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BJTs amplifier requires a knowledge of both the DC analysis(large signal) and AC analysis (small signal).
BJT need to be operate in active region used as amplifier.
The cutoff and saturation region used as a switches.
For the BJTs to be biased in its linear or active operatingregion the following must be true:
a) BE junction forward biased, 0.6 or 0.7V
b) BC junction reverse biased
DC bias analysis assume all capacitors are open circuit.
For transistor amplifiers the resulting DC current and voltage
establish an operating point that define the region that can be
employed for amplification process.
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Important basic relationships for a transistor:
V BE=0.7V
IE=(β+1)I
B≈I
C
IC = βIB
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Operating point quiescent point or Q-point
The biasing circuit can be designed to set the device operation at
any of these points or others within the active region.
The BJT device could be biased to operate outside the max limits,
but the result of such operation would be shortening of the
lifetime of the device or destruction of the device.
The chosen Q-point often depends on the intended use of the
circuit.
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replace the capacitors with an open-circuit equivalent becausethe reactance of a capacitor for dc is ∞Ω
The dc supply V cc can be separated into two supplies
Fixed bias circuit DC equivalent
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B
BECCB
R
V-VI
Write KVL equation in the
clockwise direction of the loop :
+V CC – IBR B – V BE =0
Solving the equation for the
current IB results :
Base-emitter loop B
BE cc B
R
V V I
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The magnitude of the IC is related directly to IB through
IC=βIB
Apply KVL in the clockwise directionaround the indicated close loop results:
V CE+ICR C-V CC=0 V CE = V CC-ICR C
Recall that :
V CE = V C - V E
In this case, V E = 0V, so V CE=V C
V BE=V B-V EThan V E=0V, V BE=V E
Collector –emitter loop
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Determine the following for the fixed bias configurationa) I BQ and I CQ b) V CEQ c) V B and V C d) V BC
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Determine the following for the fixed bias configurationa) IBQ and ICQ b) VCEQ c) VB d)VC e) VE
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V0V)e
V8.17VVd)V
V0.7VV)c
V17.8
k 7.22.93m-16
R I-VV) b
mA93.2u55.3290II
uA55.32k 470
7.016
R
VVI)a
E
CCEQCE
BBE
CCCCCEQ
BQCQ
B
BECCBQ
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The term saturation is applied to any system where levels have reachedtheir max values.
For a transistor operating in the saturation region, the current ismaximum value for a particular design.
Saturation region are normally avoided because the B-C junction is nolonger reverse-biased and the output amplified signal will be distorted.
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By referring to example 1 and the figure, determine thesaturation level.
Solution
limit.the
withinoperatesisIthat theconcluded becanIt.mA34.2Iin1exampleof designThe
mA45.5k 2.2
12
R
VI
CQ
CQ
C
CCCsat
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Find the saturation current for the fixed-bias configuration of figure example 2.
Solution
limit.the
withinoperatesisIthat theconcluded becan
It.mA93.2Iin2exampleof designT he
mA92.5k 7.2
16
R
VI
CQ
CQ
C
CCCsat
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We investigate how the network parameters define the possible
range of Q-points and how the actual Q-point is determined.
Refer to figure below (output loop) one straight line can be drawat output characteristics. This line is called load line.
This line connecting each separate of Q-point. At any point along the load line,
values of IB, IC and V CE can be picked
off the graph.
The process to plot the load line
as follows:
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Step 1:
Refer to circuit, V CE=V CC – ICR C (1)
Choose IC= 0 mA. Subtitute into (1), we get
V CE=V CC (2)
located at X axis Step 2:
Choose V CE=0V and subtitute into (1), we get
IC=V CC/R C (3) located at Y-axis
Step 3: Joining two points defined by (2) + (3), we get straight line that
can be drawn as Fig.
L d Li A l i
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Load-Line Analysis
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Case 1: • Level IB changed by varying the value of RB.
• Q-point moves up and down
L d Li A l i
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Case 2:
• VCC fixed and RC change
the load line will shift as
shown in Fig 5.8
• IB fixed, the Q-point will
move as shown in the same
figure.
Load-Line Analysis
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Case 3:
• RC fixed and VCC varied,
the load line shifts as
shown in Fig.
