CONFERENCE
“Applications of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement”Ożarów Mazowiecki, Poland
tecnotest ® S.r.l.via E. De Nicola, 31
41122 Modena (ITALY)
Tel: +39 059-252025
Fax: +39 059-253848 www.tecnotest.it [email protected]
Pierpaolo ViolaR&D tecnotest ®
22-24 September 2010
EMELPrzedsiębiorstwo Produkcyjno-Handlowe S.C.
04-320 Warszawa ul.Pokrzywnicka 12
tel./fax +48 22 408 33 28 GSM +48 602 28 68 59
www.emel.info.pl
tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
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tecnotest designs and manufacturersbuilding materials testing equipment andgeotechnical testing equipment that areknown and appreciated worldwide.
It was founded in 1968 and it is located inModena ITALY.
After more than 40 years in manufacturing, we appreciate that there are justas many challenges today as in the past: our long experience, combined withour new ideas and technological innovations, is fundamental to our mission.
We believe that: “using quality testing equipment pays in the long term...”
The elephant just happens to have all the qualities oftecnotest’s most important products: precision, strength, longmemory and a long life...
...by the way, 42 years, that’s young for an elephant!
tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
tecnotest has a comprehensive range of products for satisfying allconstruction needs, including:
Material testing equipment for aggregates, concrete, cement, asphalt, steeland rock.
Equipment for site investigations, geotechnical/soil tests andpenetrometers.
Mobile laboratories.
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tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
The one which guarantees
the best solution andthe best performance
at the lowest cost...
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Fundamental/Input Factors
tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
Infrastructure type
Pavement type
Asphalt mix type
Environment
Temperature
Frost
Thaw
Moisture
Expected lifetime
Traffic load type
Load repetition
Traffic distribution
Vehicle speed
And many others...
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Fatigue (Alligator) Cracking
Rutting
Thermal Cracking
Longitudinal Cracking
Joint Reflection Cracking
Block Cracking
Potholes
Patching
Depression
Corrugation and Shoving
Raveling
Slippage Cracking
Stripping
Bleeding
Water bleeding and pumping
Polished Aggregate
And many others...
Aggregates Gradation and Size
Toughness and Abrasion Resistance
Durability and Soundness
Particle Shape and Surface Texture
Aggregate Specific Gravity
Cleanliness and Deleterious Materials
Moisture Content
Asphalt binder Durability
Rheology
Safety
Purity
Penetration Grading
Viscosity Grading
Superpave Performance Grading
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High quality materials Large amount required
Words like recycle, reclaim and reuse have to be central in road pavements asin any other field
Improvement of new recycling technologies is fundamental for many reasons:environment, economy, society...
It is important not to waste materials with high quality features...
...but at the same time it is important to choose the best materials andsolution in regards to the real use in order not to spoil their performance
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The MARSHALL Mix Design Method
The basic concepts of the Marshallmix design method were originallydeveloped around 1939
It was developed to be simple, light,quick, and reasonably accurate for thewheel loading of the time
Since then it has been modified andsupplemented to address new concernsbut the basic testing apparatus andselection criteria remain the same
It is fundamental to test materials under conditions whichsimulate the real ones:
performance based mix designand performance models
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SPECIFICATIONS
Advanced testing for roadmaterials: from hot mix asphaltto unbound materials and soilspecimens
Electro-hydraulic closed loopsystem
Integrated direct digital servocontrol
25 kN static and dynamicload capacity
Frequencies up to 60 Hz
Accurate and easy to usesoftware and electronics
Meets the newest AASHTO(Superpave), ASTM, EUROPEAN(EN 12697) standards
Environmental chamber with‐20°C to +80°C range
Modular design
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)EE(*E
sin*EE
cos *EE
iEEisincos*EE*
2
2
2
1
2
1
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Real part
Imaginary Part
Stiffness Modulusσ0= max Stress
ε0 = max Strain
ω = 2πf = angular velocity
φ = ωt = phase angle
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Kelvin Model: linear visco-elastic behavior E* Complex Modulus
0
0
ii
0
0
0
0
*E
e*Ee)t(sen
)t(sen
)t(
)t(*E
0
10
20
30
40
50
0,1 1 10 100
φ (°)
Frequency (Hz)
φ Phase Angle - Isothermal curve
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
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100
1000
10000
100000
0,1 1 10 100
IE*I
(M
pa)
Frequency (Hz)
IE*I modulus - Isothermal curve
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
