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2017, Edgard Jamhour
6LOWPAN E
PROTOCOLOS PARA
IOT
EDGARD JAMHOUR
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IEEE 802.15.4
Tecnologia de Radio “Low Power”
Baixo Consumo
Pequeno Alcance
Baixas Taxas de Transmissão
Pequeno MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)
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CARACTERÍSTICAS DA
TECNOLOGIA 802.15.4
Taxas de Transmissão:
• 250 Kb/s, 40 Kb/s e 20 Kb/s
Topologias:
• Estrela ou Ponto-a-Ponto
Frequências de Operação:
• 16 canais em 2.4 GHz (ISM)
• 10 canais em 915 MHz (ISM)
• 1 canal em 868 MHz (Europeu)
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868MHz / 915MHz
PHY
2.4 GHz
868.3 MHz
Channel 0 Channels 1-10
Channels 11-26
2.4835 GHz
928 MHz 902 MHz
5 MHz
2 MHz
2.4 GHz
PHY
Joe Dvorak, Motorola
BANDAS DE OPERAÇÃO E DIVISÃO EM
CANAIS (VERSÃO 2006)
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Edgard Jamhour
PILHA IEEE 802.15.4
05 2004
Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. Sli
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Upper Layers
IEEE 802.15.4 SSCS IEEE 802.2
LLC, Type I
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY
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Preamble Start of
Packet
Delimiter
PHY
Header
PHY Service
Data Unit (PSDU)
PHY Packet Fields • Preamble (32 bits) – sincronização
• Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits)
• PHY Header (8 bits) – PSDU length
• PSDU (0 to 1016 bits) – Data field
6 Octets 0-127 Octets
Joe Dvorak, Motorola
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY OVERVIEW PACKET STRUCTURE
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TIPOS DE DISPOSITIVOS
FULL Function Device (FFD)
• Qualquer topologia
• Pode ser coordenador de PAN
• Conversa com qualquer outro dispositivo
• Implementa toda a pilha do protocolo
Reduced Function Device (RFD)
• Opera em topologias estrela ou como “folhas” (end-devices)
• Não podem ser coordenadores PAN
• Implementação simples
• Implementação simplificada da pilha de protocolos
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Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. Sli
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STAR TOPOLOGY
FFD
RFD Communications flow
Master/slave
PAN
coordinator
Todos os nós se
comunicam com
um controlador
PAN central
Controlador PAN é
um nó com uma
fonte de energia
confiável
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Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
PEER-PEER TOPOLOGY
Communications flow
Point to point
Cluster tree
FFD
RFD
PAN
coordinators
Nós podem se comunicar
através do controlador
Central e através de nós
FFD
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Edgard Jamhour
CLUSTER TREE
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Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. Slid
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COMBINED TOPOLOGY
FFD
RFD
Communications flow
Clustered stars – múltiplas redes em
topologia estrela
controladas por diferentes
controladores e conectadas entre si
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. S
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ESTRUTURA DE SUPERFRAME
OPCIONAL
15ms * 2n
where 0 n 14
GTS 3 GTS 2
Network
beacon Transmitido pelo coordenador PAN
Beacon
extension
period Espaço reservado para crescimento do Beacon
Contention
period Acesso livre por CSMA-CA
Guaranteed
Time Slot Acesso de nós que precisam de garantia de banda [n = 0].
GTS 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15Slot
Battery life extension
Contention Access Period Contention Free Period
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Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. Sli
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OPTIONAL FRAME
STRUCTURE
Superframe pode ter um periodo de inatividade
15ms * 2BO
where SO BO 14
15ms * 2SO
where 0 SO 14
SO = Superframe order
BO = Beacon order
Inactive Period
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Edgard Jamhour
Payload
PH
Y L
ayer
MA
C
Layer
MAC Header
(MHR)
MAC Footer
(MFR)
MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)
MAC Service Data Unit
(MSDU)
PHY Header
(PHR)
Synch. Header
(SHR)PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)
4 TIPOS DE QUADROS MAC
• Data Frame
• Beacon Frame
• Acknowledgment Frame
• MAC Command Frame
Joe Dvorak, Motorola
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC OVERVIEW ESTRUTURA GERAL DOS QUADROS
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05 2004 Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. S
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FORMATO GERAL DOS
QUADROS MAC
Octets:2 1 0/2 0/2/8 0/2 0/2/8 variable 2
Destination
PAN
identifier
Destination
address
Source
PAN
identifier
Source
address
MAC
payloadMAC footer
Frame
check
sequence
MAC header
Addressing fields
Frame
control
Sequence
number
Frame
payload
Bits: 0-2 3 4 5 6 7-9 10-11 12-13 14-15
Frame typeSequrity
enabled
Frame
pendingAck. Req. Intra PAN Reserved
Dest.