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Given the load line of Fig. 5.10 and defined Q-point, determine therequired values of V CE, R C and R B for a fixed bias configuration.
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kohm2311
17
7.040I
VV
R
R
V-VI
kohm67.2m15
40
I
VR
0V.VatR VI
mA0IatV40VV
B
BECC
B
B
BECCB
C
CCC
CE
C
CCC
CCCCE
:2Step
:1Step
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Determine the value of Q-point for this figure. Also find the new value
of Q-point if change to 150.
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The DC bias network below contains an emitter resistor to
improve the stability level of fixed-bias configuration. The analysis consists of two scope:
- Examining the base-emitter loop (input loop)
- Use the result to investigate the collector-emitter loop (output
loop)
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For the emitter-bias network for Fig.4.22 determine:
a)IB b)IC c)V CE d)V C e)V E f)V B g)V BC
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required)as biased(reverse
V27.1398.1571.2VVV)g
V71.201.27.0VVV)f
V01.2k 1m01.2R IR IV
OR
V01.297.1398.15VVV)e
V98.1502.420
k 2m01.220R IVV)d
V97.13
03.620k 1k 2m01.220
R R I-VVc)
mA01.21.4050II b)
A1.40k 1150k 430
7.020
R 1R
V-V Ia)
CBBC
EBEB
ECEEE
CEEE
CCCCC
ECCCCCE
BC
EB
BECCB
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The saturation current for an emitter-bias configuration is:
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Determine the saturation current for the network of example 7.
Solution:
This value is about three times the level of ICQ (2.01mA =50)
for the example 7. Its indicate the parameter that been used in
example 7 can be use in analysis of emitter bias network.
mA67.6k 3
20
k 1k 2
20
R R
VI
EC
CCCsat
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Load Line Analysis
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Step 3:
Joining two points defined by (2) + (3), we get straight line that can
be drawn as Fig. 5.17:
Load-Line Analysis
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ICQ and V CEQ from the table is changing dependently the changing
of .
The voltage-divider bias configuration is designed to have a less
dependent or independent of the .
If the circuit parameter are properly chosen, the resulting levels of
ICQ and V CEQ can be almost totally independent of .
I B( A) I C (mA) V CE (V)
50 40.1 2.01 13.97
100 36.3 3.63 9.11
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Two method for analyzedthe voltage-divider biasconfiguration:
- Exact method
- Approximate method
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Step 1:
The input side of thenetwork can be redrawnfor DC analysis.
Step 2: Analysis of Theveninequivalent network to theleft of base terminal
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Step 2(a):
Replaced the voltage sources
with short-circuit equivalent
and gives the value of R TH
21 R R RTH
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Step 2(b):Determining the ETH by replacing the voltage sources andopen circuit Thevenin voltage. Then apply the voltage-divider rule.
21
CC2
2R TH
R R
VR VE
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Step 3:The Thevenin network is then redrawn and IBQ can bedetermined by KVL
0 E E BE TH BTH R I V R I E givesI1βISubtitute BE
ETH
BETH
B
R 1R
VEI
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Determine the DC bias voltage V CE and current IC for the voltage-divider configuration of network below:
47
49
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kohm3.55k 9.3k 39
k 9.3k 39
R R R 21TH
V2
k 9.3k 39
22k 9.3
R R
VR E
21
CC2
TH
A05.6
k 5.11140k 55.3
7.02
R 1R
VE
I ETH
BETH
B
mA85.005.6140II BC
V22.12
k 5.1k 10m85.022
R R IVV ECCCCCE
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For the voltage-divider biasconfiguration,determine:
IBQ, ICQ, V CEQ, V C, V E and V B.
S l ti
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kohm7.93k 1.9k 62
k 1.9k 62
R R R 21TH
V05.2
k 1.9k 62
16k 1.9
R R
VR E
21
CC2
TH
A4.21
k 68.0180k 93.7
7.005.2
R 1R
VEI
ETH
BETH
BQ
mA712.14.2180II BCQ
V16.8
k 68.0k 9.3m712.116
R R IVV ECCCCCEQ
V32.9k 9.3m712.116
R IVV CCCCC
V18.1
k 68.0m712.14.21
k 68.0II
R IV
CB
EEE
V88.1
7.018.1
VVV BEEB
Solution
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Step 1:
R E 10R 2
Step 2:
The input section can be represented by the network of figure below andR 2 can be considered in series by assuming
I1I2 and IB= 0A .
