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Tehnologija I i Proizvodne tehnologije I
Oblikovanje deformiranjem
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Dr. sc. Zdenka [email protected]/213 – sjeverna zgrada FSB-a
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Literatura: Miljenko Math, Uvod u tehnologiju
oblikovanja deformiranjemwww.fsb.unizg.hr/oblikovanje_deformiranjem
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Oblikovanje metala
• Lijevanje rastaljenog metala u kalupe
• Volumensko oblikovanje
• Oblikovanje lima
• Glodanje• Tokarenje• Brušenje
• Zavarivanje• Lemljenje• Lijepljenje
Lijevanje Oblikovanje deformiranjem
Obrada odvajanjem čestica
Postupci spajanja
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Razvoj proizvoda
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Primjer spajalice: funkcijski zahtjev – držati papire na okupu određenom silom
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Najčešće faze razvoja proizvoda
- Analiza potreba (tehničke, socijalne, kulturološke...)- Definiranje problema (ciljevi, ulazni podaci, ograničenja...)- Pronalaženje različitih mogućih rješenja (iskustvo i nove ideje)- Analiza izvodljivosti i opravdanosti (ispitivanje ekonomske,
socijalne i drugih opravdanosti)- Detaljnija inženjerska analiza (simulacije, modeli...)- Izbor rješenja (prema postavljenim kriterijima)- Razvoj odabranog rješenja, proizvodnja i ispitivanje prototipa- Preispitivanje prethodnih aktivnosti i redizajn
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Elementi konkurentnosti proizvoda
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Usporedba procesa proizvodnje
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Oblikovanje deformiranjem
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Malj – nakovanj – kovačka kliješta
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Oblikovanje deformiranjem
Skup postupaka kojima se sirovcu mijenja oblik pri čemu njegov volumen i masa ostaju nepromijenjeni.
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Sila uzrokuje naprezanje – naprezanje uzrokuje promjenu oblika, dakle promjena oblika događa se zbog djelovanja vanjske sile:
Tlačno
Smično Savijanje
Torzija
Vlačno
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Oblikovanje
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Ukupna deformacija=Elastična + Plastična
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Prikaz različitih materijala i njihovog ponašanja u uvjetima deformiranja
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Komparacija naprezanja plastičnog tečenja kf i Hooke-ovog naprezanja σ
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Temeljni pojmovi
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Pojmovi koji povezuju svojstva materijala s tehnologijom oblikovanja deformiranjem
Plastičnost – fizikalni pojam sposobnosti deformacije, ne mjeri se.
Duktilnost – sposobnost materijala da se plastično deformira bez pojave loma, a mjeri se nekim od testova (vlačni pokus, Ericsonova proba…).
Deformabilnost – sposobnost materijala da se deformira bez pojave loma u konkretnim tehnološkim uvjetima.
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Određivanje duktilnosti (oblikovljivosti)
Posredno Neposredno
statičko vlačno ispitivanje.
ispitivanje udarnog
rada loma (žilavosti).
ispitivanje uvijanjem, ispitivanje
savijanjem, ispitivanje s trnom, ispitivanje prodora
kuglom (Erichsen test),
Swiftovo ispitivanje.
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Ravnine klizanja – najgušće zaposjednute atomima
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Proces deformiranja uvijek je izazvan smičnom komponentom djelujućeg naprezanja-plastična je deformacija proces klizanja.
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Na realni fenomen klizanja utječu dislokacije – nesavršenosti kristalne rešetke nastale uslijed neslaganja atomskih ravnina unutar kristala.
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Plastična deformacija kao posljedica gibanja dislokacija kroz kristalnu rešetku
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Dislokacije
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Hladna plastična deformacija polikristalnog tijela i promjene u materijalu uslijed hladne deformacije
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Logaritamski stupanj deformacije
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Utjecaj brzine deformacije na naprezanje plastičnog tečenja
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Naprezanje plastičnog tečenja
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Rad deformacije
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Temeljni pojmovi oblikovanja deformiranjem
• Naprezanje plastičnog tečenja kf
• Stupanj deformacije • Brzina deformacije • Specifični rad deformacije w• Duktilnost• Plastičnost• Deformabilnost