Download - 3.1. ioannis papanikolaou
Ioannis Papanikolaou, MSc; Manolis Adamakis, PhD Greece, 2016
Social Predictors of Bicycle Helmet Use Among Children & Adolescents
SCIENTISTS FOR CYCLING COLLOQUIUMAveiro, Portugal, 17 – 19 November
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
Outline
• Regular PA
• Feasible for many
• Health benefits
• outweigh the injury risks
Bauman et al., 2012; de Hartog et al., 2010; Titze et al., 2014
Cycling is considered:
• Activity with Injury risks
• Injury rate 0-16y = 1452/100000
• Helmet reduces head injury
• Parents believe it
• Children do not wear it
Berstein et al., 2003; Pardi et al., 2007
However..
Berstein et al., 2003; Pardi et al., 2007
• Age = 11years
• Gender = male
• Income = high
• Parental role modeling
Moreover, helmet use
Research Question?
What are social factors that predict helmet use inAmong Children & Adolescents in Greece?
Assess the rates of helmet use and examine social variables related to bicycle helmet use in a sample of Greek children aged 8-15 years.
Propose of the study
• 5 public – 1 private school
• 330 elementary – 224 junior high school pupils
• 331 boys – 288 girls (623 children)
• 11.78 ± 1.92 years
Methodology
1. Attitudes, behaviors and knowledge self-report questionnaire (Dannenberg et al., 1993)
Bicycle ownership and use Helmet ownership and use Family, parent and peer pressure on helmet use Public or private school attendance
2. Family Affluence Scale II (Boyce et al., 2016)
0 – 3: Low affluence 4 – 5: Middle affluence 6 – 9: High affluence
Questionnaires
• Statistical package IBM SPSS 20.0
• Descriptive statistics (M, SD, frequencies)
• Chi-square (χ2) analysis
• Ordinal logistic regression
Statistical analysis
Bicycle use Helmet ownership Helmet wear0
102030405060708090
10093%
43,9%
18,6%
Helmet
Results
Helmet ownership among groups
• The same among boys – girls: χ2=0.62, p=0.73
• Higher for elementary pupils: χ2=34.30, p<0.001
• Higher for private school pupils: χ2=48.72, p<0.001
• Higher for high affluence pupils: χ2=17.56, p=0.002
Multivariate regression model for prediction of helmet use
Variable B S.E. pHelmet ownership: No -3.165 0.314 <0.001
Friends wear helmet: None -2.199 0.583 <0.001
Friends wear helmet: Few -1.378 0.572 0.016
Siblings wear helmet: Never -1.567 0.392 <0.001
Siblings wear helmet: Sometimes -1.589 0.415 <0.001
Siblings wear helmet: Usually 1.076 0.503 0.032
Father wears helmet: Never -1.482 0.440 0.001
Father wears helmet: Sometimes -1.286 0.570 0.024
Father wears helmet: Usually 1.283 0.585 0.028
χ2=489.13, df=28, p<0.001
NS: Mother wearing helmet, Cycling frequency, Parents’ helmet beliefs, Education level, School type, Gender, FAS classification
Conclusion
• Most children and adolescents were riding bicycles
• They were not using bicycle helmets
• Helmet use were substantially higher among elementary pupils
• Higher socioeconomic status students wear helmets
• Significance of father ‘role modeling’
• Importance of peers
Recommendations
2. Bicycle lessons by instructors
3. Encouraging bicycle helmet use among children
1. Public awareness
Scientific Knowledge
Cycling
Programs
Take home message
Children, that know how to ride their bikes properly wearing helmet, can become more responsible future cyclists.
(Greek Police Statistics, 2015)
(Greek Police Statistics, 2015)