Download - AGENSIA TOKSIK (PESTISIDA)
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AGENSIA TOKSIKTOXIC AGENT
PESTISIDA
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PENGGOLONGAN PESTISIDA
Penggolongan pestisida berdasarkan : I. Formulasi - cairan diazinon 60 EC
- butiran (=granule) furadan 3 G - debu (=dust) sevin 5 D
- tepung (=powder) antracol 70 WP - oli (oil) basudin 90 SCO
- pasta posfor pasta- gas (fumigant) ch3br
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PENGGOLONGAN PESTISIDA
II. Cara kerja - kontak- fumigan- sistemik- lambung
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Faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan pestisida
Di udara :* angin* suhu* kelembaban* curah hujan
Di dalam tanah :
- jenis pestisida - jenis tanah (porositas tanah)
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Faktor penyebab hilangnya pestisida dalam tanah
• Gerakan fisik– Penyerapan oleh tanaman– Penguapan– Adsorbsi oleh koloid tanah– Pencucian
• Degradasi oleh :– Sinar matahari (fotodekomposisi)– Perombakan (reaksi) kimiawi– Mikroba
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Faktor penyebab hilangnya pestisida dalam tanah
• Kelembaban tanah– Tinggi mikrobia banyak– Tinggi hidrolisis
• Suhu tanah– Tinggi mudah menguap/mengurai
• Penutup tanah • Pengolahan tanah• Cara aplikasi• Mikroorganisme tanah
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ORGANOKLOR
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ORGANOKLOR
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KARBAMAT
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KARBAMAT
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ORGANOFOSFAT
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ORGANOFOSFAT
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DEGRADASI DDT DALAM TANAH
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DEGRADASI DDT DALAM TANAH
• DDT = Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane• Dicofol = Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanol• DDCN = Dichlorodiphenylacetonitril MIKROORGANISME• DDD = Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane• DDE = Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene - Psedomonas : 6 spp• DDMU = Dichlorodiphenylchloroethylene - Xantomonas : 4 spp• DDMS = Dichlorodiphenylchloroethane - Erwinia : 4 spp• DDNU = Dichlorodiphenylethylene - Baccil;us : 3 spp• DDNS = Dichlorodiphenylethane - Achromobacter sp• DDOH = Dichlorodiphenylethanol - Aerobacter aerogenes• DDA = Dichlorodiphenylaceticacid - Agrobac tumefaciens• DDM = Dihlorodiphenyl methane - Clostridium pasterianum• DBH = Dichlorobenzhydrol - Corynebac michiganense• DBP = Dichlorobenzophenonee - Kurthia zopfi• PCPA = p-cholorophenylacetic acid• PCBA = p-cholorobenzoic acid
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PERSISTENSI INSEKTISIDA ORGANOCHLOR DALAM TANAH
Half – Life (th) 95% hilang (th)ALDRIN 0.1 3ISOBENZAN 0.4 4HEPTACHLOR 0.8 3.5CHLORDANE 1.0 4LINDANE 1.2 6.5ENDRIN 2.2 7DIELDRIN 2.5 8DDT 2.8 10
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PERSISTENSI INSEKTISIDA ORGANOFOSFAT DALAM TANAH BERPASIR
< 2 BULAN > 2 BULAN > 6 BULAN
PARATHION FENITROTHION DIAZINON
FENTHION ZINCOPHOS COUMAPHOS
DISULFOTON PHORATE CARBOPHENOTHION
DIMETHOATE PHOSMET ETHION
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PERSISTENSI INSEKTISIDA KARBAMAT DALAM TANAH
Pestisida Clay
SiltyClay
Loam
Fine
Sand
1 mig 12 mig 1 mig 12 mig 1 mig 12 mig
ALDICARB 57 0.7 53 0.4 65 3.6
ALDICARB SULFIXIDE
32 9.5 42 25 28 50
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Perbandingan Waktu Paruh
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BIOCONSENTRASI RESIDU DDT PADA TANAMAN ATAU HEWAN
Lingkungan
Tanaman/HewanResidu DDT Pada Organisme
Dibagi Residu Pada LingkunganMaksimum Minimum
TANAH CACING 73 0.67 KUMBANG 2.81 0.31 SIPUT 3.70 2.33 AKAR TANAMAN 0.13 0.04 SERASAH 0.08 - AIR “SEA SQUIRT” 1.000.000 200 “SEA HARE” 178.000 -- UDANG 2.800 2.80 KEPITING 144 - SIPUT 1.480 - PLANKTON 16.666 250 IKAN 829.300 4.17 ALGAE 33 0.34 TANAMAN AIR 100.000 0.45 MAKANAN BURUNG 291 - AYAM LIAR 4.5 2.6 ELANG : OTAK 0.1 - HATI 1.9 - LEMAK 35.7 -
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Pengaruh Pemanasan Tanah Terhadap Kehilangan Residu Pestisida
No. Jenis pestisida dan tanah
Tidak Diautoclav
Diautoclav
1 Dikrotofos 8 hari dalam lempung berpasir
85 40
2 Phosmet, 11 hari dalam lempung
90 80
3 Karbophenothion, 200 hari dalam pasir
berlempung
60 20
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Mikroorganisme pendegradasi Phorate (Organofosfat)
No. Mikroorganisme Degradasi(%)
1 Thiobacillus 75
2 Pseudomonas 58
3 Chlorella 22
4 Torulopsis 78
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MIKROORGANISME TANAH PENDEGRADASI ORGANOFOSFAT
No Mikroorganisme Pestisida 1 Pseudomonas sp Methyl parathion2 Pseudomonas flouresens Phorate
3 Bacillus subtillis Methyl parathion, fenitrotion4 Flavobacterium sp Diazinon5 Arthrobacter sp Diazinon, malathion6 Rhizobium spp Parathion, malathion7 Streptomyces sp Diazinon8 Trichoderma viride Parathion, malathion, dichlorvos, diazinon
9 Aspergillus niger Malathion, Trichlorfon10 Alternaria tenuis Bromophos11 Rhizoctonia solani Malathion12 Fusarium sp Trichlorfon
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MIKROORGANISME TANAH PENDEGRADASI KARBAMAT
No Mikroorganisme Pestisida 1 Aerobacter aerogenes Chlordimeform2 Pseudomonas sp Mexacarbate3 Streptomyces griscus Chlordimeform4 Aspergillus flavus Carbaryl5 Aspergillus niger Carbaryl6 Cunninghamella elegans Aldicarb7 Fusarium solani Carbaryl8 Gliocladium catenulatum Aldicarb
9 Mucor racemosus Carbaryl10 Penicillium multicolor Aldicarb11 Rhizoctonia sp Aldicarb12 Rhizopus sp Carbaryl