MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries25 February 2009
A Natural History of UnicornsSmithsonian Collaborations in the World of Library, Archives, and Museums
史密森尼在檔案館圖書館與博物館界的合作案
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Vast, But Not Infinite
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Vast, But Not Infinite“I assumed you packed the library in 1,000 volume boxes, each box having a capacity of precisely one cubic meter. All space to the farthest known spiral galaxies would not hold the Universal Library. In fact, you would need this volume of space so often that the number of packed universes would be a figure with only some 60 zeros less than the figure for the number of volumes… The figure is not infinite, it is a finite figure.”
- Kurd Lasswitz, “The Universal Library.” 1901
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Vast, But Not Infinite• 100 characters (Western
European languages, plus spaces and some punctuation)
• Each line has 50 spaces• Each page is 40 lines long• Each book is 500 pages long• Total Books: 100 1,000,000
• Googolplex: 1 followed by a googol (10 100) zeros
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Vast, But Not Infinite
The sum of our collections, Libraries, Archives and Museums is Vast, but by most practical – and even impractical counting methodologies – it is finite. Vast, but Finite!
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Vast, But Not Infinite
巨大的,但不是無限的
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
The Memex
In 1945, Vannavar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, outlined the ultimate tool of the near term future, the Memex, in the article “As We May Think”
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
LIBRARIES圖書館
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
ARCHIVES檔案館
LIBRARIES圖書館
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
ARCHIVES檔案館
LIBRARIES圖書館
MUSEUMS博物館
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Libraries
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Libraries
“Some bookes are to bee tasted, others to bee
swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. That
is, some bookes are to be read only in parts; other to bee
read, but not curiously; and some few to bee read wholly,
and with diligence and attention”
– Francis Bacon (1612)
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Libraries
“Defenders of the book often stress the ‘pleasure of handling
books’ as a reason for the continued use. Of course this
argument sometimes amounts to little more than an appeal to the
bibliophile’s pleasure in handling his possessions”
- Geoffrey Nunberg (1993)
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Libraries
“As an agent of change, printing altered methods of data
collections, storage and retrieval systems, and communications
networks used by learned communities throughout Europe”
- Elizabeth L. EisensteinThe Printing Revolution in Early Modern
Europe (1983)
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Libraries
Fringe works will receive use (the “long tail”)Create a deepened sense of historyA comprehensive topical library will let people know both what they do know and what they don’t knowA new culture of interaction and participation
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Archives
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Archives
Unlike libraries, where the objects, books, can have their content transformed to other media without too much loss of original intent…
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Archives
… a manuscript letter, a mimeographed memo, a diary page, loses some of its being when translated to a printed page or a computer screen.
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Archives
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Museums
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Museums
26,000,00021,000,0005,000,000Harvard Univ. Herbarium/Mus. Comp. Zoo.
30,000,00021,000,0009,000,000American Museum of Natural History, New York
58,877,30050,000,0008,877,300Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
60,200,00055,000,0005,200,000Natural History Museum, London
83,000,00078,500,0004,500,000National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC
TotalAnimal
SpecimensPlant
SpecimensInstitution
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Museums
Art works: Stephen Weil calculated (in 1990) that in the U.S. alone there were over 8 million art works created:
• 200,000 working artists• 40 works per artist• 8 million total works per
year!
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Museums
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Museums
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Museums
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Memory Institutions: Museums
National Palace Museum國立故宮博物院
650,000 + artworks and artifacts
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
But Is It Google-able?
32 million published books
750 million articles and essays
25 million songs500 million images500,000 movies3 million videos, TV
shows and short films100 billion+ web pages
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
But Is It Google-able?
• Compressed (at today’s standards) this would be about 50 petabytes (about the size of a small-town (U.S.) library building)
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Factors
Here are some of the key factors that I think will guide libraries, archives and museums in the new, digital world
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Factors: Wetware
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Factors: Hardware
• Cheap Scanning
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Factors: Hardware
• Cheap Print on Demand: Internet Archive Bookmobile
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Factors: Hardware
• Cheap, mobile devices
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
“The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it”
- Vannevar Bush (1945)
Factors: Conclusion
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
• 137 million objects• 19 museums• 9 research centers• 26.8 million visitors• 188.8 million web
visitors• ~ 6,000 staff
Smithsonian Institution
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
• 1.5 million volumes• 4,522 active print
journal subscriptions• 3,000 electronic
journals• 190,000 microforms• 2,500 digital
volumes• ~ 100 staff
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Smithsonian Libraries Digital Projects
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Art and Design藝術與設計
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Art and Design藝術與設計
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
History and Culture歷史和文化
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Art and Design藝術與設計
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Science科學
History and Culture歷史和文化
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
The Biodiversity Heritage Library is the largest collaboration yet undertaken by Smithsonian Libraries.
SIL Serves as the Secretariat Hosts the BHL Program Director
Biodiversity Heritage Library
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
American Museum of Natural History (New York)
Field Museum (Chicago)
Natural History Museum (London)
Smithsonian Institution Libraries (Washington)
Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis)
New York Botanical Garden (New York)
Royal Botanic Garden, Kew
Botany Libraries, Harvard University
Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
Marine Biological Laboratory / Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Biodiversity Heritage Library
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
The cultivation of natural science cannot be efficiently carried on without reference to an extensive library
Charles Darwin, et al (1847)
Darwin, C. R. et al. 1847. Copy of Memorial to the First Lord of the Treasury [Lord John Russell], respecting the Management of the British Museum. Parliamentary Papers, Accounts and Papers 1847, paper number (268), volume XXXIV.253 (13 April): 1-3. [Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online]
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
“ Each object in the Museum … would have been associated with a book (or several books) in the Library. However, there would also be many books which could not correspond with any exhibit (the natural history of unicorns, for example, or the geometry of round squares) …
The Natural History of Unicorns
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
…One had then … a perfectly balanced edifice, in which everything which the human mind is capable of inventing or understanding has its place.”
- Andrew Crumey, Pfitz (1995)
The Natural History of Unicorns
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Thank You ... for sticking around!感謝你 !
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Smithsonian Institution Librarieshttp://www.sil.si.edu/
Smithsonian Institution Libraries Bloghttp://smithsonianlibraries.si.edu
Biodiversity Heritage Libraryhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Biodiversity Heritage Library Bloghttp://biodiversitylibrary.blogspot.com
Encyclopedia of Lifehttp://www.eol.org
LINKS
MARTIN R. KALFATOVIC :: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES :: 博物館電腦網路協會台灣分會 2009年會 :: 25 February 2009
Thanks to:
Chris Freeland, Missouri Botanical Garden
Tom Garnett, The Biodiversity Heritage Library
Suzanne C. Pilsk, Smithsonian Institution Libraries
The staff at the Internet Archive
Images from
The Galaxy of Images, Smithsonian Libraries, National Museum of American History, NASA, National Palace Museum, Internet Archive
CREDITS