addressing
mode
Reserved
Source
addressing
mode
Frame control field
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05 2004 Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. S
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QUADRO DO TIPO BEACON
Bits: 0-3 4-7 8-11 12 13 14 15
Beacon
order
Superframe
order
Final CAP
slot
Battery life
extensionReserved
PAN
coordinator
Association
permit
Octets:2 1 4 or 10 2 variable variable variable 2
MAC
footer
Frame
check
sequence
MAC header
Source address
information
MAC payload
Superframe
specification
GTS
fields
Pending
address
fields
Frame
control
Beacon
sequence
number
Beacon payload
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QUADROS DE COMANDO
Tipos de Comando:
Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
Octets:2 1 4 to 20 1 variable 2
MAC
footer
Frame
check
sequence
Frame
control
Data
sequence
number
Address
information
MAC header MAC payload
Command
typeCommand payload
• Association request
• Association response
• Disassociation notification
• Data request
• PAN ID conflict notification
• Orphan Notification
• Beacon request
• Coordinator realignment
• GTS request
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
QUADROS DE DADOS E ACK
QUADROS ACK
Octets:2 1 2
MAC
footer
Frame
check
sequence
MAC header
Frame
control
Data
sequence
number
Octets:2 1 4 to 20 variable 2
MAC PayloadMAC
footer
Data payload
Frame
check
sequence
MAC header
Frame
control
Data
sequence
number
Address
information
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TIPOS DE COMUNICAÇÃO
• Com ou Sem confirmação (ACK)
• Direto ou Indireto
• Com ou sem garantia (GTS em modo beacon)
• Maximum data length (MSDU)
• aMaxMACFrameSize (102 bytes)
Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
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PRIMITIVAS
MAC
A camada MAC oferece uma interface entre a camada de Aplicação e a camada PHY
São oferecidos dois grupos de serviços:
MLME-SAP:
Serviços de Gerenciamento
PIB (PAN Information Base)
MCPS-SAP:
Serviços de Dados
Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
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Edgard Jamhour
FUNCIONAMENTO DAS
PRIMITIVAS
wpan_: funções MAC
usr_: funções callback
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
PRIMITIVAS MAC
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
DATA TRANSFER
MESSAGE SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Originator
MAC Recipient
MAC
Data frame
Acknowledgment (if requested)
Originator higher layer
Recipient higher layer
MCPS-DATA.request
MCPS-DATA.indication
MCPS-DATA.confirm
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
INDIRECT DATA TRANSFER
MESSAGE SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Coordinator
MAC Device MAC
Data frame
Acknowledgment
Coordinator higher layer
Device higher layer
MCPS-DATA.request (indirect)
MCPS-DATA.indication
MCPS-DATA.confirm
Beacon frame
Data request
Acknowledgement
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
ASSOCIATION
MESSAGE SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Device MAC
Coordinator MAC
Association request
Acknowledgment
Device higher layer
Coordinator higher layer
MLME-ASSOCIATE.request
MLME-ASSOCIATE.indication
MLME-ASSOCIATE.response
Acknowledgement
Association response
MLME-ASSOCIATE.confirm
aResponseWaitTime
MLME-COMM-STATUS.indication
Data request
Acknowledgment
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Edgard Jamhour
05 2004 Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. S
