6 Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
These four kingdomsare believed to have
evolved from the Archaebacteria.
Formerly grouped as one kingdom known
as the Monerans.
Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes• No nucleus• No membrane-bound
organelles• Most cells are
1 -10 μm in size• Evolved 3.5 billion
years ago• Found only in
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
• Has nucleus• Many organelles• Cells can be between
2 - 1,000 μm in size• Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago• Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms
Types of Nutrition• Autotrophs: (able to make own food)
1.) Photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food2.) Chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron are consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food
• Heterotrophs: (unable to make own food)1.) Ingestion: organism eats other organisms or their organic byproducts2.) Absorption: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside the body, then absorb the digested molecules
Kingdom Archaebacteria• Cell Type: prokaryotes (original life form on
earth; gave rise to eukaryotes)
• Body Forms: unicellular
• Cell Structure: have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane or other membrane-bound organelles.
• Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Habitat: extreme environments such as ddeep sea volcanic vents, hot springs
Kingdom ArchaebacteriaOther Important Information: fewer than 100
species are believed to exist
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria, anaerobic bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria• Cell Type: Prokaryotes - considered the
“true bacteria”• Body Forms: unicellular• Cell Structure: cell walls made of
peptidoglycans; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane and membrane- bound organelles
• Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs;
heterotrophic forms too• Habitat: Common environments – land,
water and air; live in and on organisms
Kingdom EubacteriaOther Important Information: extremely
diverse – more than 5000 species exist. Ecologically important as decomposers. Symbiotic relationships with humans – mutualistic in gut; parasitic when they cause disease.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella, Gonorrhea
Kingdom Protista• Cell Type: Eukaryotes• Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some
multicellular, some colonial • Cell Structure: have a nucleus with
genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles; some have cell walls made of cellulose, pectin or silica
• Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs that use ingestion or
absorption• Habitat: freshwater and ocean water, in
and on organisms
Kingdom Protista
Other Important Information: the “catch-all kingdom”; range from microscopic to 150
feet long in size; some are animal-like, some are plant-like; some cause disease.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: kelp, algae, slime mold, Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena, diatoms
Kingdom Fungi• Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Body Forms: some unicellular, most
multicellular• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic
material and other membrane-bound organelles but lack chloroplasts; cell
walls made of chitin; some have more than one nucleus and some have openings
between adjacent cells• Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption)• Habitat: most are terrestrial, some live on or
in organisms
Kingdom Fungi
Other Important Information: Ecological importance as decomposers. Many have relationships with other organisms. In humans-parasitic fungus cause athlete’s foot and ringworm. Mutualistic examples too: mychorrizae in plants and lichens with algae.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, mildew, mold, truffles
Kingdom Plantae• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Body Forms: multicellular
• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles; have chloroplasts; cell walls made of cellulose; have large central vacuoles; vascular plants have advanced tissues and organs
• Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs
• Habitat: mostly terrestrial
Kingdom PlantaeOther Important Information: plants are the
base of terrestrial food chains; more than 262,000 species exist
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: moss, ferns, pine trees, oak trees, shrubs, flowers, grass
Kingdom Animalia
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Body Forms: multicellular
• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles; but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; most have advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs
• Nutrition: heterotrophic
• Habitat: land, water, air
Kingdom AnimaliaOther Important Information: the most
diverse of all kingdoms in appearance; most are motile (they can move)
Sketches of Cellular Examples
Examples: sponges, worms, snails, insects (ants, grasshoppers), birds, snake, fish, elephant, human