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HCI
THE INTERACTION
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Portable word processor
LCD screen
Trackball or stylus for pointin
Real keyboard ! you can"t word processwit#out a reasonable keyboard and
s$all% low&power bubble&'et printer
Tourist infor$ation syste$ touc#screen only ! easy and direct interaction
Tractor&$ounted crop&sprayin controller
s$all dedicated LED display touc#&sensiti(e keypad
aain no $ice or styluses
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)#at is interaction*
T#e co$$unication between userand co$puter is known as Interaction
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+ODEL, O- INTERACTION
Interaction in(ol(es at least two participants. t#e user and t#e syste$
As bot# are (ery di/erent t#e interface $ust
t#erefore e/ecti(ely translate between t#e$to allow t#e interaction to be successful
T#e $odels pro(ide us t#e possible reasonfor an interface failure
Let"s discuss t#e Nor$an"s executionevaluation cycle0 but 1rst let us discuss t#eter$inoloies used by t#ese $odels
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T#e ter$s of interaction
Interacti(e syste$ Application do$ain
Tasks & are operations
2oals & desired output fro$ a perfor$ed task
Intention & is a speci1c action re3uired to $eett#e oal
Task analysis & in(ol(es t#e identi1cation of t#eproble$ space
System"s lanuae will be referred as t#e corelanguage and
t#e User"s lanuae we will be referred as t#etask language4
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T#e e5ecution!e(aluationcycle
T#e user for$ulates a plan of action%w#ic# is t#en e5ecuted at t#eco$puter interface4
)#en t#e plan% or part of t#e plan%#as been e5ecuted% t#e userobser(es t#e co$puter interface to
e(aluate t#e result of t#e e5ecutedplan% and to deter$ine furt#eractions4
T#ere are 6 staes in t#is $odel
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Nor$an"s $odel ofinteraction
74 Establis#in t#e oal4
84 -or$in t#e intention4
94 ,pecifyin t#e action se3uence4 :4 E5ecutin t#e action4
;4 Percei(in t#e syste$ state4
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E5a$ple of Nor$an"s +odel
Need $ore li#t ! oal
switc# on t#e desk la$p ! intention
reac# o(er and press t#e la$p switc#! action
If so$eone else is closer t#eintention $ay be di/erent but t#eoal re$ains t#e sa$e4
)#en you #a(e e5ecuted t#e actionyou percei(e t#e result and t#en youinterpret
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gulfs of execution and t#e
gulfs of evaluation4
)#at are 2ulfs*
T#e distance between t#e $entalrepresentations of t#e person and t#e
p#ysical co$ponents and states of t#een(iron$ent
di/erence between t#e user"s preparation
of t#e actions to reac# t#e oal and t#eactions allowed by t#e syste$4
T#is ulf can be reduced
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2ulf of E5ecution
2oin fro$ users" task concept tosyste$ concept. +ental $odel #eld by users tells t#e$
w#at to doT#is $ust $ake connection wit#
desiners" $odel t#at is con(eyed andsupported by t#e user interface
T#e closer t#e $atc#% t#e easier to 1ndand pursue a rele(ant oal
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,uestin 2oals to t#e =ser
+enu titles% folder na$es% applicationna$es% 444
Decreasin t#e distance (ia direct
$anipulation. =I controls appear as p#ysical analos of
real ob'ects0
>ey ideas are (isual representation%
i$$ediate and continuin feedback
Interestin ob'ect or $essae intrudes on atask
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2ulf of E(aluation
T#e ulf of e(aluation is t#e distance betweent#e p#ysical presentation of t#e syste$ stateand t#e e5pectation of t#e user
,$all ulf w#en syste$ pro(ides stateinfor$ation in a for$ t#at is easy to et% easy tointerpret% and $atc#es t#e t#inkin
T#e $ore e/ort t#at is re3uired on t#e part oft#e user to interpret t#e presentation% t#e lesse/ecti(e t#e interaction4
Re?ects a$ount of e/ort t#at a person e5erts tointerpret p#ysical state of a syste$
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T#e interaction fra$ework
Direct$anipulation
interfaces% suc# ast#ose found onco$$on desktopoperatin syste$slike t#e +acintos#and )indows%
$ake t#earticulation ofso$e 1le #andlinco$$ands easier
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DE,I2N -OC=, & @ideorecorder
Ine/ecti(e interaction is indicated by t#e usernot bein sure t#e @CR is set to record properly4
user #as pressed t#e keys on t#e re$ote controlunit in t#e wron order & articulatory proble$
re$ote control lacks t#e ability to selectc#annels & perfor$ance translation
@CR display panel does not indicate t#at t#e
prora$ #as been set & presentation proble$ user does not interpret t#e feedback properly &
obser(ational error
Any one or more of these deciencies would give rise toineective interaction.
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Hu$an error ! slips and$istakes
Hu$an errors are often classi1ed intoslips and mistakes
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ER2ONO+IC,
Erono$ics is traditionally t#e studyof t#e p#ysical c#aracteristics of t#einteraction
A pri$ary focus is on userperfor$ance
erono$ics also touc#es #u$an
psyc#oloy and syste$ constraints4
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Arrane$ent of controls and
displays
-or safety&critical applications t#e setsof controls and parts of t#e displays#ould be rouped loically to allow
rapid access by t#e user suc# as plantcontrol% a(iation and air trac control4
,o$e e5a$ples of roupin control is.
-unctional control ,e3uential control
-re3uency control
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T#e p#ysical en(iron$ent of t#e
interaction
)#ere will t#e syste$ be used*
By w#o$ will it be used*
)ill users be sittin% standin or$o(in about*
Are t#ere any p#ysically c#allenedusers*
E(eryone s#ould be able to seecritical displays
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Healt# issues
P#ysical position
Te$perature
Li#tin Noise
Ti$e
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T#e use of color
display s#ould be as distinct as possible
Blue s#ould not be used to display criticalinfor$ation4
If color is used as an indicator it s#ould notbe t#e only cue
Red $ay be used to indicate e$erency andalar$s0 reen% nor$al acti(ity0 and yellow%
standby and supportin function4 Re$e$ber t#at color con(entions are
culturally deter$ined4
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Some bad interface examples