-
4.1.3 ( Ultraviolet rays )
200~400 nm 400~800 nm
.
C=O, C=C, CC, Benzonoid (Chromophores) .
OH, -OR, -NH2 (Auxochromes) . .
,
, ,
. (Sample cell) ,
( ) .
(Ultraviolet & visible spectro
scopy) Single beam
Double beam .
.
-
Polyvinylpyrrolidone ,
nm, (Absorbance) .
-
200~400nm
.
(O3)
,
.
,
, .
(UV absorber) .
-
2 .
,
.
.
Melanin ,
Benzophenone , Benzotriazole , Phenylester , Cinamic acid .
, () ,
, .
UV-B
,
Melanin
.
-
UV-B
.
Benzophenone
, Phenol hydroxy
Carbonyl ,
Tautomerism .
-
, Melanin
,
. ,
. Melanin () ,
. (Biotechnology)
.
-
4.1.4 ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance )
Radio
.
NNoonn--mmaaggnneettiicc ffiieelldd AApppplliieedd mmaaggnneettiicc ffiieelldd
(Apin quantum number: SQN) 0
, . SQN
.
p66 - -
, SQN = 0
1122CC,, 1166OO,, 3322SS , SQN = 1/2 11HH,, 33HH,, 1133CC,, 1155NN,, 1199FF,, 3311PP . SQN = 1 22HH,, 1144NN , SQN > 1 1100BB,, 1111BB,, 1177OO,, 3355CCll .
(NMR analysis).
NMR spectrometer ,
14,000 G (60 MHz) proton spectra 23,000 G (100MHz) ,
71,000 G (300MHz) .
-
NMR
NMR
, RF-
transmitter Radio-frequency
power
, RF receiver RF
,
.
.
NMR spectrum
.
NMR spectrum
(Proton)
. , , CH, CH2, CH3
. , CCHHEEMMIICCAALL SSHHIIFFTT .
-
Chemical shift , proton
. proton Tetrame
thylsilane (TMS) .
chemical shift() (Hz: ) , 10- .
== 110066 xx (( -- )) // ((ppppmm))
,
() proton
, (Spin-spin splitting)
proton , n
proton n+1
.
Chemical shift
,
CH3COOCH2C6H5 NMR
spectrum .
-
4.2
.
,
.
.
0.2m 1200 SEM 5nm 50,000 , TEM 0.3nm
5,000,000 .
-
(Resolution: ) , .
RR == 00..6611 // ((nn00 ssiinn )) :: ,, nn00:: ,, ::
(PP) ( == hh // PP ), (EE) ( PP22 == 22mmeeEE )
== hh // ((22mmeeEE))
, .
, TEM 100kV 0.037 ,
0.004 radian, 6 .
, ,
.
.
.
, .
, 1) , 2)
-
50eV , 3) 50eV
, 4) (X-)
.
,
.
1 , +
.
, (Transmitting) (scanning)
.
(Transmission Electron Microscopy: TTEEMM), (Scanning Electron Microscopy: SSEEMM) .
.
, .
, .
, .
, (polarization)
.
-
.
.
-
(OM)
(SEM)
(TEM) , ,
, , , ,
,
.
SEM
,
. ,
, 100~
500 .
TEM
.
200
, 3mm
Cu Ni Grid
, 100
SiO
.
Shadow casting
-
,
(replica) .
,
.
(CRT)
.
.
-
Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX)
, X-
.
Stainless steel X-
.
-
EDX
,
.
-
4.3 X-
X- (X-ray Diffraction Analysis) 1 X-
, 2 X-
.
2 X- 1 ,
. 5 ,
X- (Small angle X-ray diffraction: SAXS) , X- (Wide
angle X-ray diffraction: WAXS) .
X- . X-
.
, .
X-
.
X- .
. K K ,
-
K , L L , L ,,,
.
K , .
.
-
K .
X- .
K
, X-
.
X-
.
MMooKKaa == 00..7711 CCuuKKaa == 11..5544 CCooKKaa == 11..7799 FFeeKKaa == 11..9944 CCrrKKaa == 22..2299
-
X- (X-ray generator)
X- ,
+/- . KV ,
.
X-
,
X-
X- (Scattered
X-ray) .
-
X-
X- X-
. X- X-
(Coherent scattered X-ray) .
-
1 X-( X-: Incident beam) ,
1 X- 2 X-( X-) .
-
X- X-
. , ,
X- .
X-
.
(
Diffraction) .
,
.
,
.
-
X- ,
.
, , O
M ,
L~N, ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
Braggs Law
.
-
nn == 22 dd ssii nn nn:: ,, :: XX-- ((CCuuKKaa==11..5544)),, dd:: ((dd--ssppaacciinngg)),, :: ((ddiiffffrraaccttiioonn aannggllee))
X- ,
. .
. ,
Braggs law
X-
.
3
3 .
1 x,y,z 3
.
,
.
-
X-
xyz
Bragg
(n)
.
-
.
, 3
,
,
.
Single point:
three cones intersect
3 , X-
.
Condition for appearance of an interference
reflection on flat film
-
X- ,
(: Equator) (Lateral) ,
(: Merdian) (Axis) .
-
X-
X-
() , , .
-
X-
(Detecter) .
(S) X- beam slits(A)
(C) .
Receiveing slits(B,F)
(G) .
,
.
-
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
X-
, X-
.
,
.
-
, , ,
, .
,
(merdian) .
, ,
.
X-
(Crystallinity) .
, (diffractogram) .
Polypropylene
,
.
(Crystallite) , Identity
periods, (Long-spacing periods)
.
-
X- (WAXS)
X-
(Goniometer) .
Sample
DetectorGenerator
-
X-
X- 0 X- X- ,
.
Bragg (nn == 22dd ssiinn ) () () , .
, d = 100 CuK =0.44 , AlK 2.39 .