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DISASSOCIATION
MESSAGE SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
= Originator
MAC Recipient
MAC
Disassociation notification
Acknowledgment
Originator higher layer
Recipient higher layer
MLME-DISASSOCIATE.request
MLME-DISASSOCIATE.indication MLME-DISASSOCIATE.confirm
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
DATA POLLING
MESSAGE SEQUENCE CHART
Device MAC
Coordinator MAC
Data request
Acknowledgment (FP = 0)
Device higher layer
MLME-POLL.request
MLME-POLL.confirm
No data pending at the coordinator
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. S
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DATA POLLING
MESSAGE SEQUENCE CHART
Device MAC
Coordinator MAC
Data request
Acknowledgment (FP = 1)
Device higher layer
MLME-POLL.request
MLME-POLL.confirm
Data
Acknowledgement
MCPS-DATA.indication
Data pending at the coordinator
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Edgard Jamhour
PASSIVE SCAN
Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. Sli
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Device MAC
Coordinator MAC
Device higher layer
MLME-SCAN.request
MLME-SCAN.confirm
ScanDuration
Beacon
Set 1st Channel
Set 2nd
Channel
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
ACTIVE SCAN
Device MAC
Coordinator MAC
Beacon request
Device higher layer
MLME-SCAN.request
MLME-SCAN.confirm
ScanDuration Beacon
Set 1st Channel
CSMA
Set 2nd
Channel
Beacon request
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp. S
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ESPAÇAMENTO INTER-FRAME
For frames ≤ aMaxSIFSFrameSize use short inter-frame spacing (SIFS)
For frames > aMaxSIFSFrameSize use long inter-frame spacing (LIFS)
Long frame ACK Short frame ACK
tack
LIFS tack
SIFS
Acknowledged transmission
Long frame Short frame
LIFS SIFS
Unacknowledged transmission
aTurnaroundTime tack
(aTurnaroundTime (12 symbols) + aUnitBackoffPeriod (20 symbols))
LIFS > aMaxLIFSPeriod (40 symbols)
SIFS > aMacSIFSPeriod (12 symbols)
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Edgard Jamhour Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp.
OPERAÇÃO CSMA
NÃO SLOTTED NB = 0,
BE = macMinBE
Delay for
random(2BE - 1) unit
backoff periods
Perform CCA
Channel idle?
NB = NB+1,
BE = min(BE+1, aMaxBE)
NB>
macMaxCSMABackoffs
?
Failure Success
Un-slotted CSMA
Y
Y
N
N
Usado em Redes sem
Beacon
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Edgard Jamhour
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OPERAÇÃO CSMA
MODO SLOTTED
NB = 0, CW = 0
Battery life
extension?
BE = macMinBE
BE = lesser of
(2, macMinBE)
Locate backoff
period boundary
Delay for
random(2BE - 1) unit
backoff periods
Perform CCA on
backoff period
boundary
Channel idle?
CW = 2, NB = NB+1,
BE = min(BE+1, aMaxBE)CW = CW - 1
CW = 0?NB>
macMaxCSMABackoffs
?
Failure Success
Slotted CSMA
Y
Y Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Modo Beacon
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VERSÕS DA TECNOLOGIA
IEEE 802.15.4
VERSÃO DETALHES
IEEE 802.15.4 - 2003 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) com taxas de 20 e 40Kbit/s
IEEE 802.15.4 - 2006 Maiores taxas de transmissão em DSSS
Adição do modo PSS (Parallel Sequence Spread Spectrum)
IEEE 802.15.4a Adição do modo UWB (Direct Sequence Ultra-WideBand)
Adição do modo CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum)
IEEE 802.15.4c ATUALIZAÇÃO DA PHYs e BANDA NA CHINA 779-787 MHz.
