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ABB Medium Vol tage Distr ibution Components Pinetops, NC
ABB Field Engineering Services-
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 1
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Field Engineering Services
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 2
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Field Engineering Services (cont.d)
Install new units all
sizes, all manufacturers
Contract services
Remove, relocate,
units
Retro-fit units with new
Oil processing, oil
dryout
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 3
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Field Engineering Services (cont.d)
On-site testing of Instrument
transformers Provide training for
maintenance and/oroperation
coolers and pumps GEA/R&G
Installation of transformermonitoring equipment DRMonitoring and control
Installation of transformerprotector equipment TPCCorporation
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 4
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On-site test capability - -
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 5
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Generation/Transmission needs for instrument
market
More powerw ee ng power nee s
Control of supply chainresources
Requires reliable powerdelivery
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 6
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Generation/Transmission needs for ITs (cont.d)
GENCO to TRANSCO
separation
ISO activity requiresmetering
Bottom-line focused
Billing and current swings
Must verify performance
of ITs
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 7
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On-site accuracy testing of ITs
-
Excitation characteristics verification
Done on-line/no outa e
Revenue metering (Voltage Injection) testing
Brief outage
Traceable to NIST (Revenue Billing)
Each CT given RCF and PA data
Voltage and current comparator testing
Brief outage
BCTs and also voltage transformers (VTs) up to 34.5 kV
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 8
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On-site accuracy testing of ITs (cont.d)
applications
Bushing currentrans ormers s n
power transformers
BCTs in dead tank circuitrea ers
Free standing currenttransformers (CTs)
Specialized testing for CT
continuous currentcapability
VTs up to 34.5 kV
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 9
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FES In-service CT testing
-testing
On-line evaluation of bushing
generator current transformers(GCTs)
CT excitation performance
General CT accuracy verification CT and load problems identified
Testin of GCTs without outa e
Results oriented testing
CT health and performance
Wiring verification
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 10
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FES In-service CT testing (cont.d)
Secondary access only energized primary
Variable resistance type of test
Access needed to shorting block to replace CT burden -
CT secondary V and I readings at each burden
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 11
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FES In-service CT testing (cont.d)
600
700
800
900
1000
Voltage,
V
500
600
700
800
900
1000
lVoltage,
V
0
100
200
300
400
Terminal
0
100
200
300
400
Termina
Excitation curve generated for each unit tested
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Secondary Exciting Current, A
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Secondary Current, A
Excitation current defined as reduction in secondarycurrent
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 12
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Current transformer modes of failure
600
800
al
Voltage,
V
AB
0
200
400
Termi C
D
Design model of correct current transformer curve
. . . .
Secondary Excit ing Current, A
Current transformer with turn to turn fault
CT core lamination insulation failure/cores with mechanicale orma on.
(If return points match Curve A the core was magnetized).
Current transformer with windin or secondar wirin
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 13
insulation failure
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FES In-service CT testing (cont.d)
Burden injection
Done while CT is in service under normal o eration
Secondary current and voltage from the CT is recordedwith burden changes up to saturation
xc a on curren er ve rom e curren ec ne a eacburden) and plotted versus voltage
Individual excitation curve developed for each CT tested
Curve data identifies CT performance
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 14
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Revenue metering (voltage injection) testing
Off-line test
Short outage for testing
CT remains installed
RCF and PA metering certification
CT fundamental design parameters
On site measurements
Instrumentation traceable to NIST
Metering data extracted from actual readings
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 15
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Metering opportunities
inside major electrical
equipment can potentially
capability.
