Download - Ascomycotina_2009_10
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PodraPodrazdeo: zdeo:
AscomycotinaAscomycotina(Sac fungi eng. (Sac fungi eng. –– vrevreććaste gljive)aste gljive)
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•• najvenajvećća grupa gljiva 30 000 vrsta u 2000 rodovaa grupa gljiva 30 000 vrsta u 2000 rodova
•• oko 75% od svih opisanih vrsta gljivaoko 75% od svih opisanih vrsta gljiva
•• ukljuuključčuje raznolike organizme kao uje raznolike organizme kao ššto su:to su:
oo gljive koje ulaze u sastav ligljive koje ulaze u sastav liššajevaajeva
oo kvasci, pepelnice, pekvasci, pepelnice, peččurke, krtolaste gljive .....urke, krtolaste gljive .....
UvodUvod
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Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae –– pekarski i pivski kvasacpekarski i pivski kvasac
UvodUvod
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PenicilliumPenicillium chrysogenumchrysogenum –– producent penicilinaproducent penicilina
UvodUvod
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MorchellaMorchella esculentesculentaa –– jestivi smrjestivi smrččakak
UvodUvod
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NeurosporaNeurospora crassacrassa –– jedan gen jedan enzimjedan gen jedan enzim
UvodUvod
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•• Ovde pripadaju i gljive koje su na Ovde pripadaju i gljive koje su na ““lološšem glasuem glasu”” među među kojima su najgori:kojima su najgori:
AspergillusAspergillus flavusflavus –– producent gljiviproducent gljiviččnih kontaminanata nih kontaminanata plodova među kojima su i plodova među kojima su i žžitarice itarice –– aflatoksinaaflatoksina jednog jednog od najpotentnijih karcinogena od najpotentnijih karcinogena
UvodUvod
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Candida Candida albicansalbicans –– izazivaizazivačč sora i vaginitisasora i vaginitisa
UvodUvod
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CryphonectriaCryphonectria parasiticaparasitica –– odgovorna za odgovorna za odumiranje 4 milijardi stabala u istoodumiranje 4 milijardi stabala u istoččnom SADnom SAD--uudevedesetihdevedesetih godinagodina
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
•• TalusTalus –– veveććinom haploidna, razgranata i septirana inom haploidna, razgranata i septirana micelija koja se sastoji od jednojedarnih ili micelija koja se sastoji od jednojedarnih ili viviššejedarnih segmenataejedarnih segmenata
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
•• ććelijski zid elijski zid –– hitin (20hitin (20--25%) i glukani (polimeri d25%) i glukani (polimeri d--glukoze)glukoze)
• Pregrade između Pregrade između ććelija se razvijaju centripetalnoelija se razvijaju centripetalno
•• Pora Pora –– citoplazma i organelecitoplazma i organele
Septalna pora: SW- septalni ćelijski zid, wb – voronjino telo, p –pora, C-hitin, P-protein,
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
•• kvasci ne obrazuju pravu miceliju kvasci ne obrazuju pravu miceliju
•• jednojednoććelijski taluselijski talus
•• Obrazuju pseudomicelijuObrazuju pseudomiceliju
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
RazmnoRazmnožžavanjeavanje
•• Polni proces se zavrPolni proces se završšava obrazovanjem ava obrazovanjem sporonosnog organa sporonosnog organa –– askusa askusa –– osnovno obeleosnovno obeležžjeje
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
Gametangiogamija- spajanje gametangijaanteridije i arhikarpa
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
Obrazovanje askusa sa askosporama
dikarion
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
Obrazovanje askusa sa askosporama
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
Obrazovanje askusa sa askosporama
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
Askusi se mogu podeliti na:
Prototunikatne – tanak zid koji se razlaže da bi se askospore oslobodile
Eutunikatne – kompaktan zid, sa prilagođenostima za otvaranje
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
Eutunikatni askusi se prema građi zida mogu podeliti na:Unitunikatne – jednoslojan tanak zidBitunikatne – spoljašnji čvrsti i unutrašnji elastičan sloj
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
• Oblik askusa - loptasti ili cilindrični
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
• Kod nižih gljiva ovog podrazdela nastaju neposredno na miceliji, a kod viših u plodnim telima (PT) ASKOKARPIMA (ASKOMIMA)
• PT sadrže veću ili manju količinu sterilnog tkivakoje nije dikariontsko – potpora polnim organima, askogenim hifama i askusima
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Sterilno tkivo u plodnim telima - askokarpima
• sterilno tkivo daje potporu gametangijama i ostalim polnim strukturama:
o Parafize
o Perifize
o Pseudoparafize
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Sterilno tkivo u plodnim telima - askokarpima
• Parafize nalaze se između askusa, a krajevi su im slobodni
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Sterilno tkivo u plodnim telima - askokarpima
Parafize – (Peziza sp.)