IEEE 802.15.4d ATUALIZAÇÃO DA PHYs e BANDA NO JAPÃO 950 - 956 MHz
IEEE 802.15.4e EXTENSÕES PARA AUTOMAÇÃO INDUSTRIAL
IEEE 802.15.4f NOVAS PHYS PARA UWB, 2.4 e 433 MHz
IEEE 802.15.4g PHY PARA SERVIÇOS MUNICIPAIS UTILITÁRIOS (ELETRICIDADE, GAS e
AGUA)
INCLUIR MELHORIAS NA BANDA 902 - 928 MHz
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WISUN ALLIANCE
WWW.WI-SUN.ORG
Especificação da FAN (Field Area Network) para Redes Utilitárias
Comparação de Tecnologias Wireless para IoT:
https://www.wi-sun.org/index.php/tcwp-en/file
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MOTIVAÇÃO PARA
6LOWPAN
• Oferecer suporte a tecnologia IP para dispositivos de IoT
• Aplicações desenvolvidas sobre IP são independentes da
tecnologia de comunicação
• Adaptar o uso de IPv6 as tecnologias de rádio existentes
• IPv6: MTU mínimo de 1280 bytes
• Cabeçalho IPv6: 40 bytes
• Cabeçalho UDP: 8 bytes
• IEEE 802.15.4: MSDU 102 bytes
• 54 bytes por pacote (sem segurança)
• 33 bytes por pacote (com segurança)
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6LOWPAN (RFC 4944)
• Camada de adaptação para transporte de pacotes IPv6 sobre
enlaces IEEE 802.15.4
• Usa IEEE 802.15.4 em modo CSMA/CA unslotted (sem beacom)
• Beacon apenas para descoberta de dispositivos
• Introduz a fragmentação e remontagem de pacotes IPv6
• Compressão dos cabeçalhos IPv6, UDP e ICMP
• Suporte ao roteamento MESH (mesh under)
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Edgard Jamhour
6LOWPAN & IEEE 802.15.4
Chaiporn Jaikaeo
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Edgard Jamhour
BYTE DISPATCH NO
CABEÇALHO 6LOWPAN
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6LOWPAN DISPATCH
CODES
• 6LowPAn inclui um cabeçalho que indica como o pacote foi
encapsulado
• Diversos formatos são suportados:
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COMPRESSÃO HC1
• A versão é sempre 6
• O Endereço IPv6 (HOST) pode ser inferido a partir do MAC
• O tamanho do pacote pode ser obtido do quadro
• Flow Label e Traffic Class são raramente usados (0)
• Next Header é quase sempre TCP, UDP ou ICMP
Cabeçalho IPv6
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Edgard Jamhour
COMPRESSÃO HC1
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COMPRESSÃO HC2
• Compressão de UDP de 8 para 3 bytes
• O tamanho pode ser deduzido pelo tamanho do quadro
• Restringir as portas a faixa: 61616-61631 (16 valores)
• Portas podem ser representadas por 4 bits
2 bytes 2 bytes
CABEÇALHO UDP
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Edgard Jamhour
COMPRESSÃO H1+H2
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Edgard Jamhour
PAYLOAD COM E SEM
COMPRESSÃO
Sem Compressão (código 01000001)
Com Compressão (código 01000010 = HC1)
Pode ser seguido de compressão HC2
Funciona apenas para
endereços Link-Local
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IPHC: IMPROVED HC
• Compressão HC1 e HC2
são sem estado e
funcionam apenas para
endereços IPv6 do tipo
Link Local
• IPHC é uma forma de
compressão mais geral,
que operar em modo
com ou sem estado
• Os prefixos IPv6 são
removidos
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QUADROS
FRAMENTADOS
1. Pacotes IPv6 maiores que o MTU são fragmentados
2. Introduz campo de offset para fragmentos
3. Tempo máximo de remontagem é 60 segundos
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IMPLEMENTAÇÃO
6LOWPAN (STACK)
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Edgard Jamhour
IMPLEMENTAÇÃO
6LOWPAN (GATEWAY)
RNDIS: Remote Network Driver Interface Specification
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Edgard Jamhour
EXEMPLOS DE REDES
6LOWPAN
Chaiporn Jaikaeo
Gateway
6LowPan para IPv6
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Edgard Jamhour
MESH UNDER VS ROUTER
RPL
Emula um
único domínio
de broadcast
na rede
6LowPan
Para camada
de rede, a
comunicação
na WPAN é
single hop
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Edgard Jamhour
CABEÇALHO MESH UNDER
Hop Left é decrementado a cada salto
O quadro é descartando quando o valor
chega a zero
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Edgard Jamhour
IEEE 802.15.5
Solução de Mesh-Under
para redes IEEE
802.15.4-006
IETF não especificou
protocolos Mesh-Under
para 6LowPan
RPL é o protocolo padrão
proposto pelo IETF para
Router-Over em redes
6LowPan