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 16
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Standard IEEE C57.13 (1993)
Current transformers 0.3% @ rated burden
Volta e transformers 0.3% rated burden
Current transformers (CT)
Error of +/-0.3% at 100% current
(Error of +/-0.6% at 10% current) CT rated burden to meet site needs
o age rans ormers
Error of +/-0.3% at 90-110% volts
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 17
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Revenue metering (voltage injection) testing
-
CTs remain installed inside of equipment
Primary circuit opened somewhere
Very clearly defined CTs tested
Test equipment used very portable
se vo tage n ect on
Energizes CT secondary
On site measurements of VA watts ex. Current
Results are traceable for accuracy use
RCF and PA readings provided for tested CTs
Quick testing timing (one minute per CT)
Test report issued on each CT
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 18
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Injection vs. comparator method
Field readings have NIST traceability
Ratio error (RE)= lo x sin ( + ) / Isec (RE isproportional to core loss current)
Phase angle (PA)= lo x cos ( + ) / Isec (PA isproportional to the magnetizing current)
Test for accuracy using knopp tester vs. injection method
Equivalent results
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 19
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Site test data
On site CT accuracy testing
Measured components:
Secondary winding resistance
Exciting current into CT
Watts into CT
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 20
rea ng
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Site test data (cont.d)
=
5 9.45 0.0068 0.00136 0.04100 0.0643 1.8 1.62 0.785 0.1 0.428 0.879 1.307 0.00131 1.2
0.5 0.95 0.001 0.0019 0.00065 0.0009 1.8 1.62 0.785 0.1 0.428 0.813 1.241 0.00180 2.1
5 4.95 0.0055 0.0011 0.01700 0.0273 0.9 0.81 0.392 0.1 0.407 0.897 1.304 0.00106 1.0
Ratio Error and
Phase Angle
values are
derived from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 2.96 0.005 0.001 0.00900 0.0148 0.5 0.45 0.218 0.1 0.377 0.917 1.294 0.00096 0.9
0.5 0.30 0.0006 0.0012 0.00013 0.0002 0.5 0.45 0.218 0.1 0.377 0.749 1.126 0.00108 1.8
actual site
readings
Calculated values:
Voltage at operating levels
Angles between VA and watts Angle between Z and X of burden
Ratio error
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 21
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Transformer test information certified reports
Date December 03 ,2003
standards
Actual ratio tap used for
DATASHOWNINTHISCOLORDENOTESACTUALATSITEREADINGSOBTAINED
GCTPosition No. G2-102
GCTRatio 1500:5
Burden of Connected Circuit = 0.39 Ohms .9 pf
Isec Vo Io Io/Isec W VA Burden Rb Xb Rw f Q a=(f+Q) RE PA RCF
5 4.8733972 0.015 0.003 0.031 0.073101 0.5 0.45 0.218 0.5 0.226 1.133 1.358 0.00293 2.2 1.00293
0.5 0.4873397 0.0041 0.0082 0.001 0.0017983 0.5 0.45 0.218 0.5 0.226 0.981 1.207 0.00766 10.0 1.00766
GCTPosition No. G2-106
GCTRatio 1500:5
At important current levels (10%and 100%) or user defined levels
At a licable burden to su ort
Burden of Connected Circuit = 0.51 Ohms .9 pf
Isec Vo Io Io/Isec W VA Burden Rb Xb Rw f Q a=(f+Q) RE PA RCF
5 4.8733972 0.019 0.0038 0.041 0.0925945 0.5 0.45 0.218 0.5 0.226 1.112 1.338 0.00370 3.0 1.00370
0.5 0.4873397 0.0047 0.0094 0.001 0.0020614 0.5 0.45 0.218 0.5 0.226 1.064 1.290 0.00903 9.0 1.00903
Readingstakenabovearecertifiedto betraceabletoNational Instituteof Standards andTechnology(NIST) byusing
instrumentationcalibratedandwithinactivecertifi cationdates. Icertify that theresults shownareaccurate andhave
uncertaintyreadingswell withintheallowablerangedefinedbystandards.
Items in red do not comply with 0.3% accuracy class
definition per IEEE C57.13 industry standard.
Certified By
Date Certified:
14.0
actual burden measured on site
Certified report issued
Within two weeks of test
Kuhlman Field Engineering ServicesGroup
Can be used for revenue capture
Any unit not meeting 0.3%highlighted in red
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 22
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Injection metering accuracy testing summary
period)
100 generator CTs
stat on serv ce s
39 oil circuit breaker CTs
200:5 to 35000:5
GCTs, BCTs, and wound
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 23
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Injection metering accuracy testing summary (cont.d)
Generator CTs = 87 of 100CTs (87% in 0.3% class)
9000:5 ratio CTs 0.6% (9cores not annealed)
1200:5 ratio CTs 0.6%
Station service CTs = 176 of233 CTs (75.6% in 0.3%classes)
- : ra o s0.6%
OCB CTs = 18 of 39 CTs.
