised as part of afestival.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/220_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/220_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece -
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Panoramic view of thePanoramic view of the HellenicHellenic theatretheatre
atat EpidaurusEpidaurus..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece -
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A blueprint of an Ancient Theatre. Terms areA blueprint of an Ancient Theatre. Terms are
inin Greek languageGreek language andand Latin lettersLatin letters..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language -
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Houses in ancientHouses in ancientAthensAthens
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New age began...New age began...
Macedonian Kingdom in 338 gained thecontrol of many city-states.
Under the rule of Alexander (336 323),
the Aegean resources were mobilizedin a campaign against the Persians. With the conquests of Alexander,
Macedonian authority and Greek
culture reached to Afghanistan andmany parts of Asia and Egypt. With the death of Alexander, his Empire
was fragmented.