E i
i
R R
I I R R
1
212
This eqn must be satisfied. If not, approximate analysis
can’t be used , and you have to use the exact analysis
(Thevenin’s method)
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21
CC2
R2B
R R
VR VV
:determined becanvoltage baseThe
BEE
EBBE
E
V-VV
V-VV:wellascalculated becanVleveland
B
ECQ
E
E
E IIandR
VI
:determined becan
currentemitter theand
E E R R )1(R where
10R βR
:approacheapproximat
definethat willCondition
i
2E
• Step 3:
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Repeat the analysis of example 9 using the approximatetechnique and compare solution for ICQ and V CEQ.
Solution:
!satisfiedkohm39kohm210
k 9.310k 5.1140
R 10R
:Step1
2E
drawn becancct bias partialthe
:2Step
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V2
k 9.3k 39
22k 9.3
R R
VR V
:3Step
21
CC2
B
V3.17.02
VVV BEBE
mA867.0k 5.1
3.1
R
VII
E
E
ECQ
V03.12
k 5.1k 10m867.022
R R IVV ECCCCCEQ
I CQ
(mA) V CEQ
(V)
Exact
Analysis
0.85 12.22
Approximate
Analysis
0.867 12.03
ICQ and VCEQ are certainly close.
E l
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Repeat the exact analysis of example 9 if is reduced to 70.Compare the solution for ICQ and V CEQ.
Solution: kohm3.55R TH
V2ETH
A81.11
k 5.1170k 55.37.02
R 1R
VEI
ETH
BETH
B
mA83.081.1170II BC
Example
S l ti ( ti d)
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V46.12k 5.1k 10m83.022
R R IVV ECCCCCE
I CQ(mA) V CEQ(V)
140 0.85 12.22
70 0.83 12.46
Conclusion: Even though is drastically half, the level ICQ and VCEQ are essentially same.
Solution (continued)
Example
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Determine the levels of ICQ and VCEQ for the voltage-divider
configuration using the exact and approximate analysis.
Compare the solution.
Example
S l ti
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Solution
kohm35.71k 22k 82
k 22k 82
R R R
:AnalysisExact
21TH
V81.3
k 22k 82
18k 22
R R
VR E
21
CC2
TH
A6.39
k 2.1150k 35.17
7.081.3
R 1R VEI
ETH
BETH
BQ
mA98.16.3950IIBCQ
V54.4
k 2.1k 6.5m98.118
R R IVV ECCCCCEQ
Solution (continued)
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satisfied)(not220kohm60kohm
k 2210k 2.150
R 10R
:AnalysiseApproximat
2E
V81.3
k 22k 82
18k 22
R R
VR EV
21
CC2
THB
V11.37.081.3
VVV BEBE
mA59.2k 2.1
11.3
R
V
II E
E
ECQ
V88.3
k 2.1k 6.5m59.218
R R IVV ECCCCCEQ
Solution (continued)
Solution (continued)
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Solution (continued)
I CQ(mA) %difference V CEQ(V) %difference
Exact
Analysis
1.98
23.5%
4.54
17%
Approximate Analysis
2.59 3.88
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The saturation collector-emitter circuit for the voltage-divider
configuration has the same appearance as the emitter-biased
configuration as shown below.
EC
CCCsat
R R VI
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The similarities with the output circuit of the emitter-biased
configuration result in the same intersections for the load line of the
voltage-divider configuration.
The load line therefore have the same appearance with:
axisYatlocated
R R
VI 0VVCE
EC
CCC
axisXatlocated VV 0mAICCCCE
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Another way to improve the stability of a bias circuit is to add a feedback
path from collector to base. In this bias circuit the Q-point is only slightly
dependent on the transistor Beta .