Test performed at differenttemperatures (°C)
Test performed at differentfrequencies (Hz)
Test modulus and phase angleresults at different frequencies areplotted at each test temperature
100
1000
10000
100000
0,1 1 10 100
IE*I
(M
pa)
Frequency (Hz)
IE*I modulus - Isothermal curve
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
Master Curve at 20 °C
100
1000
10000
100000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
IE*I
(Mp
a)
MC
10 °C
30 °C
Master Curve at 20 °C
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
log IE*I
(Mp
a)
Model
Data
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Fr)logγ(βe1
αδE*log
δ = minimum test data valueδ+α = maximum test data valueβ, γ = shape factors
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The fatigue properties of the AC mixes determine how long thepavement will be functional
Cracks initiate at the location of the critical tensile strains andstresses
The Beam Flexural Fatigue apparatus is designed to perform flexuraltests on the AC beam specimens, in a controlled environment
The objective is to predict the AC mixes fatigue behaviour over awide range of conditions from the results of a few tests
4PB
m
kk
1
1CN
EkN 32
Fatigue Equation:
Test factors:
temperature
load waveform
load frequency
Loading Modes:
apply loading cycles until initial stiffness isreduced by 50 %
constant strain (thin pavements)
constant stress (thick pavements)
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Number of Repetitions (N)
S/So -
Fle
xura
l Sti
ffness R
ati
o
Number of Repetitions (N)
w –
Dis
sip
ate
d E
nerg
y (
psi)
Number of Repetitions (N)
N*S
–Energ
y R
ati
o
Flexural Stiffness Ratio vs. Number ofRepetitions under controlled strain
Dissipated Energy vs. Number ofRepetitions under controlled strain
Energy Ratio N*S vs. Number of Repetitionsunder controlled strain
1 2
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2
3
Preparation ofthe Specimens
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SPECIFICATIONS
Two in one: the Roller Compaction andWheel-Tracking Apparatus offers twosolutions in one machine, enabling slabs ofbituminous mixture to be produced atcontrolled density which can be subsequentlysubjected to the wheel tracking test
Closed-loop computer controlled system
The user interface is a touch screen
Vertical movement: servo-pneumatic system
Horizontal movement: electro-mechanicsystem
Climatic chamber with automatic thermo-regulation up to 60°C
Meets EN 12697–33 standard: “Specimenprepared by roller compactor”; method usinga roller running on vertical sliding steel plates
Meets EN 12697-22 standard: “Wheeltracking”; small size devices
Load actuator
RC coaxial disks
Sliding plates
Base frame
Mould
Ashpalt mixture
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Ashpalt mixture
WT wheel
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The integration of the two functions is made possible by theparticular machine design (patented)
The novelty involves the form of the plates which are equipped withappendices at each side
The cylindrical roller is replaced with two coaxial disks. Theappendices constitute the rolling tracks for the two disks located justclear of the outer lateral edges of the mould
On removing the plates, the disks are lowered over the two outeredges of the mould, so contact between the bituminous mixture
surface and the wheel of the wheel-trackingapparatus is made
tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
Preparation of specimens at a specified densityor voids content
Maximum vertical load 20 kN at 10 bar
Horizontal stroke 500 mm
Horizontal speed 250mm/sec
Test in closed-loop control
load control
displacement control
Slab dimension
length 500 mm; depth 260 mm; heightvariable
Automatic shutoff
preset specimen height
preset number of cycles
User defined procedure
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To investigate permanent deformation (rutting)
Constant vertical load 0.7 kN
Horizontal wheel stroke 230 mm
Horizontal movement frequency 26.5cycles/min
Temperature control up
to 60°C
Automatic shutoff preset rut depth
preset number of cycles
Automatic procedure Method A
1000 cycles or 15 mm Method B
10000 cycles or 20 mm
User defined procedure
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tecnotest ®
MODENA - ITALY
ROLLER COMPACTOR
Continuous load or deformation control in feedback determines an excellenthomogeneity of the slab produced
The kneading compaction and the confinement solve problems at the edges,avoid differential loads on the specimen and anomalous horizontal movementsin the mix mould
Preheated metal elements having enough thermal inertia maintain temperatureof the mixture more or less constant during the compacting phase
It is possible to set user defined procedures
WHEEL TRACKER
Continuous load control in feedback determines a procedure free from theeffects of inertia
It is possible to set user defined procedures (different load levels)
TOGETHER
Two in one: a convenient space and money saving system
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EMELPrzedsiębiorstwo Produkcyjno-Handlowe S.C.