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Sterilno tkivo u plodnim telima - askokarpima
•Perifize – dlačice koje se nalaze u kanalu peritecija
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Sterilno tkivo u plodnim telima - askokarpima
• Pseudoparafize – hife koje rastu silazno, od vrha plodnog tala na dole formirajući vertikalni palisad između askusa
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OpOpššte karakteristike podrazdelate karakteristike podrazdela
• Zid askokarpa se razvija istovremeno kada i askogene hife i askusi i sagrađen je od čvrstog spleta haploidnih hifa
•Klasifikacija askokarpa
o Kleistotecije
o Peritecije
o Apotecije
oAskostrome - pseudotecije
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KleistotecijeKleistotecije
• okrugla potpuno zatvorena PT • Askusi su uglavnom raspoređeni neuređeno bez sterilnih elemenata• nakon sazrevanja PT dolazi do pucanja peridije (spoljašnjeg omotača) – oslobađanje askusa i askospora
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KleistotecijeKleistotecije
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Peritecije
• okrugla ili kruškolika poluzatvorena PT• cilindrični askusi polaze sa dna ili bočnih zidova šupljine plodnog tela, a među njima se nalaze: parafize, perifize i pseudoparafize
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Askusi i askospore se obično aktivno izbacuju kroz terminalnu poru (ostiolum)
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Apotecije
• otvorena PT tanjirastog ili peharastog oblika
• cilindrični askusi sa sterilnim parafizama grade sloj na gornjoj površini koji se zove himenija
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Apotecija - poprečni presek
subhimenijski sloj
spoljašnji ekscipulum
unutrašnji ekscipulum
himenijski sloj
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Apotecije - otvorena plodna tela tanjirastog ili peharastog oblika
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Askostrome (pseudotecije)
• slične peritecijama ali askusi nisu uređeni niti postoji peridija askusi razore plektenhim strome stvarajući u njoj lokule (šupljine)
Lokula(šupljina)
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Askostrome (pseudotecije) - slične peritecijama ali askusi nisu uređeni niti postoji peridija
stromastroma
askusiaskusi
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Bespolno razmnožavanje
• Konidijama – bespolnim, egzogenim sporama koje se obrazuju na konidioforima
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Bespolno razmnožavanje u okviru podrazdela Ascomycotina
Konidiofori se mogu formirati:» Pojedinačno» U snopićima (koremije - sineme)» U obliku jastučića (sporodohije)» u kompaktnom sloju na površini spleta hifa (loža)» u loptastoj komorici sa otvorom na vrhu (piknidija)
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Bespolno razmnožavanje u okviru podrazdela Ascomycotina
pojedinačno
koremije
loža
piknidija
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Šema životnog ciklusa gljiva podrazdela Ascomycotina
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Podrazdeo AscomycotinaPodrazdeo Ascomycotina
Većina gljiva u životnom ciklusu ima i bespolni i polni stadijum pa se označavaju kao holomorfi
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Podrazdeo AscomycotinaPodrazdeo Ascomycotina
Imaju samo askusni stadijum – teleomorfni stadijum
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Podrazdeo AscomycotinaPodrazdeo Ascomycotina
Imaju samo konidijski stadijum – anamorfni stadijum
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Podrazdeo AscomycotinaPodrazdeo Ascomycotina
-- taksonomija se bazira na morfologiji, anatomiji i taksonomija se bazira na morfologiji, anatomiji i nanaččinu inu žživota pojedinih organizama. Podrazdeo se ivota pojedinih organizama. Podrazdeo se deli na 6 klasa:deli na 6 klasa:
Hemiascomycetes, Hemiascomycetes,
Plectomycetes, Plectomycetes,
Pyrenomycetes, Pyrenomycetes,
Laboulbeniomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes,
LoculoLoculoascoascomycetes i mycetes i
DiscomycetesDiscomycetes
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Klasa Hemiascomycetes
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klasaklasa HemiascomycetesHemiascomycetes
jednostavan talus ili redukovana micelija
nemaju arhikarp ni askogene hife
askusi se razvijaju direktno na miceliji