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Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law:
VCC – ICR C – IBR B – VBE – IERE = 0
Note: IC = IC + IB -- but usually IB << IC so IC IC
Knowing IC = IB and IE IC then:
VCC – IB R C – IBRB – VBE – IBR E = 0
Simplifying and solving for IB:
)R (R R
VVI
ECB
BECCB
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Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law: IERE + VCE + ICRC – VCC = 0
Since IC IC and IC = IB: IC(RC + RE) + VCE – VCC =0
Solving for VCE: VCE = VCC- IC(RC+RE)
)( E C C CC CE
R R I V V
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Transistor Saturation Level
EC
CCCC
R R
VmaxIsatI
Load Line Analysis
It is the same analysis as for the voltage divider bias
and the emitter-biased circuits.
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For the collectorfeedback configuration,determine IB
IC
V C
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(a) I B =
= 15.88 A
(b) I C = I
B = (120)(15.88 A)= 1.91 mA
(c)V C =
V CC
I C
RC = 16 V (1.91 mA)(3.6 k)
= 9.12 V
16 V 0.7 V( ) 470 k + (120)(3.6 k 0.51 k )
CC BE
B C E
V V R R R
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We are able to design the transistor circuit using the ideasthat we have learnt before during analyzing dc biasingcircuit.
How?
- Understand the Kirchoff’s Law and other electriccircuit law such as Ohms Law, Thevenin Laws etc
- Identify the parameters given
- Analyze into the input/output for the system and build
a loop using electric circuit’s law.
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If the transistor and supplies are specified, the designprocess will simply determine the required resistor fora particular design.
Once the theoretical values of the resistors are
determined, the nearest standard commercial valuesare normally chosen and any variations due to notusing the exact resistance values are accepted as part of the design.
R unknown=V R /IR
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Given the device characteristics in figure, determine
V cc, R B and R C for the fixed-bias configuration.
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Given that ICQ = 2 mA and V CEQ = 10V, determine R 1 and R C for the network
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The emitter resistor is ¼ to
1/10 of the supply voltage
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R E and R C cannot proceed directly from the information just specified.
R E – to provide dc bias stabilization so that the change of collector current due to leakage currents in the transistor
and the transistor beta would not cause a large shift inthe operating point.
The R E cannot be unreasonably large because the voltage
across it limits the range of swing of the voltage fromcollector to emitter.
V E – typically ¼ -1/10 from supply voltage
Determine the resistor values for the network, for the
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Determine the resistor values for the network, for theindicated operating point and supply voltage.
Use V E = 1/10 V CC
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The emitter resistor is ¼ to 1/10
of the supply voltage
To determine R1 and R2 use
10R2≤βRE
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Design a voltage divider bias network using a supply of 24V, a transistor with β = 110, and an operating point of ICQ = 4 mA and V CEQ = 8 V. choose V E = 1/8 V CC. Usestandard value.
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RE = = 0.75 k
RC
=
= = 3.25 k
V B
= V E
+ V BE
= 3 V + 0.7 V = 3.7 V
V B
= 2 unknowns!
use RE 10R2 for increased stability
( )QC
CC CE E R CC C
C C C
V V V V V V
I I I
3 V
4 mA
E E
E C
V V
I I
24 V (8 V + 3 V) 24 V 11 V 13 V
4 mA 4 mA 4 mA
2 2
2 1 2 1
(24 V)3.7 V =CC R V R
R R R R
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(110)(0.75 k) = 10R2
R2 = 8.25 k Choose R2 = 7.5 k
Substituting in the above equation:
3.7 V =
R1 = 41.15 k
Standard values:
RE = 0.75 k, RC = 3.3 k, R2 = 7.5 k, R1 = 43 k
1
7.5 k (24 V)
7.5 k R
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• Transistor works as an inverter in computer circuits.
• Operating point switch from cut-off to saturation along the
load line for proper inversion.
• In order to understand, we assume that;
IC=ICEO=0mA when IB = 0µA
VCE=Vsat=0V
• One must understand the transistor graph output and
load-line analysis to describe and discuss about thetransistor switching networks.
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uAmA I
I Therefore
mA R
V
k
V I
I I
Csat B
C
cc
I B
Csat B
8.48125
1.6,
1.6I
63uA68
7.0
that,seellwe'figure,with thecompare
thatensuremustWe
Csat
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How to define and encounter transistor circuit problem?