04-320 Warszawa ul.Pokrzywnicka 12
tel./fax +48 22 408 33 28 GSM +48 602 28 68 59
www.emel.info.pl
tecnotest ® S.r.l.via E. De Nicola, 31
41122 Modena (ITALY)
Tel: +39 059-252025
Fax: +39 059-253848 www.tecnotest.it [email protected]
Pierpaolo Viola - [email protected]
Thank you for your attention!
tecnotest ® S.r.l.via E. De Nicola, 31
41122 Modena (ITALY)
Tel: +39 059-252025
Fax: +39 059-253848 www.tecnotest.it [email protected]
Pierpaolo Viola - [email protected]
The Importance
of Testing
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MODENA - ITALY31
SILICON MANGANESE SLAG
Silicon manganese slag is a co-product from the iron alloy industry and hasuses in blended cements and as an aggregate.
Chemical Properties
SiO2 39.53% Al2O3 13.10%
Mn3O4 13.70% CaO 22.32%
K2O 1.68% Cr2O3 0.01%
ZrO2 0.03% TiO2 0.19%
Fe2O3 0.26% MgO 2.51%
Na2O 0.44% SO3 1.40%
SrO 0.38% BaO 2.38%
Physical and Mechanical Properties
tecnotest ®
MODENA - ITALY
80,0
82,0
84,0
86,0
88,0
90,0
92,0
94,0
96,0
98,0
100,0
1 10 100
% G
mm
N. gyrations (log)
Compaction CurveNumber
gyrations% Voids Blend 1
% Voids Blend 2
10 10,3 % 11,1 %
100 3,1 % 3,6 %
180 2,0 % 2,5 %
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Type Material Sand 4/8 8/14 14/20 20/32 Filler
Blend 1 Limestone % 40,0 15,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 5,0
Blend 2Limestone &
Slag% 40,0 15,0 20,0 20,0 20,01 5,0
tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
Stiffness Modulus (MPa)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Average: 6453,17 MPa
Standard deviation: 1455,38 MPa
Average: 4955,08 MPaStandard deviation: 696,98 MPa
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)hz(
)27.0(FSm
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Fatigue Curve
1
100
10000
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Number of repetitions (N)
Ap
plied
Str
ess (
kPa)
Mix 1 “Normal”
Mix 2 “Recycled”
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Our Facility in Modena (ITALY)
tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
tecnotest designs and manufacturers building materialstesting equipment and geotechnical testing equipment that areknown and appreciated worldwide.
Ever since it was founded in 1968, tecnotest has undertaken aquest for excellence which is evidently a common trait of the“Modenese” character and manifest in many fields, fromFormula One Racing to Opera, and also reflected in tecnotest’smanufacturing processes and equipment.
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tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY
After more than 40 years in manufacturing, we appreciate thatthere are just as many challenges today as in the past: ourlong experience, combined with our new ideas andtechnological innovations, is fundamental to our mission.
Awareness of environmental issues and costs involved is nowa global concern so the quality of materials testing has neverbeen as central to the construction industry as it is today.
Governmental and commercial testing laboratories alikerealise that using quality testing equipment pays in the longterm, with increased revenue, not counting the very importantsocial benefits achieved in providing solid structures built tolast.
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We all know the saying “theelephant never forgets”, well, theelephant just happens to have allthe qualities of tecnotest’s mostimportant products: precision,strength, long memory and a longlife......
......by the way, 42 years, that’syoung for an elephant!
40tecnotest ®MODENA - ITALY