askusi proto- ili kod Taphrinales eutunikatni
Endomycetales
Protomycetales
Taphrinales
Asc
omyc
otin
a, H
emia
scom
ycet
es
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redred EndomycetalesEndomycetales
askusi se obrazuju direktno iz zigota, prototunikatni, nema plodnih tela - kvasci
saprobi na susptratima bogatim šećerima
alkoholno vrenje ili producenti vitamina
Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Lypomyces, Candida, Cryptococcus neofromans
Asc
omyc
otin
a, H
emia
scom
ycet
es
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SchizosaccharomycesA
scom
ycot
ina,
Hem
iasc
omyc
etes
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red red TaphrinalesTaphrinales
Taphrina deformanskovrdžavost listova breskve
Asc
omyc
otin
a, H
emia
scom
ycet
es
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••
TaphrinaTaphrina sp.sp.A
scom
ycot
ina,
Hem
iasc
omyc
etes
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••
red red TaphrinalesTaphrinales
• Produkuje eksponiran sloj askusa na površini listova domaćina
• Pošto nema okolnog fungalnog tkiva – nema askokarpa
• Vršni otvor bitunikatnog askusa
•Askospore često stvaraju pupoljke kao kvasci još u samom askusu
•Askospore se oslobađaju aktivno
• Anamorf roda Taphrina, je jednoćelijski kvasac koji je svrstan u rod Lalaria.
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Klasa Plectomycetes
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• osnovna karakteristika: formiranje askokarpa po tipu kleistotecije:
• zatvoren askokarp bez ostioluma
• loptasti prototunikatni askusi bez reda raspoređeni u unutrašnjosti
• nema sterilnih elemenata
• jednoćelijske askospore se oslobađaju pasivno
KlasaKlasa PlectomPlectomycetes ycetes (zatvorena plodna tela (zatvorena plodna tela -- kleistotecije)kleistotecije)
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
lect
omyc
etes
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KleistotecijaKleistotecijaA
scom
ycot
ina,
Ple
ctom
ycet
es
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red Eurotialesred Eurotiales
• kolonije Aspergillus flavus(žućkaste, granularne) i Penicillium (sivo-zelene, glatke) anamorfi, rastu na hranljivom agaru
• konidiofori rodaAspergillus - anamorf
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
lect
omyc
etes
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• Aspergillus plesni na različitim supstratima
• Plesnivost semena, plodova i raznih proizvoda
• Neke vrste izazivaju bolesti tipa aspergiloza
• U industriji za dobijanje fermenata, org. kiselina i antibiotika
red Eurotialesred EurotialesA
scom
ycot
ina,
Ple
ctom
ycet
es
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• Eurotium sp. – presek kleistotecije - teleomorf
• konidiofori rodaPenicillium sp. - anamorf
red Eurotialesred EurotialesA
scom
ycot
ina,
Ple
ctom
ycet
es
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• Penicillium sp. konidijski stadijum malog broja rodova gljiva porodice Eurotiaceae
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
lect
omyc
etes
red Eurotialesred Eurotiales
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Klasa Pyrenomycetes
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• 7000 vrsta
• peritecije (kod nekih kleistotecije)
• askusi su unitunikatni – himenijski sloj
• parafize i pseudoparafize – mogu biti prisutne između askusa
• askospore se aktivno odbacuju
• peritecije direktno na supstratu ili u stromi
• Redovi Erysiphales i Sphaeriales
Klasa PyrenomycetesA
scom
ycot
ina,
Pyr
enom
ycet
es
![Page 61: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Red Erysiphales
• 128 vrsta svrstano u 28 rodova
• obligatni paraziti biljaka – pepelnice
• bela, sivkasta prevlaka na površini pre svega listova
• Micelija sa konidijama
• Zatim se razvijaju plodonosna tela kleistotecije
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
yren
omyc
etes
![Page 62: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Oidium - anamorf
Red ErysiphalesA
scom
ycot
ina,
Pyr
enom
ycet
es
![Page 63: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
anamorfni stadijumi ErysiphalesA
scom
ycot
ina,
Pyr
enom
ycet
es
![Page 64: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
ciklus razvića pepelnicaA
scom
ycot
ina,
Pyr
enom
ycet
es
![Page 65: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Kleistotecije pepelnica
• Erysiphe – paraziti zeljastih biljaka (E. graminis, E. betae, E.cichoracearum)