800:5 tap ratio CTs 0.6%
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 24
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CT design information
Revenue 0.3% demands
0.3% maximum error at 100% rated current
0.6% maximum error at 10% rated current
Can be turns compensated (biased to achieve best
Relaying CTs
Core sized to develo a s ecified volta e at fault leveloperation
Generally good metering accuracy at high ampere-turns/lar e core cross-section
Non-compensated design (actual turns count equalnameplate ratio information)
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 25
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CT design information (cont.d)
C400/C800 rated 600:5 ratios and higher
Lar e core cross-section = low o eratin flux densities
No supporting test certifications
Not all relay CTs with ratios above 1000:5 are accurate
Non-annealed relay cores Cores that have experienced mechanical tension
Turn-to-turn problems with CTs windings
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 26
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True comparator CT accuracy test
Off-line test for BCTs in OCBs
Outage for testing
Isolated from primary circuit
RCF/PA certification - comparator method
Highly accuracy comparator & standard transformer
Driver transformer
Accurate burdens
NIST trace-ability
Standard and comparator traceable to NIST
RCF and PA readings recorded
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 27
O
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On site VT accuracy testing
.
Primary and secondary access needed
Off-line test Outage for testing
Isolated from primary circuit
-
Highly accurate comparator and standard VT
Driver transformer
NIST trace-ability
Comparator and standard VT traceable to NIST
Actual readings on RCF and PA taken
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 28
C t t f t t
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Current transformer test
apparatus use at higher currents)
Off-line test-secondary access only
u age or es ng
Primary circuit opened
Define application
Bushing size/voltage rating
Distance from terminal block to CT
Wire size of secondary leads
Ratio of CT tested
Define exact winding resistance
Perform excitation test
Develops the core size
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 29
oss c arac er s cs
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C t t f t t ( t d)
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Current transformer test (cont.d)
Record
CT ratio
CT accuracy (if known)
Bushing kV application/type bushing
CT to terminal block dimension and wire size
Site conditions
-
Demagnetize CTs
Measurements DC resistance (on each tap)
Excitation test
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 31
Current transformer test (cont d)
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Current transformer test (cont.d)
Measure DC Resistance and IEX Current
Rw
Voltage
Injection
and
Measurement
Secondary ExcitationVoltage
Secondary Voltage Injected - Measure Excitation Current
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 32
Current transformer test (cont d)
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Current transformer test (cont. d)
us ng ze=
MakeMake
CT ApproximateGCT # 123456789Size(optional) = 1010--14 ID14 ID
CT to Terminal Block
Dynamic secondary excitation curve for each CT
Distance= 20 of #10AWG20 of #10AWG
Installation details- bushing kV, lead run
DC resistance of winding
DC resistance = 0.565 ohms @ 20C
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 33
Current transformer test (cont d)
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Current transformer test (cont. d)
na yze s e a a s an
GCTs)
Calculate RF on each CTtested
Winding resistance
Wire cross-sectioncalculated
Result tolerance
+/- 15% of true value on
RF
Rating factor categorized
RF=1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 34
On site Kuhlman FES testing
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On site Kuhlman FES testing
In-service energized testing: in place and energized-
excitation performance (patented) Injection accuracy method: in place and de-energized-
metering (RCF & PA) error (patented)
-
standard CT/ comparator (IEEE test) Rating factor definition: in place and de-energized-
Voltage transformers
True com arator method: in lace and de-ener ized-standard VT with comparator (IEEE test)
ABB GroupJune 21, 2012 | Slide 35
Benefit to user
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Benefit to user
In place provides needed data
-
Saves real estate
No purchase costs
No installation costs
Already wired out for connections
Eliminates need for hi h volta e oil-filled/ as-filled CTs
No maintenance reduces overall maintenance
Safer inherently safe LV CTs on HV circuit
On site accuracy test failures what next?
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On site accuracy test failures what next?
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0.3% and 0.15% high
accuracy rating Rating factors of 4.0
Window sizes 6 to 42
Help in sizing applications
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Help in sizing applications
ee goo mens ons o
ensure fit
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Help in sizing applications (cont d)
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Help in sizing applications (cont. d)
On site accuracy test failures what next?
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On site accuracy test failures what next? - .
w e range per ormance
0.15% B0.5 (0.3%B0.9)
1% to 400% accuracy range (e.g.400:5 4A to 1600A)
400:5 to 1200:5 ratios
0.15% Accuracy0.15% Accuracy0%1% Current Range 400%
On site accuracy test failures what next?
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On site accuracy test failures what next? -
ype me er ng w
auxiliary power extended range
0.15% from 0.5% to 400%
= .
Designed for IPP use
High short-circuit strength CT
No burden restriction B1.8
0.15% Accuracy0.15% Accuracy
0 0.5% Current Range 400%
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