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Antares/Virgo Coincidences :A feasibility study
Thierry Pradier
IPHC/DRS & University Louis-Pasteur [email protected]
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
GW/HE ν Coincidences are...
...Possible ?
⇒ Common Sources for GW/HE ν⇒ Coincident signals in GW and HE ν
...Observable ?
⇒ Common Sky Map ?...Detectable ?
⇒ Accidentals Coincidence Rate :Rcoincidence ∼ RAntaresRVirgo∆tcoincidence
⇒ Setting Rcoincidence constrains detection efficiencies
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 2 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
GW/HE ν Coincidences are...
...Possible ?
⇒ Common Sources for GW/HE ν⇒ Coincident signals in GW and HE ν
...Observable ?
⇒ Common Sky Map ?...Detectable ?
⇒ Accidentals Coincidence Rate :Rcoincidence ∼ RAntaresRVirgo∆tcoincidence
⇒ Setting Rcoincidence constrains detection efficiencies
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 2 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
GW/HE ν Coincidences are...
...Possible ?
⇒ Common Sources for GW/HE ν⇒ Coincident signals in GW and HE ν
...Observable ?
⇒ Common Sky Map ?...Detectable ?
⇒ Accidentals Coincidence Rate :Rcoincidence ∼ RAntaresRVirgo∆tcoincidence
⇒ Setting Rcoincidence constrains detection efficiencies
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 2 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Why study GW/HE ν Coincidences ?
Sources invisible in electromagnetic channels may emit both GW/ν
Unique information on internal processes
Quantum Gravity : c2p2 = E 2»1 + ξ
“E
EQG
”+O
„E2
E2QG
«+ . . .
–⇒ |∆tQG | ' 0.15ms
“d
10 kpc
” “EHEν
1 TeV
” “1019 GeV
EQG
”for z � 1
S. Choubey & S. F. King, Phys. Rev. D 67, 073005 (2003)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 3 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
Galactic Sources of GW & ν
Focus on galactic sources
Only accessible sources for 1st detectors Antares & Virgo ?
∆tQG independent on cosmological models for z � 1
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 4 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
MicroQuasars : Gravitational Waves
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 5 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
MicroQuasars : Gravitational Waves
δm ∼ 10−4M� at 1 kpcAccretion less favourable
Ejection more promising if :
τacceleration . 1 s - fast !discrete/discontinuous flow
Th. P., A&A, to be submitted
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 5 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
MicroQuasars : Neutrinos from LS 5039
Production of γ/ν at the base of the jet favoured
F. A. Aharonian, L. A. Anchordoqui, D. Khangulyan & T. Montaruli J.Phys.Conf.Ser. 39, 408-415 (2006)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 6 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
MicroQuasars : Neutrinos & Flares
Source name ∆t (days) NµCI Cam 0.6 0.05XTE J1748-288 20 2.5Cygnus X-3 3 4.8
LS 5039 persistent 0.2
GRO J1655-40 6 1.8GRS 1915+105 6 0.5Circinus X-1 4 0.2XTE J1550-564 5 0.04V4641 Sgr 0.3 0.03V4641 Sgr 0.3 3.9Scorpius X-1 persistent 0.9SS433 persistent 252GS 1354-64 2.8 0.02GX 339-4 persistent 183.4Cygnus X-1 persistent 2.8GRO J0422+32 1-20 0.1-2
C. Distefano et al., Astrophys.J. 575, 378-383 (2002)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 7 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
MicroQuasars : Neutrinos & Flares
Source name ∆t (days) NµCI Cam 0.6 0.05XTE J1748-288 20 2.5Cygnus X-3 3 4.8LS 5039 persistent 0.2GRO J1655-40 6 1.8GRS 1915+105 6 0.5Circinus X-1 4 0.2XTE J1550-564 5 0.04V4641 Sgr 0.3 0.03V4641 Sgr 0.3 3.9Scorpius X-1 persistent 0.9SS433 persistent 252GS 1354-64 2.8 0.02GX 339-4 persistent 183.4Cygnus X-1 persistent 2.8GRO J0422+32 1-20 0.1-2
C. Distefano et al., Astrophys.J. 575, 378-383 (2002)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 7 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
Other possible sources...
Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption
GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)
HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1
Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence
Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts
γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
Other possible sources...
Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption
GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)
HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1
Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence
Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts
γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
Other possible sources...
Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption
GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)
HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1
Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence
Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts
γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
Other possible sources...
Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption
GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)
HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1
Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence
Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts
γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources
Other possible sources...
Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption
GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)
HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1
Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence
Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts
γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...
Source Name ∅ (◦) Nsrc - Eν > 1 TeV min-max(mean) NatmHESS J1303−631 0.3 0.8-2.3(1.6) 11HESS J1745−303 0.4 0-18(9) 9.0HESS J1614−518 0.5 1-10(6) 19HESS J1837−069 0.2 1.2-4.5(3.3) 5.9HESS J1634−472 0.2 0.0-3.1(1.7) 9.8HESS J1708−410 0.1 0.1-1.6(1.1) 7.6
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map
Virgo Beam Pattern, daily averaged
A GW interferometer is an antenna
Beam Pattern depends on Wave Polarization Ψ and (α, δ)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 9 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map
Antares Visibility, daily averaged
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 10 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map
Antares/Virgo common Sky
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 11 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map
Antares/Virgo common Sky
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 11 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map
Antares/Virgo common Sky
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 11 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Quantum Gravity effects & coincidence window
mgraviton = 0, and Egraviton � 1 ⇒ ∆tGWQG negligible !δtνmass � 1 for Eν ∼ TeVQuantum Gravity : Dispersion
c2p2 = E 2[1 + ξ
(E
EQG
)+O
(E 2
E 2QG
)+ . . .
]ξ = −1 favoured (ν slower than c)z � 1 ⇒ independence from cosmological models
∆tGW-νQG ' 0.15ms(
d10 kpc
) (EHEν
1 TeV
) (1019 GeV
EQG
)S. Choubey & S. F. King, Phys. Rev. D 67, 073005 (2003)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 12 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Quantum Gravity effects & coincidence window
Maximum QG delay for EQG ∼ 1019GeV∆tQG . 1 s : Eν . 1 PeV , d . 50 kpc (whole Galaxy + LMC)
∆tQG . 1 s : Eν . 3 TeV , d . 20 Mpc (Virgo Cluster)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 12 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Virgo Detection : efficiency
N. Arnaud et al. Phys. Rev. D 65, 042004 (2002)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 13 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Virgo Detection : efficiency
N. Arnaud et al. Phys. Rev. D 65, 042004 (2002)
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 13 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Virgo Detection : efficiency
Case Any single interferometer/Virgo only more probable
⇒ Directional information not available !
N. Arnaud et al. Phys. Rev. D 65, 042004 (2002)Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 13 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Antares Detection : efficiency vs background
Λ ≈ log(L)NDOFStandard cut : Λ > −5.3 :⇒ Efficiency ∼ 75%⇒ Atm. ν : 10/day
For lower Λ, bkg explodes
For higher Λ, � drops
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 14 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Combined Detection Efficiency : ∆tcoincidence = 1 s
�coincidences ∼ �Virgo × �AntaresMaximum for Λ ∼ −5.5
Λ low :
⇒ Antares bkg high⇒ Virgo Threshold too high
Λ high :
⇒ Antares efficiency too low
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 15 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency
Combined Detection Efficiency : �coincidence = 50%
Impose detection probability � = 50%
∆tmax ∼ 15 msTh. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 16 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Possible Scientific Output : Minimum accessible EQG
Limited by GW TimingResolution
Here EmaxQG ≈ 5× 1018 GeV
∆tQG ∝ E−1QGfor �coincidence = 50%, can go down to 10
17 GeV !
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 17 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Antares & Virgo Status : Virgo in 2007
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 18 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Antares & Virgo Status : common calendar
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 18 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Antares & Virgo Status : common calendar
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 18 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Conclusions...
GW/HE ν coincidences are :
possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)
Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :
Letter of Intent being written
2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+
Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz
circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo
km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Conclusions...
GW/HE ν coincidences are :
possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)
Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :
Letter of Intent being written
2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+
Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz
circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo
km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Conclusions...
GW/HE ν coincidences are :
possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)
Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :
Letter of Intent being written
2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+
Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz
circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo
km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19
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Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences
Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions
Conclusions...
GW/HE ν coincidences are :
possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)
Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :
Letter of Intent being written
2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+
Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz
circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo
km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz
Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19
Scientific MotivationsGW/HE neutrinos Common SourcesOutbursts from MicroQuasarsOther Sources
ObservabilityVirgo Beam PatternAntares Observable SkyAntares/Virgo Sky Map
DetectabilityTime Window : Quantum Gravity EffectsVirgo DetectionAntares DetectionAccidentals & Efficiency
Making CoincidencesScientific OutputsAntares & Virgo StatusConclusions