![Page 66: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
red Sphaeriales
• 5000 vrsta
• saprobi u zemljištu na raznim biljnim i životinjskim ostacima, koprofili
• mnogo vrsta su paraziti biljaka, crvenih morskih algi, lišajevi, druge gljive i insekti
• antraknoza, rak kestena, grafioza bresta
• PT su uglavnom peritecije
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
yren
omyc
etes
![Page 67: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
red Sphaeriales
• Sordaria – peritecije tamne sa askusima u sloju i parafiza kojih nema kada sazru askospore
• unitunikatni inoperkulatni askusi
• Sordaria fimicola koprofil u prirodi na izmetu
• peritecije male i crne, flašolikog oblika sa ostiolumom
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
yren
omyc
etes
![Page 68: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
red Sphaeriales
Xylariaceae –raznovrsna grupa Pyrenomycetes koje produkuju peritecije u stromamaOblik strome varijabilan Primeri:Xylaria sp. (“đavolji prsti”) peritecije u stromama
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
yren
omyc
etes
![Page 69: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
red Sphaeriales
Uzdužni i poprečni presek kroz stromu i peritecije vrste Xylaria polymorpha
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
yren
omyc
etes
![Page 70: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
rod Claviceps – glavnica raži, ražuljaobrazuje tvrde sklerocije oblika koji zavisi od domaćina A
scom
ycot
ina,
Pyr
enom
ycet
es
![Page 71: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Rod Claviceps
Životni ciklusClaviceps purpurea
Asc
omyc
otin
a, P
yren
omyc
etes
![Page 72: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Klasa Discomycetes
![Page 73: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• askokarp – apotecija
• peharastog (tanjirastog) oblika
•Askusi unitunikatni - operkulatni
Klasa Discomycetes
Unitunikatni –operkulatni askusA
scom
ycot
ina,
Dis
com
ycet
es
![Page 74: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Asc
omyc
otin
a, D
isco
myc
etes
![Page 75: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
• apotecije mogu biti vrlo različitog oblika
Klasa Discomycetesred Pezizales
• Sarcoscypha, Peziza, Bulgaria...
• ravno plodno telo u obliku tanjira
Asc
omyc
otin
a, D
isco
myc
etes
![Page 76: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
• plodno telo diferencirano na šešir i dršku
Morchella
Gyromitra
Helvella
Klasa Discomycetesred Pezizales
Asc
omyc
otin
a, D
isco
myc
etes
![Page 77: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
• loptasto PT tipa apotecije - hipogeično
red Tuberales
Tuber – PT telo, askusi sa askosporama i askospore snimljene na elektronskom mikroskopu
Asc
omyc
otin
a, D
isco
myc
etes
![Page 78: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Klasa Laboulbeniomycetes
![Page 79: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
• specijalizovani obligatni paraziti spoljašnjeg skeleta insekata i krpelja; 1700 vrsta, PT peritecije
Klasa LaboulbeniomycetesA
scom
ycot
ina,
Lab
oulb
enio
myc
etes
![Page 80: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Klasa Loculoascomycetes
![Page 81: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
• ne obrazuju prava plodna tela
•strome u kojima se stvaraju lokule (šupljine) - askusi sa askosporama
•ne stvara peridiju koja ih odvaja od strome
• askusi su bitunikatni
Klasa Loculoascomycetes
Bitunikatni askus
Asc
omyc
otin
a, L
ocul
oasm
ycet
es
![Page 82: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
• Tri tipa razvoja askusa:
•Myriangium tip – askusi se pojavljuju pojedinačno u lokulama strome
•Dothidea tip – askusi nastaju u snopu u maloj lokulu koja liči na periteciju
•Pleospora tip – askusi se razvijaju između pseudoparafiza formirajućiudubljenu himeniju u bazi lokule
Tipovi razvoja askusaA
scom
ycot
ina,
Loc
uloa
smyc
etes
![Page 83: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Red Pleosporales
Askostrome po tipu “pleospora”
Pseudotecije loptaste sa otvoroom na vrhu
Konidijski stadijum dobro razvijen
Saprobi ili paraziti biljaka – rodovi Venturia i Pleospora – “čađava krastavost”
Asc
omyc
otin
a, L
ocul
oasm
ycet
es
![Page 84: Ascomycotina_2009_10](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050712/553c0880550346aa3a8b4807/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Rod Venturia –čađava
krastavost, živorni ciklus